Praxis 5622 Part 3

Why was B.F. Skinner so focused on observing people's behaviors? According to Skinner, learning entails the student _____

He believed this was the best strategy for understanding how they learn learning meant changing, or modifying, behaviors

What is remedial education? How is push-in remedial education provided?

A program for students who need more support in core academic areas The remediation teacher provides small group instruction in an alternative setting.

Which of the following scenarios best describes an example of behaviorism?

A teacher praising students who scored high marks on a test

What should be considered when deciding the amount of time that should be spent on a topic or unit? What percentage of the standardized test will be on that topic Student prior knowledge and experience All of the answers provided are things that should be considered. The difficulty of the concept

All of the answers provided are things that should be considered.

What should be the goal of every teacher?

All students mastering the requirements for the grade level

How does an Individualized Education Program (IEP) help to support students with disabilities?

It outlines the student's goals and the support needed to achieve those goals

Jim has an IEP and his parents want to make sure he is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. Evaluate the options below and indicate which situation most aligns with a LRE for Jim

Jim will be educated in the same classroom with his peers to the maximum amount possible.

Which of the following is a strategy for helping English language learners read more complex texts?

Creating heterogenous groups between native and non-native English speakers can help students who struggle with English. It also is effective to pair a student with a higher English language proficiency with a student with a lower English language proficiency.

Why is use knowledge of onset-rimes to decode three-letter words an example of a learning objective?

Learning objectives include specific skills or behaviors students will display in relation to learning goals. Therefore, 'use knowledge of onset-rimes to decode three-letter words', is an example of an objective because it specifically states the skill the learner is expected to achieve. The remaining answers are goals because they are overarching, general targets for learning.

504 plans are reviewed _____.

Like an IEP, the 504 plan will be revisited and revised on an annual basis.

Why would a teacher provide a word bank on a test for a student with an IEP who has memory issues?

So the student could recall the terms that were taught and choose the best answer

Who qualifies for service under Section 504?

Students with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities

Under IDEA

all students referred for services should receive an appropriate evaluation that is nondiscriminatory and unbiased

Extrinsic motivation is defined as

doing something because it results in an external reward or avoids negative consequences

Because IDEA requires that public schools provide specialized services to all children with disabilities from what age to what age?

from birth to age 21,

What is motivation? Deondra does well on her homework worksheet because she wants to get a compliment from her teacher. However, over time, she finds she doesn't care as much about that, and doesn't care to to do well on future worksheets. What was her initial motivation? Which is an example of intrinsic motivation? What can teachers do to increase intrinsic motivation? What should teachers emphasize instead of grades to increase intrinsic motivation?

reasons for what we do extrinsic personal satisfaction To increase intrinsic motivation in students, teaches can use non-graded work and stress personal satisfaction in students. By using these methods, the emphasis is taken off the product of learning and placed instead on the process subject mastery

Thorndike's Law of Effect & his experiment best known for

responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated Giving students gold stars for good behavior, to increase how often they show these behaviors. Behaviors followed by reinforcements are more likely to occur again in the future used cats in puzzle boxes to study the effect of reinforcement and punishment on behavior

Joe recently had an accident that resulted in a brain injury. He remembers events before the accident and the name of every doctor and nurse he's met at the hospital but still cannot recall what happened on the day of the accident. Which part of the memory process has likely been affected?

retrieval

What are the basic tenets of authentic learning activities? Why are authentic learning activities so useful for students? The most ____ premise of authentic learning activities is that they are based ____ the classroom. What are authentic learning activities? Which one of the following examples does NOT exemplify the concept of authentic learning?

1) They take place in the real world. They are relevant and of interest to the student. They encourage the critical thinking of the student. 2) They give them a chance to practice what they have learned. They give students an experience - one that helps them absorb and be impacted by what they learn. They help students see why what they learn in class is relevant to life. 3) Fundamental; outside 4) Activities that use material you learned in class to apply in a real-world setting 5) A child who is learning basic reading and writing skills uses his or her knowledge to sell books to other children for a school fundraiser.

What type of assistance could a student with health limitations but not academic limitations receive?

504

Which scenario illustrates multiple early indicators of giftedness?

A child who is able to create elaborate stories, relate them verbally, and focus on incorporating objects displays three indicators of giftedness: advanced verbal ability, advanced imagination, and the ability to focus attention intensely.

What is an objective?

A description of what students should be able to do or know when the lesson is completed.

Why is it important for parents and teachers to be aware of early indicators of giftedness?

Although it may be difficult to gauge true giftedness due to uneven development among small children, parents and teachers who suspect a child is gifted can provide enrichment and other appropriate learning experiences to nurture their talent

Who should the General Education teacher work with when making modifications to assessments for students with an IEP?

An IEP team consisting of the general education teacher, special education teacher, counselor, administrator, parent, student, and any other representative the parent chooses will work together to select appropriate modifications and/or accommodations the student may need

Social learning relates to learning by

An individual learns new behaviors through the observation and modeling of others. This learning through modeling of others is related to the social learning theory

How often should parents receive a copy of the procedural safeguards of IDEA?

Every year that a child is identified as having a disability

Watson is best known for taking his theory of behaviorism and applying it to which population? Watson was one of the early American psychologists to break with popular notions that our unconscious mind was behind most of our behavior. What was his viewpoint? Watson's thinking was significantly influenced by the earlier classical conditioning experiments of which psychologist?

Children Behaviorism, according to Watson, was the science of observable behavior. Only behavior that could be observed, recorded and measured was of any real value for the study of humans or animals Ivan Pavlov

Which of the following statements about effective classroom management is FALSE? Classroom management should include no less than 10 classroom rules Classroom management involves the same strategies yet may vary in the techniques used for each class Classroom management can be the difference between calm productivity and total class disorder Classroom management entails planning ahead of the first day of class

Classroom management should include no less than 10 classroom rules

Providing enrichment during small group instruction is an example of which of the following? materials adaptation remediation configuration Which of the following resources best provides enrichment to students? computer games that review the concepts for the year introductory materials for next week's lesson a library book that students can read at their desk while the rest of the class finishes the lesson a book that presents the objective at the student's instructional level

Configurations are how the students are grouped for the presentation of information. Enrichment materials do not stray far from the objective, but provide the material at the student's instructional level.

Which term best describes how a curriculum can be created to link to a student's broader education outside of a specific classroom?

Continuity

Who writes a curriculum map? What is the best description of a curriculum map?

District content specialists, school department chairs, a group of teachers teaching the same subject, or an individual teacher could all write curriculum maps. A curriculum map is an ever evolving document that should be generally followed while still being flexible based on the needs of the students.

In Pavlov's classic experiment with his dogs, what was the unconditioned response? Scolding a child for bad behavior is a type of Which of these is an example of negative punishment? In B.F. Skinner's experiment with rats in the Skinner box, food was used as:

Drooling was unconditioned because it happened naturally as a response to the smell of food Scolding a child is used to reduce a bad behavior. It is 'positive' because the parent is making loud uncomfortable noises and saying things that the child does not wish to hear, Positive punishment. Negative punishment requires taking something away to make the behavior likely to occur. In this case, the video games were taken away to make the teenager not want to be late for curfew again. Positive reinforcement, Food is desirable to rats, therefore it is a reinforcer. It is a positive reinforcer because it was presented, or given, to the rats when they did something Skinner wanted Classical conditioning is based off of naturally occurring reflexes, while operant conditioning uses non-reflexive behavior shaping

Mario is having trouble recognizing sequences and is unable to recall math facts. Based on these symptoms, what type of learning disability might Mario be experiencing?

Dyscalculia is a learning disability involving math. There is no single type of math disability, and individuals with dyscalculia have a lifelong learning disability.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of dysgraphia?

Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing, which requires a complex set of motor skills. Dysgraphia covers the physical act of writing, comprehension, and synthesizing information, but does NOT include an impairment in reading

On the first day of school, Lester tells his math teacher, ''I'm going to get an A in your class because I'm very good at math!'' Based on this comment, and according to the expectancy-value theory, Lester is _____ in _____ for math Maya likes to read aloud in class because she enjoys reading nonfiction books. Maya has _____ motivation for reading. Lisa likes to read aloud in class because she likes when people say, ''Wow! You're a great reader!''. Lisa has _____ motivation for reading. Habib's mother tells him that he should learn how to code because there are a lot of high paying jobs out there in coding. While Habib agrees with his mother that coding can lead to a high paying job, he doesn't think he'll be very good at it. Habib is _____ in value and _____ in expectancy for the skill of coding. When asked why people act the way they do, Jerry explains that people only behave the way they do because they expect a reward or punishment for their behavior. Jerry is a believer in which theory of motivation?

Expectancy in expectancy-value theory is when a person expects that they will be successful at a task. intrinsic extrinsic high; low Learning theory says that people are motivated to behave in certain ways based on rewards and punishments

Why is a field trip an example of experiential learning?

Experiential learning, such as field trips, provides students the opportunity to respond to learning in real-world settings.

Ms. Greenberg realizes that one of her students has been misbehaving in class to get the attention from her. Ms. Greenberg decides to simply ignore the behavior until the student stops associating the behavior with the reward her attention. Which technique is used in this example? Which classroom technique listed below is currently banned by over half of the states in the United States?

Extinction Corporal punishment

Which is considered an early indicator of giftedness?

Gifted children often display advanced verbal ability, meaning they are speaking before they are a year old.

All of the following are assumptions of the Self-Determination theory, EXCEPT Humans are inherently proactive in their mastering of emotions. Humans are unable to control their potential and emotions. Optimal development is inherent in humans. Optimal development is not automatic in humans. Humans possess an inherent tendency toward growth and development.

Humans are unable to control their potential and emotions. The three interacting needs of self-determination theory are a need for competence, a need for relatedness and a need for autonomy. Meeting these needs results in higher intrinsic motivation for a given task or behavior; therefore it is FALSE that humans are unable to control their potential and emotions.

How is the Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act (IDEA) different from the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

IDEA ensures the fair treatment of disabled students, whereas the ADA provides fair access to public facilities for the disabled

What type of assistance could a student with certain academic limitations receive?

IEP

How could a teacher use the human tendency to avoid negative things as a teaching technique? How could a teacher use the human tendency to strive for positive things as a teaching technique?

If you take a minute off of recess each time a child answers a question incorrectly, he will strive to figure out how to get the right answer, in order to avoid a negative thing (loss of recess). This is an example of using the human tendency to avoid negative things By making a wall chart to record each time a student handed in homework on time with a star

How is remedial education connected to special education?

Remedial education can sometimes lead to a child study team evaluation and classification.

Which of the following is an example of indirect instruction?

Indirect instruction is a student-centered approach in which students actively participate in constructing meaning from a learning experience. Cloze procedures, in which part of a sentence is omitted, require students to think about which words would fit the context of the passage.

During which of Erikson's stages do children begin to identify their strengths and take pleasure in their accomplishments? Mary is beginning to see herself primarily as a musician, and is focusing less on activities that don't relate to music. Mary is in which of Erikson's stages? Why is the successful completion of the trust versus mistrust stage important?

Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Trust vs. mistrust occurs from birth until 12-18 months of age. The infant's ability to trust a caregiver is critical during this stage. Feeding is one example of how an infant develops trust in his or her environment, resulting in feelings of security and well being psychosocial stages

When creating classroom rules, teachers should: Which of the following would BEST support student engagement in the classroom? Miss Rogers' business students will be participating in mock interviews next week. This assignment is an example of

Involve students in the creation of rules and consequences A discussion on a learning concept depicted on a popular TV show authentic activity

How does motivation affect learning? How can educators use indices of motivation? Which perspective proposes that personality characteristics, such as risk-taking, affect motivation? Mr. Parker always begins each physics class by asking 'What do you think will happen if...' He believes that acknowledging students' previous beliefs about physical laws will increase their motivation to understand new and accurate concepts. Mr. Parker is utilizing the _____ perspective

Maria demonstrates a motivational perspective represented by the behaviorist perspective. Behaviorists believe consequences increase desirable behaviors and decrease those behaviors that are not so desirable. In this case, Maria's high grade was a positive consequence of studying hard. High levels of motivation will increase persistence, enhance cognitive processes, and lead to improved performance. In the classroom, educators should use the indices of motivation to reinforce activities and interests that students already show an existing partiality for. Trait perspective proposes that motivation involves enduring personality characteristics that learners have to a greater or lesser degree. Educators can use trait perspective to design motivating lessons that match a student's personality Mr. Parker is utilizing the cognitive perspective which follows the belief that mental processes affect motivation. Cognitive perspective believes humans are naturally inclined to make sense of their world and are motivated by perceived discrepancies between new information and existing beliefs

Michelle completes her History assignment three days before it is due. Her motivation to complete the assignment early was influenced by her parent's high expectations of academic achievement. Michelle's motivation is an example of The need for a sense of control is an example of what type of basic psychological need? While Andrew is not always happy about the amount of chemistry homework he has each week, he understands that it is an important subject to master if he wants to pursue a degree in medicine. Andrew's motivation is an example of The need for mastery and understanding of the environment is an example of

Michelle's motivation is an example of introjected regulation because she is engaging in an activity (completing her History assignment early) in order to comply with external pressure (parent's high expectations) Need for autonomy Andrew's motivation is an example of identification in which he identifies with the value of an activity (taking chemistry), has accepted regulation of the activity as his own (doing his chemistry homework), and more willingly engages in the activity because he sees its personal relevance (pursuing a medical degree) The need for competence is similar to the need for mastery and understanding of the environment. Humans have an innate need to seek control of outcomes and experience mastery of any given situation

Which of the following is an example of an informal assessment method? Which of the following statements about student behavior records is true? Having assigned seats can make taking attendance an easier task for teachers because: Which of the following are components of a student portfolio? When is the best time to take student attendance each day?

Notes, rubrics, and checklists are all examples of informal assessment methods. Informal assessments are often taken in real-time as students are in the process of demonstrating their knowledge. For example, using a checklist to assess a small group discussion or group project would be an example of an informal assessment method It's important to include evidence of positive behaviors in a student's behavior records. This helps build rapport with students and their parents, and ensures a balanced approach to behavior management all teachers need to do is look around to see which seats are empty artwork, essays, and self-reflections Allow students to come into the classroom and go about their normal routine. Once they are working on something independently, such as journal writing or a daily warm-up, you can quietly take attendance.

What can be used to define the space for your classroom library? Pillows A curtain A lamp Baskets for books Cushions

Obviously, you cannot build new walls, but having a curtain is a great way to indicate the separation of the space.

Which of the following accurately reflects the rules of the prior written notice requirement of the procedural safeguards of IDEA?

Parents have the right to receive and agencies have the responsibility to produce prior written notice of all meetings regarding decisions around a child's disability. This notice must be given in adequate time for the meeting time to be adjusted so the parents can attend

How were children with disabilities educated prior to federal legislation that regulated the treatment of disabled students?

Prior to federal legislation that regulated the treatment of disabled students, most of those children were home-schooled or sent to private institutions

Who was the psychologist associated with developing the theory of cognitive dissonance? As a participant in a study, you're promised $100 if you yell at the first person who walks into the room. How would you most likely deal with cognitive dissonance in this situation? Suppose you were participating in a study where you were paid $5 to randomly start yelling at the next person who entered the room. You know that the behavior is ridiculous and not something you would normally do. How would you likely resolve your cognitive dissonance later on? Under what set of circumstances does cognitive dissonance occur? If you are experiencing cognitive dissonance, what would you NOT want to do to resolve the situation?

Psychologist Leon Festinger had a theory: in the 1950s, he proposed that humans experience something called cognitive dissonance, which is a feeling of discomfort when our beliefs and our actions don't line up You would change your perception of actions You would most likely change your beliefs When there is inconsistency between actions and personal beliefs Ignore it and it will go away

Albert Bandura's theory comes out of a tradition in psychology that takes which approach?

Reciprocal Determinism comes from the agentic approach, which focuses on people and their choices.

Why does Section 504 exist?

Section 504 is a law designed to prohibit the discrimination of any individual with a disability as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act by any program that receives federal financial assistance

Section 504 is part of the:

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is actually a civil rights law.

Soheil tries a new study strategy to prepare for an important test, then gets an A on that test. According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, how is Soheil most likely to react?

Soheil will probably use that study strategy the next time he prepares for a test

Which of the following elements is MOST important when considering effective classroom design? How can teachers create a warm, welcoming learning space? Which of the following desk arrangements does NOT facilitate student collaboration? Why should teachers ensure there are physical pathways for students? Anitra is thinking about bringing in four large pillows for students to sit on when reading. What are the factors when placing the pillows in her classroom?

Space for student collaboration By personalizing the classroom with accessories Desks in pairs Desks in pods of four Desks in a U-shape It makes it easier to attend to individual students' needs Heating and cooling vents Technology hookups Placement of electrical outlets

When establishing routines in the classroom, what should teachers do while students are transitioning? What is the first step to be taken by a teacher when developing a transition routine for the classroom? Which is an example of a transition signal used when establishing classroom routines? Which is true of classroom routines? What are transitions in the classroom?

Students should be able to transition without assistance or guidance from the teacher once they are clear on the expectations. The teacher can use the time to finish working with students or prepare for the next lesson When trying to establish a routine for transitions in the classroom, the teacher must first choose a signal to use to alert students it's time to transition a timer a bell a song they are predictable times students move from one activity to another

n the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) what is meant by 'Least Restrictive Environment'?

Students should have the opportunity to be educated with their non-disabled peers whenever possible

How should students present their final projects?

Students should present their project to a public audience that will use or benefit from the project.

All of these statements are correct, EXCEPT: Teachers should change their expectations constantly so that students do not get used to them and become bored. When establishing classroom norms and expectations the students' age and grade level should be taken into account. After a teacher establishes classroom norms, s/he should make sure that they are clear and understood by every student. Setting high academic expectations helps students achieve the best of their ability.

Teachers should change their expectations constantly so that students do not get used to them and become bored.

Why should teachers use questioning techniques?

Teachers should use questioning techniques to help them teach strategically before, during, and after instruction. This way they are able to offer students high-quality lessons every time.

What components does the ABCD method use?

The ABCD method focuses on the audience, behavior, conditions, and degree of mastery.

Mr. Runningbear has a classroom reward system in which students earn one replica dollar each time they complete their homework on time. Students can then use these dollars to purchase items such as stickers or posters from a classroom store. Which technique is used in this example? Which of the following answer choices best reflects considerations teachers must take when using the extinction technique?

The Token Economy technique is used to provide reinforcement for positive behaviors. Students' positive behaviors are rewarded with some tangible item such as a token which they can exchange for a desired item or privilege. Teachers must be consistent when they ignore problematic behaviors in line with schedules of reinforcement. A lack of consistency can encourage the behavior, and teachers should understand this technique may not yield instant results

Which of these situations best exemplifies the use of the satiation technique? A student often spits on their desk or on the floor in class. In response, the teacher strikes the student's knuckles with a ruler each time they spit. A kindergarten student often cries for little reason to get the attention of the teacher. The teacher ignores this behavior and does not reward the student with attention. A student often spits in class, usually on their desk or the floor. During a break period, the teacher hands the student a cup and asks them to spit continuously into the cup for several minutes. A student is often disruptive during math lessons, so the teacher calls the student's parents after each misbehavior.

The example of the student drinking excessively from the class water fountain in the video is another example of the satiation technique. A student is required to engage in the problematic behavior continuously to the point that it reduces their desire to engage in it in the future

What information does a curriculum map provide to teachers? A summary of how students have performed on past standardized tests. A detailed description of the state standards. The general order and pace of the curriculum. The instructional level of the students in the class. What information could be included on a curriculum map? Resources All of the answers are correct. Assessment ideas Essential questions

The general order and pace of the curriculum. All of the answers are correct.

How might a school librarian provide equal access to a student if the halls are too narrow to accommodate a wheel chair?

The librarian may bring books to the student in his/her classroom

What is the main purpose of scaffolding instruction?

The main purpose of scaffolding instruction is to break information up into chunks of information that can be more easily learned

The learning environment does NOT include the general atmosphere, or 'feeling' of the class the physical arrangement of the desks the classroom decorations the number of books on the shelves

The physical aspects of the classroom form the classroom environment, not the exact number of books on a shelf

The Greek prefix dys refers to _____.

The prefix 'dys-' is Greek meaning 'an impairment of. Dyscalculia, dysgraphia and dyslexia are all words with the prefix 'dys

All of the following are protected under the procedural safeguards of IDEA, EXCEPT:

The rights and responsibilities of parents, children, and agencies are outlined in great detail in the full procedural safeguards of IDEA and include due process procedures prior written notice attorney fees Content of the IEP is NOT included

What are classroom norms? When should you introduce your classroom norms and expectations to students? What does having clear norms and expectations for small activities during the day lead to? How should you implement strategies to establish classroom norms and expectations?

The set of expected behaviors for students that govern how they act in (and sometimes out of) the classroom. As soon as they enter your classroom for the first time Fewer interruptions during class time By modifying them to fit the grade and age level of your students.

In what way is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) similar to the Civil Rights Acts?

They both prevent discrimination

Why are the procedural safeguards of IDEA helpful?

They ensure that a child with a disability has access to free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment

What is the best way to retrieve information from your brain? Which of the following is true about long-term memory? Which of the following is true about short-term memory? How does the encoding process work?

Through association Your long-term memory can hold greater quantities of information for great lengths of time, even an entire lifetime It can hold small amounts of information briefly. Encoding works by converting information into a form that your brain can store.

How were the procedural safeguards of IDEA designed?

To protect the rights and outline the responsibilities of the parents of children with disabilities, the children, and the public agencies that serve them

Why did the federal government pass the Americans with Disabilities Act?

To provide equal access to public facilities for people with disabilities

Which of the following answer choices best reflects considerations teachers must take when using the extinction technique? Consistently ignoring the problematic behavior to avoid sending mixed messages and being aware that this technique may take a long time to be effective Ensuring that the rewards that students are given for behaving properly are appealing enough to the students that they will be a good source of motivation. Tracking student behavior in an organized way and making sure that parents and administrators receive weekly behavioral reports Making sure that students are completely isolated from the rest of the class and are unable to engage with them socially, but able to participate academically.

Tracking student behavior in an organized way and making sure that parents and administrators receive weekly behavioral reports

____, when a child is advanced in one area, but delayed in another, is often an early sign of giftedness

Uneven development

What media can you use to help students learn a foreign language? CDs or MP3 Players chart or graph a map a book

Use CDs or MP3 players to play music, so students can learn new songs for music class, or to introduce a new language and practice foreign language skills. Students can also listen to music from different cultures when learning about the various countries and their customs and traditions.

What is an example of a motivational tool? Why should teachers use intrinsic motivational tools? Which of these is not a way to motivate students? Besides motivational tools for students, what else is needed from the teacher? What is motivation?

Varied learning exercises Rewards Praise They create interest, investment, and the desire to learn class material Offering some extra exercises to students who need help Making objectives clear Encouraging students to take charge of their own learning Their own motivation The inner drive to act

The 'Little Albert' experiment was considered unethical for what reason?

Watson did not remove the conditioning he instilled in 'Little Albert' and many wondered how the experiment affected the boy as he grew up. Many years later it was discovered that 'Little Albert' died at the age of six from hydrocephalus, a condition where fluid builds up inside the skull. In looking back, psychologists today view Watson's experiment as unethical because of the fear he instilled in the child in conducting the experiment and his lack of effort to undo the conditioned fear

Which of the following is most likely to result in an intrinsic motivation to not repeat the negative behavior? Based on the overjustification effect, which of the following is most likely to experience decreased intrinsic motivation? Which of the following people is considered intrinsically motivated? A study of the overjustification effect found that

When someone is given a light punishment, their intrinsic motivation for the bad behavior is decreased. Someone given a reward for playing a game A woman who paints because it's relaxing children given rewards for playing math games played them less often afterward

What are the two main tools used in operant conditioning? Operant conditioning can be used in which aspect of the classroom? When should punishment be used in the classroom? In Mrs. Smith's class, several students are talking and goofing off. What should Mrs. Smith do if she wants to use positive reinforcement to change their behavior? Which of the following is NOT an example of positive reinforcement?

When using operant conditioning in your classroom, it is important to understand the differences between the two main tools of positive reinforcement and punishment Behavior management In extreme situations of bad behavior Mrs. Smith should praise the student who is following the rules. Note that one form positive reinforcement can take is through verbal praise. This is a simpler display of reinforcement in which you recognize out loud when a student is doing the right thing. Taking something away from a student that is distracting is NOT positive reinforcement. Several examples of positive reinforcement include treats, prizes, or praise. The goal of positive reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of a desirable behavior.

Section 504 has a more _____ set of qualifying criteria than IDEA.

While the evaluation processes of IDEA and Section 504 are quite similar, the qualification factors are much broader under Section 504

Which scenario may depict early indicators of giftedness?

Young gifted children are often able to focus their attention intensely on tasks they find engaging.

Which of the following describes the optimal level of difficulty for reading tasks?

Zone of proximal development

What is the general term for the tactics a teacher uses to keep students focused, on task, and productive? Which of the following best explains the routine Ask 3 Before Me? You are a teacher who never seems to finish all your plans in one class period. Usually, the bell rings and students scramble to pack up their things while you shout out the homework over the noise. Which of the following solutions would be best for you to try? In Mrs. Jones' classroom, when students need to use the restroom, they raise their hand while making a sign language 'r' with their raised hand. This is an example of which of the following classroom management techniques? Mr. Moore teaches high school math. He consistently struggles to get his class settled and ready for the daily lesson. Which of the following would be the best advice for Mr. Moore?

classroom management Ask 3 peers any question about a lesson or activity before asking the teacher. One strategy is to have a two-minute warning like in a football game. You can even have a timer going, and when there are two minutes left, flick the lights or blow a whistle to signal the warning. Your students can then answer the exit ticket or pack up to switch classes. This will prevent you from becoming the teacher yelling out the homework over a ringing bell while students scramble to collect their things Procedures for the classroom can be classified as routines, which can be thought of as any established student responses for certain situations, such as making a sign language 'r' with their raised hand As students enter the classroom, he should have a short exercise, or bell ringer, on the board for students to complete.

A person's motivation to attempt a task is directly related to his or her In psychology, attribution refers to the People seek causes that allow them to maintain a According to attribution theory, people tend to explain success or failure in terms of which three types of characteristics? Who created the framework of the Theory of Attribution?

confidence in a positive outcome inference made about the causes behind an event positive self-image Locus of Control, Stability, and Control Bernard Weiner

How can teachers create a positive learning environment with classroom space? What are results of a positive learning environment? What is a learning environment? How can a teacher positively impact the instructional environment? What areas are important for the learning environment?

create bright, clean and organized spaces students who aren't afraid to make mistakes and feel comfortable with their teacher the physical, psychological and instructional atmosphere in a classroom use lots of different types of instruction physical, psychological and instructional

When Thorndike started his experiments, he believed that if _____ behavior got rewarded, the subjects of study were more likely to repeat that behavior

deductive

Common behaviors that most children with learning disabilities exhibit fall into the categories of _____ and _____

internalizing; externalizing behaviors

curriculum

is a standards-based sequence of planned experiences where students practice and achieve proficiency in content and applied learning skills. Curriculum is the central guide for all educators as to what is essential for teaching and learning, so that every student has access to rigorous academic experiences.

Dyslexia is a learning disability that impairs a person's _____ ability

language

What is a motivational tool? Which is an example of cognitive choice? Which type of choice allows students to choose seating? What is autonomy? Why does making choices motivate students?

methods to get students more excited about and engaged in learning choosing an alternative ending to a novel Organizational choices are those that allow students to shape their experiences, like seating or grouping. Teachers can help students make organizational choices as a way to motivate them. ability to self-govern they may feel more engaged with material they may feel more empowered and in control they may feel ownership of learning

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

How students demonstrate learning is called the _____ How content is taught is referred to as _____ Which of the following is a good way to change the process to support diverse learners?

product process Offer multiple modes of information