Principles of Biology 1 Final Exam

endergonic reaction is -DG or +DG

+DG

is exergonic -DG or DG

-DG

starting molecules or glycolysis

1 molecule of glucose and 2 molecules of ATP

when pH is changed from 5 to 3, the concentration of H+ is...

100X what it was at pH 5

molecules produced in glycolysis

4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

what are the chances that a couple with brown eyes (both homozygous dominant) would have a child with brown eyes? 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4

4/4

a cell has 40 chromosomes, how many will the daughter cells have after mitosis? What about after meiosis? 20,40 20,20 40,40 40,20

40,20

bacteria, chloroplast, and mitochondira all have...

DNA and ribosomes

the central dogma of molecular biology is summarized by the following RNA, DNA, protein DNA, RNA, protein protein, RNA, DNA RNA, protein, DNA

DNA, RNA, protein

the protein journey to the outside of the cell

ER, golgi, transport vesicle

Organelles are copied during prophase S phase G1 phase G2 phase

G2 phase

what molecules are produced in electron transport

NAD+ FAD

what are the starting molecules of electron transport

NADH and FADH2

molecules produced in cytric acid cycle

NADH, FADH2, CO2, and ATP

photorespiration occurs when rubisco catalyzes a reaction of RuBp with CO2 G3P O2 NADPH

O2

what are the molecules produced in light reactions of photosynthesis

O2, ATP, and NADPH

drugs that are able to stop quorum sensing may be able to be used as anti cancer drugs secondary messengers cyclin enhancers antibiotics

antibiotics

programmed cell death is called apoptosis anaphase exergonic cell death binary fission

apoptosis

the cells produced at the end of meiosis 1 are diploid with chromosomes consisting of one chromatid each are diploid with chromosomes consisting of two chromatids each are haploid with chromosomes consisting of one chromatid each are haploid with chromosomes consisting of two chromatids each

are haploid with chromosomes consisting of two chromatids each

which is the lowest level of the hierarchy of biology that can perform all of the functions of life, and thus has all the properties of life? atomic level organelle level cellular level organismal level ecosytem level

atomic level

dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate protein nucleic acid lipid

carbohydrate

is exergonic catabolic or anbolic

catabolic

overall, what does cellular respiration do

converts chemical energy into a more usable form of chemical energy (ATP)

overall, what does photosynthesis do

converts light energy into chemical energy

stomach acid denatures proteins; this allows the stomach enzyme protein to break the bonds between amino acids. what kind of bonds is this enzyme breaking hydrogen van der waal covalent hydrophobic

covalent

where does extra ATP used in photosynthesis come from?

cyclic electron flow

where does glycolysis take place

cytoplasm

endergonic reactions increase or decrease entropy

decrease

the transduction pathway works by passing on ADP from one molecule to the next passing on phosphate molecules from one molecule to the next passing on electrons from one molecule to the next by passing on proteins from one molecule to the next

passing on phosphate molecules from one molecule to the next

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced and maintained in...

peroxisomes

endergonic reactions are respiration or photosynthesis

photosynthesis

whats the correct order of reactions in the light reaction?

photosystem 2, ETC, photosytem 1, reduction of NADPH

plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic connections between single celled organisms animal cells plant cells somatic cells

plant cells

what type of bond must be broken in order for water to evaporate? polar covalent bonds non-polar covalent bonds ionic bonds hydrogen bonds all of the above

polar covalent bonds

during which mitotic phase do kinetochore microtubules attach to chromosomes? prometaphase telophase metaphase prophase

prometaphase

nonprotein components on an active site are called _______

prosthetic groups

hormones are usually what type of macromolecule? carbohydrate nucleic acid protein lipid

protein

where does the calvin cycle of photosynthesis occur

stroma of mitochondria

in which stage of mitosis do new nuclei form telophase anaphase prophase metaphase

telophase

what would the cell most likely assess before passing through the G1 checkpoint? that the cell is large enough to divide that the DNA has replicated successfully that the chromosomes have paired properly that there is enough genetic material for mitosis to take place that mitosis has finished

that the cell is large enough to divide

during non competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to...

the allosteric site

is exergonic an input or output of energy

output

Which of the following genotypes would be true breedng? AA Aa aa

AA and aa

what are the starting molecules of the calvin cycle in photosynthesis

CO2, ATP, and NADPH

molecules produced in Acetyl CoA formation

CO2, acetyl CoA, NADH

a human cell containing 22 chromosomes and a X chromosome is a sperm an egg a sperm or an egg a somatic cell of a female

a sperm or an egg

a human egg cell with 2 X chromosomes is likely normal abnormal the result of apoptosis male

abnormal

starting molecules of cytric acid cycle

acetyl coA, CO2, NADH+H

sodium potassium pump pumps potassium...

against its concentration gradient

microtubules attach to kinetochores in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all

all

PP in this example the letter P is a genotype a phenotype an allele

an allele

An overproduction of cyclin would probably lead to a cell stopping mitosis a cell stopping meiosis an increase in cell division an increase in the number of cells found in the G0 phase

an increase in cell division

endergonic reactions are anabolic or catabolic

anabolic

exergonic is a downhill or uphill reaction

downhill

a G protein is active when GDP is attached true false

false

what isnt a function of proteins transport motion catalyst genetic code storage

genetic code

receptors for hormones would most likely be found embedded in the cell membrane in the cytosol in the extra cellular matrix hormones do not require receptors

in the cytosol

exergonic reactions increase or decrease entropy

increase

_______ reasoning is used to create theories, ________ reasoning is used to test hypothesis inductive, deductive deductive, inductive

inductive, deductive

endergonic reactions are input or output of energy

input

___________ anchor the nucleus in place

intermediate filaments

hydration shells form when ______ are dissolved in water

ions

phosphorylation cascades involve proteins called kinases ligands posphates actins

kinases

endergonic reactions have more or less potential energy

less

exergonic reactants are more or less stable

less

A signal molecule is a ______ and binds to a _______ enzyme, active site vesicle, nuclear pore ligand, receptor prinary structure, secondary structure

ligand, receptor

if you add cholesterol to a membrane, the membrane will...

maintain fluidity and viscosity

where does the cytric acid cycle take place?

matrix of the mitochondria

independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all

meiosis 1

synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all

meiosis 1

separation of sister chromatids occurs in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all

meiosis 2

where does electron transport take place

mitochondria

where does acetyl CoA formation take place

mitochondrial intermembrane space

where does the cytric acid cycle take place

mitochondrial matrix

a diploid female lizard produces diploid offspring that are genetically identical to herself. this would require meoisis mitosis mitosis then meiosis meiosis then mitosis

mitosis

asexual reproduction occurs in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all

mitosis

two diploid cells are produced in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all

mitosis

endergonic reactions have more or less stable reactants

more

exergonic reactants have less or more potential energy

more

whats not a property of life? movement order response reproduction

movement

a cell examined in the lab is in the G2 phase and has uncondensed chromosomes that are composed of one chromatid. is this normal? if not, during which phase of the cell cycle has an error occurred? yes this is normal, there are no malfunctions no, this isnt normal, an error has occurred during the G1 phase no, this isnt normal, an error has occurred during the S phase there is not enough information provided to answer the question

no, this isnt normal, an error has occurred during the S phase

if a cell fails to elongate during anaphase, there is most likely a problem with cytoplasmic streaming actin filaments kinetochore microtubules non kintochore microtubules

non kinetochore microtubules

endergonic reactions are spontaneous or non spontaneous

non spontaneous

down syndrome is the result of gap junctions non-disjunction an error in cytokinesis ignoring he G1 checkpoint

non-disjunctions

crossing over occurs between sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes non-sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes sister chromatids on non homologous chromosomes sister chromatids on the same chromosome

non-sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes

2 products of glycolysis? NADPH pyruvate NADH

pyruvate and NADH

starting molecules of Acetyl CoA formation

pyruvic acid

two separate polypeptide chains join together to form primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure

quaternary structure

is exergonic respiration or photosynthesis

respiration

A liver cell excretes a protein via exocytosis which then was received by a neighboring liver cell. This protein was produced by _______ and this type of signaling is called _______ signaling smooth er, synaptic smooth er, long-distance rough er, endocrine rough er, paracrine

rough er, paracrine

what is the role of calcium ions in cellular communication ligands second messengers they are kinases they activate the G protein receptor

second messengers

when a neuron is stimulated, ion channels open and potassium flows out sodium flows out potassium flows in sodium flows in calcium flows out

sodium flows in

exergonic is spontaneous or non spontaneous

spontaneous

where in the choloroplast do light reactions of photosynthesis occur

thylakoid

neighboring water molecules in ice form hydrogen bonds true false

true

endergonic is an uphill or downhill reaction

uphill

what are the starting molecules of light reactions in photosynthesis

water, NADP+ and ADP+P

dogs can cool themselves by panting because of water's high surface tension response of water molecules to atmospheric pressure adhesion of water molecules to other polar molecules waters high heat of vaporization covalent bonds between water molecules

waters high heat of vaporization

a fertilized egg is called a(n) ________ and is ________ embryo, haploid zygote, diploid zygote, haploid embryo, diploid

zygote, diploid