PP Chapter 23 Q's

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in A) the disappearance of axillary and pubic hair. B) increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose. E) increased water retention.

D

Excess growth hormone prior to puberty would result in A) osteoporosis. B) cretinism. C) rickets. D) giantism. E) dwarfism.

D

Thyroid hormones A) are lipophilic. B) are hydrophilic. C) must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells. D) are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells. E) are hydrophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells.

D

Parathyroid hormone A) stimulates osteoclast activity. B) increases the rate of calcium absorption. C) decreases the rate of calcium excretion. D) raises the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) All of these answers are correct.

E

Pendrin is an anion transporter important in the production of A) parathyroid hormone. B) calcitonin. C) TRH. D) TSH. E) thyroid hormone.

E

GH stimulates the secretion of ________ from the liver and other tissue. This hormone has ________ feedback effect on growth hormone secretion.

Insulin-like growth factor; negative

List four factors that affect normal body growth.

1. growth hormone and other hormones 2. adequate diet 3. absence of stress 4. genetics

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

C

Match the condition with its description. A. giantism B. kyphosis C. moon face D. myxedema E. goiter Easily observable symptom of hypercortisolism

C

Match the condition with the description. A. acromegaly B. adrenogenital syndrome C. cretinism D. dwarfism E. exophthalmus Mental retardation associated with infantile hypothyroidism

C

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease Hyperthyroidism

C

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease Involves endocrine stimulation by antibodies

C

Premature closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by A) high levels of vitamin D3. B) too much calcium in the diet. C) elevated levels of sex hormones. D) too little thyroxine. E) an excess of growth hormone.

C

Somatostatin is another name for A) growth hormone. B) growth hormone-releasing hormone. C) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone. D) thyroid hormone. E) parathyroid hormone.

C

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) only thyroxine. B) only TSH. C) only calcitonin. D) only parathyroid hormone. E) thryoxine and TSH.

C

The effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissue include A) decreased oxygen consumption. B) decreased heart rate. C) increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation. D) increased activity of osteoclasts. E) All of these answers are correct.

C

Transcellular transport of intestinal calcium is accomplished by entry into the epithelial enterocytes via A) a sodium-iodide transporter. B) osteoclasts. C) apical calcium channels (TRPV6 = ECaC). D) CaSR (calcium sensing receptor). E) an amino acid transporter (MCT8).

C

What are the two distinct endocrine cell types that comprise the thyroid gland, and what do they secrete?

C cells secrete calcitonin, and follicle cells secrete thyroid hormones

Name four physiological functions of calcium.

1. signal molecule 2. part of intercellular cement that holds cells together at tight junction 3. cofactor in the coagulation cascade 4. affects the excitability of neurons

CRH stimulates the release of A) ACTH. B) cortisol. C) DHEA. D) MSH. E) None of these answers are correct.

A

Cortisol secretion peaks between ________ and ________. A) early morning, noon B) midnight, early morning C) noon, early evening D) early evening, midnight

A

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone.

A

Increased blood calcium levels result in increased A) secretion of calcitonin. B) secretion of parathyroid hormone. C) retention of calcium by the kidneys. D) osteoclast activity. E) excitability of neural membranes.

A

Match the condition with its description. A. giantism B. kyphosis C. moon face D. myxedema E. goiter Caused by growth hormone excess in childhood

A

Match the condition with the description. A. acromegaly B. adrenogenital syndrome C. cretinism D. dwarfism E. exophthalmus Caused by growth hormone excess in adulthood

A

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease May be an autoimmune disease

A

Mature, less active bone cells are termed A) osteocytes. B) osteoblasts. C) osteoclasts. D) chondrocytes. E) osteons.

A

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) TRH E) CRH.

A

A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass or density sufficient to compromise normal function is A) cretinism. B) osteoporosis. C) osteomyelitis. D) osteitis. E) acromegaly.

B

All of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland play a major role in growth and metabolism. A) True B) False

B

Calcium reabsorption at the kidneys is promoted by the hormone A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) aldosterone. D) cortisol. E) ADH.

B

Hyperthyroidism A) decreases oxygen consumption. B) increases protein catabolism. C) decreases protein synthesis. D) slows heart rate. E) causes cold intolerance.

B

Iodine accumulation in thyroid cells involves symport with A) hydrogen. B) sodium. C) potassium. D) chloride.

B

Match the condition with its description. A. giantism B. kyphosis C. moon face D. myxedema E. goiter Hunchback appearance associated with osteoporosis

B

Match the condition with the description. A. acromegaly B. adrenogenital syndrome C. cretinism D. dwarfism E. exophthalmus This condition results from excess androgens in females.

B

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease Hypercortisolism

B

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease May result from a pituitary tumor

B

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease May result from adrenal tumor

B

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease Some symptoms mimic diabetes mellitus.

B

The Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are lipophilic so they do not require transporters to cross cell membranes. A) True B) False

B

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

B

The precursor chemical for ACTH synthesis is A) CRH. B) POMC. C) beta-endorphin. D) MSH. E) TRH.

B

Without cortisol's permissive effect on ________, an animal would die. A) insulin B) glucagon C) thyroid hormone D) parathyroid hormone E) aldosterone

B

A rise in cortisol would cause each of the following except one. Identify the exception. A) enhanced rate of glucose synthesis by the liver B) increased rate of glycogen usage by the liver C) higher levels of fatty acids in the blood D) suppression of the immune system E) increased ACTH levels

E

Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of A) progesterone. B) aldosterone. C) estradiol. D) calcitonin. E) progesterone, aldosterone, and estradiol.

E

Cortisol has the following effects: A) suppresses the immune system. B) causes positive calcium balance. C) influences brain function. D) suppresses the immune system and causes positive calcium balance. E) suppresses the immune system and influences brain function.

E

Match the condition with its description. A. giantism B. kyphosis C. moon face D. myxedema E. goiter Caused by elevation of TSH

E

Match the condition with the description. A. acromegaly B. adrenogenital syndrome C. cretinism D. dwarfism E. exophthalmus Associated with Graves' disease

E

Melanocortins includes one or more of the following: A) ACTH B) cortisol C) growth hormone D) MSH E) ACTH and MSH

E

The endocrine gland that is a modified sympathetic ganglion is the A) thyroid. B) anterior pituitary. C) posterior pituitary. D) adrenal cortex. E) adrenal medulla.

E

Which of the following could describe the function of 11 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase? A) An enzyme located in renal tubules that acts on cortisol . B) It converts cortisol to a less active form. C) It aids in preventing crossover effects from cortisol. D) It converts cortisol to a form with a lower specificity for mineralocorticoid receptors there. E) All of these answers are correct.

E

The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormones.

Thyroid follicles

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid ________.

Tyrosine

Cortisol secretion shows a ________ pattern of secretion, normally peaking in the ________.

Circadian, morning

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway begins with secretion of ________ into the ________ and transported to the ________.

Corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH), hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system, anterior pituitary

The most important metabolic effect of ________ is protection against ________, crucial to surviving significant stress.

Cortisol, hypoglycemia

________ is a result of deficient thyroid hormone secretion in infancy.

Cretinism

Structurally similar steroids sometimes bind to the same receptor, producing ________ effects.

Crossover

Crossover effects are sometimes seen among A) most hormones. B) all hormones. C) peptide/protein hormones. D) steroid hormones.

D

Excess secretion of growth hormone during adulthood will cause A) goiter. B) exophthalmus. C) giantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes.

D

GH A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. B) is secreted by the posterior pituitary. C) binds to a plasma protein. D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein. E) is secreted by the posterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein.

D

Match the condition with its description. A. giantism B. kyphosis C. moon face D. myxedema E. goiter Puffy appearance associated with hypothyroidism

D

Match the condition with the description. A. acromegaly B. adrenogenital syndrome C. cretinism D. dwarfism E. exophthalmus Caused by growth hormone deficiency in childhood

D

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease Associated with overactive osteoclasts

D

Match the disease with the description. A. Addison's disease B. Cushing's disease C. Graves' disease D. Paget's disease Calcitonin may be an appropriate treatment.

D

Parathyroid hormone is A) a lipid. B) dissolved in plasma. C) bound to a carrier. D) an amine hormone. E) the cause of Graves' disease.

D

The action of a hormone on a target cell involves effects on A) receptor proteins. B) nonreceptor proteins. C) lipids. D) receptor and nonreceptor proteins. E) receptor proteins and lipids.

D

The adrenal medulla produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) corticosteroids.

D

Thyroid hormone contains the mineral A) sodium. B) thallium. C) iron. D) iodine. E) zinc.

D

Vitamin D (calcitriol) A) is formed by sunlight only. B) is bound to plasma protein for transport only. C) synthesis is stimulated by high calcium levels. D) is formed by sunlight and bound to plasma protein for transport. E) is formed by sunlight and synthesis is stimulated by high calcium levels.

D

Which of the following transporters are known to transport thyroid hormones into target cells? A) CaSR (calcium sensing receptor) B) TRPV6 C) Sodium-iodide symporter D) MCT8 E) Mineralocorticoid receptor

D

In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of ________.

Hydroxyapatite

ACTH is synthesized from a large glycoprotein called ________, which also produces ________ in the pituitary.

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), beta endorphin