Praxis

Which of the following is a major limitation of informal assessments? A.They cannot be used to test large numbers of students. B.They are unrelated to learning objectives. C.They use standardized instruments. D.They are usually subjective.

Option (D) is correct. This question tests knowledge of assessments. This is correct because by their nature, informal assessments are subjective.

John, a 4-year-old with cerebral palsy, has difficulty sitting on the rug with his class for shared reading. Which of the following assistive technologies is most likely to help John participate with his class in the activity? A.A book on tape B.Text-to-speech software C.A mobility device D.Positioning equipment

Option (D) is correct. This question tests knowledge of assistive technology. This answer is correct because students with cerebral palsy (CP) have difficulty maintaining a sitting positioning on the floor. Equipment such as a wedge or a cushion can help students who have difficulty maintaining a sitting position, thus allowing them to participate in activities on the floor.

Which of the following conditions most often co-occurs with a traumatic brain injury? A.Hyperactivity B.Limited vision C.A repetitive behavior disorder D.Personality change

Option (D) is correct. This question tests knowledge of co-occurring conditions. This answer is correct because personality change is one of the many conditions that can co-occur with a traumatic brain injury.

Which of the following is a healthy child who experiences the sudden death of a parent most likely to exhibit? A.Difficulty remembering B.Long-term refusal to speak C.Difficulty with transitions between classes D.A short-term behavior problem

Option (D) is correct. This question tests knowledge of how families can contribute to the development of a child. This answer is correct because a child most likely will not know how to handle such a loss and will act out in class as a way of expressing the loss.

In a dysfunctional family, a child with a disability who is blamed for things that go wrong with the family is known as A.a survivor B.a role model C.a miscreant D.a scapegoat

Option (D) is correct. This question tests knowledge of how families can contribute to the development of an individual with a disability. This is correct because children with a disability in dysfunctional families are often blamed for things that occur within the family, which is known as being a scapegoat.

Under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, schools are required to A.have special academic standards for Title I public elementary school students B.test students in English and mathematics in fourth grade and then again in high school C.report student achievement by average school performance and the performance of cultural subgroups D.ensure that all children have the opportunity to obtain a high quality education and reach proficiency on state assessments

Option (D) is correct. Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ensures that students have the opportunity to high quality instruction and reach proficiency on state assessments.

Which of the following is most characteristic of the acquisition stage of learning a new skill? A.Using the skill anywhere and whenever it is needed B.Using the skill better and faster than on previous occasions C.Using the skill routinely with some measure of independence D.Using the skill under structured and repetitive conditions

Option (D) is correct. To acquire a new skill students need to grasp the target skill and practice its core steps until it can be performed with about 60 to 70 percent accuracy.

Which TWO of the following strategies are most likely to be used to encourage positive behavior in a kindergarten class? A.Find something positive to say to each individual student. B.Speak to the students in a sharp, firm manner. C.Establish a reward-based system in the classroom. D.Tell the students how poor their mathematics skills are.

Options (A) and (C) are correct. Maintaining a positive attitude and giving the students verbal praise can make kindergarteners feel proud and contribute towards a positive classroom behavior. Furthermore, by establishing a reward system in the classroom like stickers and tokens, the teacher motivates the students to do well in class.

Special education teachers are expected to hold highly qualified status when teaching which THREE of the following? A.Core academic subjects B.Alternate achievement standards C.Multiple subjects D.Primary grades

Options (A), (B) and (C) are correct. The question tests understanding of the meaning of highly qualified status. These options are correct because teaching these subject areas requires a teacher to be highly qualified.

An Individualized Education Program (IEP) includes information on which THREE of the following? A.Placement B.Long-term goals C.Present levels of functioning D.IQ score

Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. A student's IEP must have the following information -Placement, Long-term goals and Present levels of functioning.

Federal safeguards in IDEA require parental consent before beginning which of the following THREE steps in the IEP process? A.Initial evaluation B.Reevaluation C.Initial provision of services D.Monitoring student progress

Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. The question tests knowledge of the steps in the IEP process. According to federal safeguards in IDEA, the steps referred to in the three options all require parental consent.

Which of the following are likely to encourage appropriate behaviors for students with EBD? Select all that apply. A.Reinforcing the inappropriate behaviors B.Reinforcing the appropriate behaviors C.Modeling the appropriate behaviors D.Talking to the student about the reasons for the inappropriate behaviors

Options (B), (C), and (D) are correct. The question tests knowledge of appropriate behaviors for students with emotional and behavior disturbances (EBD). The options are correct because these are the measures to encourage appropriate behaviors.

The most frequently occurring permanently disabling birth defect, characterized by an abnormal opening in the spinal column, is called A.spina bifida B.cerebral palsy C.muscular dystrophy D.multiple sclerosis

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of various physical disabilities. Spina bifida is a developmental birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube. Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not fully formed and remain unfused and open.

A student who is uncooperative, avoids responsibility, and is noncommunicative is most likely showing signs of A.passive-aggressive behavior B.learned helplessness C.hyperactivity D.impulsivity

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. This question tests knowledge of passive-aggressive behavior. This answer is correct because when a student does not communicate about conflicts or avoids responsibility they are signs of passive-aggressive behavior.

Question: Which THREE of the following are characteristics commonly exhibited by students who have acquired a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? A.Pronounced inconsistencies in performance B.Responsiveness to incentive-based behavioral plans C.Inappropriate responses in social situations D.Deficits in problem solving and abstract thinking

Correct Answer: A, C, D Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. Children who sustain TBI may experience a complex array of problems, including pronounced inconsistencies in performance, inappropriate responses in social situations, and deficits in problem solving and abstract thinking

Which of the following best describes a response‑mode modification for a student with a severe intellectual disability? A.Reading text to the student B.Having the student draw pictures in a journal C.Enlarging worksheets to allow more space for handwriting D.Reducing the number of problems the student needs to complete

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A response mode modification is one that allows the student to respond in a way that is different from that of his or her classmates but still expects the student to show progress in IEP objectives.

A student with a cochlear implant most likely has a primary classification of A.visual impairment B.hearing impairment C.traumatic brain injury (TBI) D.intellectual disability

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question addresses understanding of assistive devices. This answer is correct because a cochlear implant is a device that transmits sounds as electric impulses, thus providing a sense of sound to a person who has a hearing impairment

Which of the following assistive technologies is most likely to benefit a sixth-grade student with a specific learning disability in writing? A.A communication board B.Speech-to-text software C.An interactive whiteboard D.A screen reader

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of assistive technology. This answer is correct because speech-to-text software helps a student overcome difficulties during the writing process.

Which of the following is most likely to be a motivational reward for a high school student? A.Bringing home the class pet for the weekend B.Receiving tickets for a school dance C.Staying after school to help the teacher clean the classroom D.Leading other students to the library or gym class

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This reward is age-appropriate for a high school student since most students like to go to the school dances.

Which of the following types of information is generally the most useful in making decisions about instruction for a student with a disability? A.Scores from standardized tests B.The category of the disability C.Curriculum-based assessment D.The amount of time the student spends in the resource room

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of specific information needed to design individualized instruction. Curriculum-based assessment tells the teacher how the student is performing on the current curriculum under the current teaching conditions and is the most relevant.

About 80 percent of all speech disorders are characterized by difficulties with A.fluency B.delayed speech onset C.articulation D.voice

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of speech disorders. A difficulty with articulation is one characteristic of a speech disorder.

John is a new second-grade student in a special education class. He has a Section 504 accommodation plan because he frequently has seizures. John just had a tonic-clonic seizure in the classroom. Which of the following steps should the special education teacher take first? A.Teach the class what a seizure is and describe expectations for student behavior if John has another seizure B.Have the classroom assistant walk John to the school nurse to be checked C.Document the seizure and inform the necessary school personnel and the student's family D.Encourage the student to go to physical education now since the seizure is over

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the role of a special education teacher. A seizure must be documented, and the necessary school personnel and the student's family must be informed.

Jaylen is a ten-year-old child with a severe intellectual disability. She is unable to communicate verbally but indicates choices by touching tangible items of interest or by using a communication board. Jaylen's teacher wants to create a set of reinforcers to encourage her to participate in class activities. Which of the following is the best way for the teacher to choose reinforcers for Jaylen? A.Conducting research to determine the most effective reinforcers B.Meeting with the Individualized Education Program (IEP) team to recommend reinforcers C.Observing Jaylen interact with a variety of reinforcers D.Providing Jaylen with a standard set of classroom reinforcers

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The student should be allowed to indicate preferences when given an array of possible reinforcers.

Which of the following instructional adaptations is most likely to benefit a student with a mild intellectual disability in a sixth-grade inclusion class? A.Offering after-school tutoring to help the student catch up on assignments B.Reinforcing key concepts by giving the student additional assignments to complete at home C.Giving the student fewer assignments than his or her general education peers without changing the content D.Providing the student with a deadline indicating when the assignments are due

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. This question tests knowledge of appropriate instructional strategies and techniques. This answer is correct because instructional adaptations such as a reduced number of assignments or extended deadlines give the student access to the same content as his or her general education peers.

A kindergarten teacher planning phonological awareness activities for the year must ensure that the activities match the phonological awareness continuum. Place the following levels of phonological awareness in the correct order of development. A. Syllable awareness B. Onset and rime C. Listening and rhyming D. Phoneme blending

Correct Answer: C, A, B, D Option (C), (A), (B), and (D) is the correct sequence. Listening and rhyming, syllable awareness, onset and rime, and phoneme blending is the correct sequence because generally children develop the ability to notice, hear, identify, and manipulate words and word parts, including phonemes, syllables, and onset and rime, in that specific order.

A student who has a moderate intellectual disability examined a set of twelve communication board symbols and could correctly identify the meaning of only five of them. Based on the student's experience, which of the following can be inferred about the process of selecting symbols to use with a student's communication board? A.Symbols without text labels are easily understood. B.Symbols must be taught to students in a rigid hierarchy. C.Symbols need to reflect metaphors that come from adult life experiences. D.Symbols should be taught and used within contexts meaningful to children.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. According to research the symbols used on a child's communication boards should reflect the child's understandings not those of the adult creating the board.

Developing a step-by-step approach for students to help them master the concept of two-digit by two-digit multiplication is best described by which of the following terms? A.Direct instruction B.Graphic organizer C.Active learning D.Task analysis

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Task analysis refers to the process of breaking down a concept into its component parts

The major purpose of functional curricular approaches for students with more severe intellectual disabilities is to A.teach the students the most critical skills for participating in society. B.teach the students the health education curriculum. C.teach the students to apply for college or postsecondary education. D.teach the students how to develop a transition plan.

Option (A) The question tests understanding of a functional curriculum, which emphasizes skills related to daily living in order to prepare students to function in society.

According to IDEA, which of the following is a required part of transition services? A.Establishing goals based on students' interests and preferences B.Providing a five-year timeline for middle school through high school C.Offering effective vocational preparation programs D.Providing students a list of service providers in their community

Option (A) is correct. According to IDEA, the goals documented in a student's transition plan should be based on input from the student as well as from the parents and transition coordinators.

Which of the following theoretical approaches includes stimulus-response associations made by the learner? A.Behaviorism B.Cognitivism C.Social learning theory D.Constructivism

Option (A) is correct. Behaviorism refers to observing behaviors that are a direct response to stimuli.

Mary is 10-years old and has a mild learning disability in reading. As part of her language arts literacy class, she reads aloud to first-grade students and helps them learn to write simple sentences. Which of the following is the most likely benefit to Mary of tutoring a younger child? A.It helps develop her self-esteem. B.It improves her reading vocabulary. C.It eliminates her need for accommodations. D.It decreases her need for related services.

Option (A) is correct. Cross-age tutoring is likely to increase the self-esteem of the tutor by taking on the teaching role.

Which of the following adaptations best supports learning for students with intellectual disabilities? A.Providing seats for the students away from distractions B.Providing the students with inflatable tactile seat cushions C.Allowing students to listen to music on headphones D.Allowing students to take a walk if they become upset

Option (A) is correct. Minimizing distractions will allow students with intellectual disabilities to listen to instruction, ask questions if needed, and focus on the content.

Which of the following best explains how posting a schedule helps students transition between activities? A.Students know what to expect and can plan for changes in routine. B.Students are confident their teacher is organized. C.Students know when their restroom breaks are scheduled. D.Students can complete their assignments with more accuracy.

Option (A) is correct. Predictability helps minimize inappropriate reactions to changes because students know what is expected.

Which of the following organizations serves youths with intellectual disabilities, children who are gifted and talented, and children who are abused or neglected? A.Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) B.American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) C.National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY) D.Special Olympics

Option (A) is correct. The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) serves youth and children with disabilities, individuals who are gifted and talented, and children who are abused or neglected.

The courts have held that when intellectually disabled individuals are involuntarily committed or voluntarily seek commitment to public institutions, they are protected from unreasonable confinement, unreasonable personal restraint, and unsafe conditions. Which of the following concepts is this constitutional guarantee based on? A.Due process of law B.Equal access to justice C.Intellectual freedom D.Least restrictive environment

Option (A) is correct. The United States Constitution guarantees that the government cannot take away a person's basic rights to life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

Mylie is 16-year-old student with a mild intellectual disability who participates in a vocational training program. She works as a helper in the maintenance department of a bank in her community. She is supervised by a school official and receives minimum wage. The activities Mylie performs on the job are most likely to be described in which of the following sections of her IEP? A.Transition services B.Related services C.Program modifications D.Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance

Option (A) is correct. The activities need to be included in the student's required transitional plan, which must be developed for students 16 years and older.

Paula is a sixth-grade student with Down syndrome. She is an attentive student who enjoys learning new things in school. Although her expressive speech and language development are more like those of an 8 year old, her receptive language skills are more like those of a 10 year old. Paula reads at the third-grade level. Which of the following support services is likely to be most beneficial for Paula? A.Speech therapy B.Physical therapy C.Occupational therapy D.Massage therapy

Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of related services. A speech therapist would help Paula improve in the areas of expressive and receptive speech and language development.

Which of the following is the best example of task analysis? A.Describing the process of tying a shoelace by breaking it down into small steps and then explaining those steps B.Organizing a social studies project that is to be researched and completed over several weeks C.Subdividing a text into smaller parts to enable a student to focus on and analyze each part D.Planning a take-home assessment that is to be completed in sections over several days

Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of task analysis. This answer is correct because task analysis is the process of breaking down a life skill, such as tying shoelaces, into smaller, more manageable steps in order to teach the skill. Task analysis is used to teach life skills to students with autism spectrum disorder.

What is the primary purpose of a formative assessment? A.Checking student progress so that instruction can be adjusted B.Determining whether students can pass the standardized test C.Gauging student learning based on the curriculum D.Recording mastery of a concept

Option (A) is correct. The question tests understanding of the uses of formative assessments, which are used to provide feedback so that instruction can be adjusted based on the needs of the students.

A kindergarten teacher uses counters to show her students how to sort by color. After several rounds of guided practice, the students are asked to place the red counters in a cup and the green counters in a bag. What evaluation technique is the teacher using to test the students' understanding of the concept? A.Observation B.Running record C.Exit card D.Summary

Option (A) is correct. The teacher uses classroom observation as an informal method of assessment to check students' understanding of a concept taught in class.

The principle of a performance-based assessment is best illustrated by which of the following? A.Analyzing data that reflects how a student understands and applies knowledge B.Comparing a student's performance with that of a similar peer group C.Gathering information from prior grades to compare performance D.Sharing assessments from different strands of academics

Option (A) is correct. This question tests knowledge of assessments. This is correct because, by definition, performance-based assessments use data from measurable tasks that the students perform that are both meaningful and engaging to students.

Which of the following demonstrates the most appropriate student involvement in the assessment process? A.Students create an assignment and the scoring criteria. B.Students check one another's homework. C.Students save all their work in a folder. D.Students create the content for the test.

Option (A) is correct. This question tests knowledge of the definitions and uses of assessments. The students are participating in the assessment process by creating a rubric or personal scoring guide.

The practice of reviewing a schedule at the start of each day to eliminate or prevent any problem behaviors is best described as which of the following? A.Self-monitoring B.Proactive management C.A multisensory approach D.Cooperative learning

Option (B) is correct. A proactive management approach refers to dealing with a problem before it becomes a negative behavior in the classroom.

Max is a 12-year-old student who has a full scale IQ of 60 and concurrent deficits in social, academic, adaptive, and communication skills. Max is most likely to be classified with which of the following? A.A learning disability B.An intellectual disability C.Other health impairment D.Multiple disabilities

Option (B) is correct. Given the information provided about the student, he meets the criteria for a student who has the classification of Intellectual disability.

Which of the following best describes why a functional curriculum works well with students who have severe intellectual disabilities? A.It engages students by using novelty and variety to teach skills in familiar settings. B.It teaches life skills in an appropriate sequence through the use of task analysis. C.It educates students to become self-supporting members of their local communities. D.It stresses the value and importance of the development of basic academic skills.

Option (B) is correct. Learning a functional curriculum means that the student learns life skills to reach their potential as active participants in home, school, and community environments. Task analyses ensure they learn the correct way to do things in the correct order.

A replacement behavior is most effective when it A.allows the student to refocus on a more appropriate task B.meets the student's needs without being harmful or obtrusive C.permits only occasional relapses of the old behavior D.helps to maintain the consequences of the initial behavior

Option (B) is correct. Replacement behaviors are used while students work on the root cause of inappropriate behaviors. Replacement behaviors do not cause harm to the student or anyone who is working with or near the student.

At the beginning of the school year, Ms. Brennan gives her students, who have been identified with various learning disabilities, a learning-style inventory. Throughout the year, Ms. Brennan plans to teach her students the accommodations and strategies that will support their learning styles and encourage them to communicate their needs. Which of the following is being described in the scenario above? A.Behavior modification B.Self-advocacy C.Child Find D.Transition

Option (B) is correct. Self-advocacy is the ability to understand and effectively communicate one's needs to other individuals.

Which of the following describes an advantage for teachers of using small-group instruction with students in a second-grade reading classroom? A.Spending less time checking for comprehension B.Providing more opportunities for students to get feedback C.Reducing the time spent correcting inappropriate behaviors D.Offering more flexibility in scheduling interdisciplinary activities

Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies. This answer is correct because if students are in a smaller group, they will have more individual chances to read and the teacher can give feedback immediately.

Keith is a high school student with an intellectual disability who spends part of the school day in a self-contained classroom. Which of the following supplementary curriculum components for life skills will provide Keith with the most independence? A.Software for creating picture symbols B.An adapted cookbook with picture directions C.A workbook about checking and savings accounts D.A sample map of a city transit system

Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of teaching students to self-regulate. A cookbook with picture directions will provide Keith with the independence to perform simple cooking tasks.

Which of the following is most associated with seizures? A.Cystic fibrosis B.Epilepsy C.Autism spectrum disorder D.Sickle-cell anemia

Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics and defining factors of the major disabilities categories. Epilepsy is characterized by seizures caused by imbalances in the brain.

Randi is a 12 year old who scores within the average range for her age on a standardized test but is significantly below grade level in reading and writing and is at grade level in mathematics. The profile is most consistent with a classification of A.intellectual disability B.specific learning disability C.attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder D.autism spectrum disorder

Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the characteristics of and the process of identifying of disability categories. A discrepancy between ability and achievement is one of the primary characteristics of a student with a specific learning disability.

Alyse, an eighth grader with a severe cognitive impairment, has been continually commenting that she is hungry. In an effort to stop her commenting, her teacher begins to place snacks on Alyse's desk throughout the school day. After several days, Alyse stops stating that she is hungry. The elimination of Alyse's behavior is the result of A.punishment B.satiation C.desensitization D.extinction

Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of managing student behavior. Satiation is decreasing or eliminating an unacceptable behavior as a result of continued and increased reinforcement of the behavior.

An IEP that ensures a student is working on goals and objectives that are aligned with state benchmarks and that promotes participation in the general curriculum is considered to be A.transition based B.standards based C.an initial IEP D.based on reevaluation

Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of the components of an IEP. A Standards-based IEP includes goals that are aligned with the state's academic content standards for a student's assigned grade level.

Which of the following is the best example of information that is included in the Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP) section of a student's IEP? A.Marty will accurately complete eight out of ten multiplication word problems by first highlighting important information in each word problem. B.Marty can compute fifteen multiplication facts in random order in one minute but demonstrates difficulty solving applied mathematics problems when given extraneous information. C.Marty is given extended time, graph paper, highlighters, and breaks during mathematics tests. D.Marty receives two hours per week of supportive instruction in the area of mathematics in a resource room setting.

Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of the components of an IEP. The PLAAFP identifies Marty's current strengths and weaknesses.

Which of the following is the most important step to take before referring a student for special education services? A.Documenting recommendations for student placement for the following year B.Documenting interventions implemented by teachers C.Documenting student response after behavior occurs D.Documenting student test scores

Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of the referral and identification process. (B) is correct because before a student can be recommended for placement for special education services, there must be evidence showing that a response to intervention (RTI) has been implemented and documented.

Which of the following correctly defines the term "de-escalation"? A.Avoiding emotional arguments B.Reducing the intensity of a conflict C.Physically restraining a student D.Removing a student from a crisis situation

Option (B) is correct. The term de-escalation refers to reducing the intensity of a conflict.

Which of the following skills is most likely to be included in a functional life skills curriculum? A.Reading fictional grade-level textbooks B.Making change with a cash register C.Solving mathematics word problems independently D.Walking one mile around a track

Option (B) is correct. This question measures how working a cash register is a required skill at a variety of community jobs and thus a functional life skill that would give students hands-on experiences and allow for modeling, demonstration, and multiple means of representation.

Mr. Caulfield teaches a seventh-grade self-contained class. Many of his students do not like it when it is time to change from one subject to another. Some respond with behaviors such as rocking back and forth, and one puts his hands over his ears and hums. Mr. Caulfield is most likely to improve his students' behaviors by doing which of the following? A.Clarifying grading policies B.Providing transitional warnings C.Improving disciplinary measures D.Varying instructional procedures

Option (B) is correct. This question tests knowledge of how to manage student behavior. This is correct because transitional warnings will assist students who do not adjust easily to different activities.

Pat is a 20 year old with Down syndrome who will soon be transitioning from the school environment. Which of the following is a math skill Pat is most likely to need to successfully purchase five items from a prepared list at the grocery store? A.Mentally computing the total cost of the five items B.Rounding the cost of each item to the nearest dollar and calculating the total cost C.Practicing how to count out ten one-dollar bills D.Exchanging a twenty-dollar bill for two fives and ten ones

Option (B) is correct. To be a successful shopper, Pat should be able to make a list of the five items he wants to buy, list the cost of each item and round the cost to the nearest dollar, then add the rounded costs to find an estimated total in dollars.

When working with students who could become violent, teachers should look for which of the following warning signs displayed by students? A.Avoiding eye contact and keeping to themselves B.Threatening gestures and bullying others C.Giving away possessions and not caring about themselves D.Coming to school with dirty clothes and losing possessions

Option (B) is the correct. Aggressive talk, threats, intimidation, and bullying are often precursors to violent behaviors.

Question:Mr. Sempler has a ninth-grade student with EBD who frequently engages in inappropriate and disruptive behavior in the classroom. Mr. Sempler decides to conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) to establish a behavior plan for the student. Place each of the following steps in an FBA in sequence from left to right, beginning with the first step. A. Analyze the behavior and form a hypothesis on the function of the behavior B. Describe the targeted behavior in measurable, observable terms C. Collect information on possible functions of the targeted behavior D. Devise an intervention plan to replace the behavior E. Categorize the behavior to determine the deficit

Option (B), (C), (E), (A), and (D) is the correct sequence. A functional behavior assessment involves the following steps: Describe the targeted behavior in measurable, observable terms; collect information on possible functions of the targeted behavior; categorize the behavior to determine the deficit; analyze the behavior and form a hypothesis on the function of the behavior; devise an intervention plan. These steps help to develop an effective behavior plan.

Students in a general education third-grade class are learning to compare and order three- and four-digit numbers. Which of the following is an appropriate parallel task for a student in the class who has Down syndrome and a moderate intellectual disability? A.Adding and subtracting three-digit numbers on a calculator B.Locating negative and positive numbers on an enlarged number line C.Determining whether two-digit prices are greater or less than 50 cents D.Circling two- and three-digit numbers in a weekly grocery circular

Option (C) is correct. A parallel task for the student is one that involves the same concepts of comparing and ordering but has a less complex objective.

Mary is a high school student with a mild intellectual disability and a moderate hearing loss. She chats in the hall with her friends and is often late for class. Which of the following assistive technologies will best help her to be on time for her classes? A.FM monitor B.Telephone with a video screen C.Vibrating prompting device D.Audiobook player

Option (C) is correct. A vibrating prompting device can be programmed to signal Mary when it is time to get to class. It can also repeat the steps for completing a task and help Mary remember important dates and times.

Which of the following types of assessments are most authentic and totally individualized for students with severe disabilities? A.Adaptive behavior scales B.Developmental scales C.Environmental evaluations D.Criterion-referenced tests

Option (C) is correct. Environmental evaluations assess a student's performance on specific routines and activities found in settings or environments relevant to the student.

Jan, who is 17 years old, was diagnosed with cerebral palsy as a young child and has a moderate intellectual disability. She is very outgoing, has much to say, and has a strong desire to communicate. However, individuals who do not know Jan have a very difficult time understanding her oral language. Which of the following actions is most likely to enhance Jan's communication skills? A.Developing a book of interactive picture communication boards B.Training in using body language to communicate C.Utilizing an electronic speech-generating communication aid D.Accessing a bilingual communication tool for nonvocal individuals

Option (C) is correct. Given Jan's age and her strong desire to communicate with others, an electronic device that is both small and portable would provide her with the technology she needs to build her vocabulary and communicate with others.

Which of the following types of assessments provides data such as percentile level, stanine scores, and standard scores? A.Curriculum-based B.Formative C.Standardized D.Rating scale

Option (C) is correct. Standardized assessments are formal tests that provide percentiles, stanine scores, and standard scores.

Which of the following is the most appropriate way to teach the concept of comparing numbers and quantities to first-grade students with learning disabilities? A.Providing the students a set of 3 three-digit numbers that they must arrange in ascending order B.Providing the students with worksheets in which they have to use symbols to identify greater than and less than C.Providing the students with base-ten blocks that they must use to create representations of two given numbers and identify the larger number D.Providing the students with a word problem in which they have to compare the population of two countries using Internet resources

Option (C) is correct. Students with learning disabilities learn best when they are given manipulatives for math lessons, so they can learn the concept hands-on.

Janelle is an eighth-grade student with an intellectual disability who is enrolled in an inclusive language arts class. She has basic decoding skills but struggles with comprehension and focusing for extended periods of time. The class is reading a novel together, but the students are often assigned to read chapters independently for homework. Which of the following is the best way to adapt the assignment to meet Janelle's needs? A.Providing Janelle an audio version of the book B.Allowing Janelle to choose a book corresponding to her independent level of reading C.Summarizing the important parts of the book for Janelle D.Giving Janelle a simplified version of the book

Option (C) is correct. Summarizing important parts of the text would provide Janelle with the same content as her peers, allowing her to understand and participate in classroom activities without requiring her to read material that is too difficult.

Which of the following is the best method for nonverbal students with intellectual disabilities to employ for independently expressing their wants and needs? A.Using maps B.Grabbing what they want C.Using picture cards and symbols D.Crying for what they want

Option (C) is correct. The question addresses knowledge of instructional strategies and techniques. Students will be more independent when they use picture cards or symbols to express their wants and needs.

In a preschool classroom, Christopher is building a castle in the block area while sitting near another student, Bethany. Suddenly, Bethany grabs a block from the middle of Christopher's castle, causing it to fall down. To best prevent a similar event from occurring in the future, Bethany's teacher should help Bethany learn which of the following social skills? A.Offering an apology B.Empathizing C.Problem solving D.Controlling anger

Option (C) is correct. The question tests candidates' knowledge of how to manage student behavior. Problem solving is the most appropriate skills for Bethany to learn because it will help her find better alternatives to similar actions in the future.

Which of the following best describes a testing accommodation for a student who has difficulty remaining on one task for a long period of time? A.Allowing the student to dictate answers to a scribe B.Permitting the student to record answers directly into the test booklet C.Administering a test in several timed sessions D.Providing a computer for the student to use to record test answers

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of accommodations. This answer is correct because a student who has difficulty remaining on task for a long period of time will benefit from taking a test in several timed sessions.

Mr. Whyte uses an overhead projector to show his first-grade class how to form their letters correctly using the lines on the paper. Which of the following techniques best describes Mr. Whyte's teaching strategy? A.Cooperative learning B.Brainstorming C.Modeling D.Think-aloud

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies. This answer is correct because the teacher is demonstrating the correct way to form the letters.

Which of the following goals will most likely be included in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for an eighth-grade student who has autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ? A.Writing a paragraph using transitional phrases B.Remaining seated while completing independent work C.Using eye contact when speaking to the teacher D.Raising his or her hand before answering a question

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of setting appropriate goals for a student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by poor social interactions, so individuals with this disorder may have difficulty understanding facial expressions and maintaining eye contact.

Which of the following would be most indicative of a receptive language disorder? A.A student uses the same words and phrases over and over again in different situations. B.A student hesitates before talking and rarely initiates conversation. C.A student looks at other students to see what they are doing when directions are given. D.A student cannot hear the teacher unless the teacher raises his or her voice.

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of speech and language disorders. This answer is correct because a student who is looking for visual cuing to do a task is having difficulty processing spoken (receptive) language.

A curriculum that focuses on teaching functional and independent living skills, utilizes augmentative communication and assistive technology, and provides extensive support in the classroom is most likely used with students with A.learning disabilities B.emotional or behavioral disorders C.multiple and severe disabilities D.attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of student characteristics and learning needs. Students with multiple and severe disabilities require a curriculum that is technology based and provides extensive support in the classroom.

Multiple-modality activities are recommended for inclusive classrooms. Which of the following is a multiple-modality activity for a unit on rocks? A.Asking students to bring in three rocks from the neighborhood and tell the class where they found them B.Having students read a story about a mountain climber's experience climbing Mount Everest C.Allowing students to touch and feel rocks and discuss their observations with a partner D.Assigning students to read a chapter of the textbook and answer comprehension questions

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of teaching strategies. Touching and feeling rocks and discussing observations with a partner addresses multiple learning styles, so that visual, kinesthetic, and auditory learners all have access to the same information.

What is the main purpose of mediation according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ? A.To encourage parents to help write and approve measurable goals for their child's Individualized Education Program (IEP) B.To ensure that parents can bring an attorney to meetings with school district representatives C.To provide an opportunity for parents and a school district to meet voluntarily to resolve a conflict D.To outline the process for taking a school district to court when the parents disagree with their child's placement

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). According to IDEA, the purpose of mediation is to have both parties in a dispute, the school and the family, express their positions, listen and respond to each other, and resolve their conflict.

Students classified as having an intellectual disability must exhibit significant deficits in both intellectual abilities and A.in reading and mathematics B.in physical dexterity C.in adaptive behavior D.in auditory processing

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics of intellectual disability, which is defined as having limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors.

The classification of severe intellectual disability is determined primarily on the basis of A.an IQ of 40-55 B.perinatal complications C.an IQ of 20-35 D.postnatal complications

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics of intellectual disability, which is determined by an IQ score.

Assessment that is ongoing, provides the teacher with information regarding a student's or class's progress, and allows the teacher to modify instruction and learning is known as A.criterion-referenced assessment B.summative assessment C.formative assessment D.standardized assessment

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the definitions and uses of assessment. Formative assessments allow the teacher to review results and then adapt instruction and learning.

Danny is a twelfth-grade student who has been diagnosed with Tourette's syndrome and epilepsy. Both conditions are controlled with medication. Danny is functioning at grade level with his peers. Which of the following statements best describes the most appropriate services for Danny? A.Danny's diagnosis requires an Individualized Education Program (IEP). B.Danny requires a paraprofessional to assist him in his course work. C.Danny is covered under a Section 504 Plan because he does not require special education services. D.Danny should be placed in inclusive classes for all academic courses.

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the major legislation that affects special education. Under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, if a student has a disability but requires neither special education nor related services, the student may qualify for protection under a Section 504 Plan.

Which of the following is an appropriate functional writing skill to teach a high school student with an intellectual disability? A.Writing in cursive B.Writing an essay for a college application C.Filling out job applications D.Spelling basic sight words

Option (C) is correct. The question tests understanding of a functional curriculum. Learning to fill out job applications is an appropriate functional writing skill for a student with an intellectual disability.

Which of the following consequences would most likely decrease the rate of occurrence for a target behavior? A.Negative reinforcement B.Differential reinforcement C.Punishment D.Positive reinforcement

Option (C) is correct. The question tests understanding of managing student behavior. Punishment is the only consequence listed that will decrease the rate of occurrence of a target behavior.

Which of the following groups is most responsible for determining educational principles, developing learning experiences, and implementing effective instructional strategies? A.Individualized Education Program team B.Response to Intervention committee C.Curriculum development committee D.Parent-Teacher Association

Option (C) is correct. The steps identified refer to the curriculum development process.

Desiree is a sixth grader with an intellectual disability. She is transferring from a resource room into an inclusive social studies class. In order to best prepare Desiree for her new setting, her teacher should A.ask a peer who does not have a disability to talk with Desiree and answer her questions B.facilitate a group discussion about the expectations and format of an inclusive class C.share a story featuring a student who successfully attends an inclusive class D.explain the requirements of the inclusive class to Desiree's parents

Option (C) is correct. This is correct because a social story would provide Desiree with the information she needs in a way she can understand.

Approximately 90 percent of children born with severe to profound hearing loss are born to normally hearing families. According to family stress theory, what is the most likely impact of this situation on the deaf child's family? A.The mother will become overly protective of the deaf child and other children in the family will feel neglected. B.The parent's social lives will be restricted and their relationship to each other will change. C.The family will develop coping strategies to deal with the stress of having a child with a disability. D.The father will set the tone for the way children will respond to having a hearing-impaired sibling.

Option (C) is correct. This question tests knowledge of the impact of disabilities on families. This answer is correct because according to research, families first experience grief and stress, and then they develop coping processes and find the resources they need to help their child.

Which of the following behavior management strategies is most likely to be successful in a seventh-grade inclusion classroom? A.Requiring students to work in small groups for assignments B.Seating the students with disabilities away from the general education students C.Posting behavioral consequences on the wall D.Developing clear rules with student input

Option (D) is correct. Developing clear, simple rules allows students to understand classroom expectations. Also, if the students participate in making the rules, they are most likely going to take ownership of the rules and responsibility for their own behavior.

Jerry is a third-grade student diagnosed with a moderate intellectual disability. His teacher has noticed significant problems with impulse control, attention, transitioning, planning, organizing, and initiating tasks. Difficulties in these areas are most likely indicative of a deficit in A.visual perception processing B.information processing C.adaptive functioning D.executive functioning

Option (D) is correct. Executive functioning includes impulse control, attention, transitioning, planning, organizing, and initiating tasks.

Riley is a fifth-grade student with an intellectual disability receiving instruction in an inclusive setting with the support of a special education teacher. She enjoys eating lunch with her classmates but has difficulty interacting appropriately with peers. Riley often becomes frustrated and upset when she is unable to talk about her favorite topics with her peers. Which of the following strategies will best promote success for Riley in the lunchroom setting? A.Teaching Riley's peers to ignore inappropriate behaviors B.Removing Riley from the lunchroom environment C.Providing Riley with a one-on-one paraprofessional D.Demonstrating appropriate interactions with peer models

Option (D) is correct. Having peers modeling appropriate interactions will best help Riley learn to interact with peers in an appropriate way, allowing her to attend lunch independently and avoid the stigma of one-on-one support.

Richard is a fifteen-year-old student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). When he becomes stressed, he picks his skin and hair and pounds his fist against his desk while verbally reprimanding himself aloud. Which of the following actions is most likely to be the first step the teacher should take to help Richard replace his actions with appropriate behaviors? A.Telling Richard that his behavior is causing others to avoid him B.Completing a tally sheet listing the frequency of Richard's behaviors C.Allowing Richard to take a walk when he exhibits inappropriate behaviors D.Determining the purpose of Richard's current behaviors

Option (D) is correct. It is important to determine if the student is behaving for attention, comfort, sensory stimulation, or to avoid work or people before an appropriate alternative behavior can be substituted.

Which of the following is the first federal law to mandate practices to ensure that students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education? A.Individuals with Disabilities Education Act B.Americans with Disabilities Act C.Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act D.Public Law 94-142

Option (D) is correct. PL 94-142 was developed in 1975 and was the first law which required schools to provide a free and appropriate public education to students with disabilities.

Which of the following activities will help a high school student with a severe to profound intellectual disability get ready for postsecondary activities? A.Practicing writing checks and shopping for groceries B.Learning to use sign language to improve communication skills C.Practicing using a portable keyboard to develop writing skills D.Learning how to tell time and interpret signs in the environment

Option (D) is correct. Students with severe to profound intellectual disabilities need to learn how to tell time and interpret signs in the environment to be more independent.

Which of the following is the most appropriate functional math skill to teach Bo, a student with an intellectual disability who wants to live independently when he leaves school? A.How to find an apartment to share B.How to move around the community C.How to use recreational facilities D.How to manage personal finances

Option (D) is correct. The most valuable math skills for a person with an intellectual disability are earning, budgeting, spending, saving, and managing one's own money.

Martha is an eleventh-grade student with spina bifida. She uses a motorized wheelchair and has limited fine motor skills. Her testing indicates her cognitive and language skills are on grade level. Which of the following accommodations is most likely to benefit the student in her inclusive history class? A.Allowing Martha to use a laptop computer to take notes B.Requiring Martha to learn less material for mastery C.Providing Martha raised-line paper to improve her handwriting D.Providing Martha copies of notes to limit her need for writing

Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of accommodations. This answer is correct because the student has limited fine motor skills and will have difficulty taking notes.

Bruce and Lou, who sit next to each other, distract each other in the classroom. The teacher has tried rewarding them for appropriate behavior, but their behavior has not changed. The teacher then changes their seating so that they are on opposite ends of the classroom. They now rarely distract each other. This is an example of A.manipulating the consequent stimulus B.using the Premack principle C.ignoring inappropriate behavior D.manipulating the antecedent stimulus

Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of behavioral approaches. Manipulating the antecedent stimulus means taking away the cause of the problem to change the behavior.

John is a ninth-grade student who has been identified as having an orthopedic impairment from cerebral palsy. Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate for John during his inclusive science class? A.Seating him near the teacher so he can hear the lectures more clearly B.Allowing him to take frequent breaks during the science class C.Providing him with large-print versions of all materials D.Allowing him to use a computer with word-prediction software to take notes

Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of classroom accommodations for a students with a physical disabilities. Students with cerebral palsy often have difficulty writing, so using a computer with word-prediction software will allow John to be independent and take notes using minimal key strokes, which will support his fine-motor delay.

The technique of guided practice is best demonstrated by a teacher who A.assigns a work sheet to be completed in class B.allows students to work in cooperative groups C.prepares follow-up activities supporting retention D.monitors students who are working on an assignment

Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies. This answer is correct because in guided practice the teacher needs to observe the students working during a class period, monitoring their progress in order to remediate if there are difficulties.

Which of the following most often characterizes bullying? A.Confrontations between equals B.Lopsided victories in competitions C.Disruptive behavior at sporting events D.Intentional targeting of individuals

Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of understanding bullies. This answer is correct because research has found that bullies seek out and deliberately target individuals to victimize.

What is the purpose of a cognitive assessment? A.To analyze emotional development B.To calculate adaptive behavior C.To test fine motor skills D.To measure intellectual ability

Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of the uses of assessments. Cognitive assessments test how well an individual solves problems, interprets information, and recalls information, which are all part of intellectual ability.

Which of the following best describes how proximity control is used in the classroom? A.The teacher determines the student's level of understanding and teaches just above that level. B.The teacher requires that students who misbehave must sit next to her at lunch. C.The teacher makes seating assignments so that students with disabilities are near the point of instruction. D.The teacher stands or sits close to a student who appears ready to start a disruption.

Option (D) is correct. This explanation correctly describes the strategy of proximity control in the classroom.