Principles of Biology 1 Final Exam
endergonic reaction is -DG or +DG
+DG
is exergonic -DG or DG
-DG
starting molecules or glycolysis
1 molecule of glucose and 2 molecules of ATP
when pH is changed from 5 to 3, the concentration of H+ is...
100X what it was at pH 5
molecules produced in glycolysis
4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
what are the chances that a couple with brown eyes (both homozygous dominant) would have a child with brown eyes? 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4
4/4
a cell has 40 chromosomes, how many will the daughter cells have after mitosis? What about after meiosis? 20,40 20,20 40,40 40,20
40,20
bacteria, chloroplast, and mitochondira all have...
DNA and ribosomes
the central dogma of molecular biology is summarized by the following RNA, DNA, protein DNA, RNA, protein protein, RNA, DNA RNA, protein, DNA
DNA, RNA, protein
the protein journey to the outside of the cell
ER, golgi, transport vesicle
Organelles are copied during prophase S phase G1 phase G2 phase
G2 phase
what molecules are produced in electron transport
NAD+ FAD
what are the starting molecules of electron transport
NADH and FADH2
molecules produced in cytric acid cycle
NADH, FADH2, CO2, and ATP
photorespiration occurs when rubisco catalyzes a reaction of RuBp with CO2 G3P O2 NADPH
O2
what are the molecules produced in light reactions of photosynthesis
O2, ATP, and NADPH
drugs that are able to stop quorum sensing may be able to be used as anti cancer drugs secondary messengers cyclin enhancers antibiotics
antibiotics
programmed cell death is called apoptosis anaphase exergonic cell death binary fission
apoptosis
the cells produced at the end of meiosis 1 are diploid with chromosomes consisting of one chromatid each are diploid with chromosomes consisting of two chromatids each are haploid with chromosomes consisting of one chromatid each are haploid with chromosomes consisting of two chromatids each
are haploid with chromosomes consisting of two chromatids each
which is the lowest level of the hierarchy of biology that can perform all of the functions of life, and thus has all the properties of life? atomic level organelle level cellular level organismal level ecosytem level
atomic level
dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate protein nucleic acid lipid
carbohydrate
is exergonic catabolic or anbolic
catabolic
overall, what does cellular respiration do
converts chemical energy into a more usable form of chemical energy (ATP)
overall, what does photosynthesis do
converts light energy into chemical energy
stomach acid denatures proteins; this allows the stomach enzyme protein to break the bonds between amino acids. what kind of bonds is this enzyme breaking hydrogen van der waal covalent hydrophobic
covalent
where does extra ATP used in photosynthesis come from?
cyclic electron flow
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
endergonic reactions increase or decrease entropy
decrease
the transduction pathway works by passing on ADP from one molecule to the next passing on phosphate molecules from one molecule to the next passing on electrons from one molecule to the next by passing on proteins from one molecule to the next
passing on phosphate molecules from one molecule to the next
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced and maintained in...
peroxisomes
endergonic reactions are respiration or photosynthesis
photosynthesis
whats the correct order of reactions in the light reaction?
photosystem 2, ETC, photosytem 1, reduction of NADPH
plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic connections between single celled organisms animal cells plant cells somatic cells
plant cells
what type of bond must be broken in order for water to evaporate? polar covalent bonds non-polar covalent bonds ionic bonds hydrogen bonds all of the above
polar covalent bonds
during which mitotic phase do kinetochore microtubules attach to chromosomes? prometaphase telophase metaphase prophase
prometaphase
nonprotein components on an active site are called _______
prosthetic groups
hormones are usually what type of macromolecule? carbohydrate nucleic acid protein lipid
protein
where does the calvin cycle of photosynthesis occur
stroma of mitochondria
in which stage of mitosis do new nuclei form telophase anaphase prophase metaphase
telophase
what would the cell most likely assess before passing through the G1 checkpoint? that the cell is large enough to divide that the DNA has replicated successfully that the chromosomes have paired properly that there is enough genetic material for mitosis to take place that mitosis has finished
that the cell is large enough to divide
during non competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to...
the allosteric site
is exergonic an input or output of energy
output
Which of the following genotypes would be true breedng? AA Aa aa
AA and aa
what are the starting molecules of the calvin cycle in photosynthesis
CO2, ATP, and NADPH
molecules produced in Acetyl CoA formation
CO2, acetyl CoA, NADH
a human cell containing 22 chromosomes and a X chromosome is a sperm an egg a sperm or an egg a somatic cell of a female
a sperm or an egg
a human egg cell with 2 X chromosomes is likely normal abnormal the result of apoptosis male
abnormal
starting molecules of cytric acid cycle
acetyl coA, CO2, NADH+H
sodium potassium pump pumps potassium...
against its concentration gradient
microtubules attach to kinetochores in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all
all
PP in this example the letter P is a genotype a phenotype an allele
an allele
An overproduction of cyclin would probably lead to a cell stopping mitosis a cell stopping meiosis an increase in cell division an increase in the number of cells found in the G0 phase
an increase in cell division
endergonic reactions are anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
exergonic is a downhill or uphill reaction
downhill
a G protein is active when GDP is attached true false
false
what isnt a function of proteins transport motion catalyst genetic code storage
genetic code
receptors for hormones would most likely be found embedded in the cell membrane in the cytosol in the extra cellular matrix hormones do not require receptors
in the cytosol
exergonic reactions increase or decrease entropy
increase
_______ reasoning is used to create theories, ________ reasoning is used to test hypothesis inductive, deductive deductive, inductive
inductive, deductive
endergonic reactions are input or output of energy
input
___________ anchor the nucleus in place
intermediate filaments
hydration shells form when ______ are dissolved in water
ions
phosphorylation cascades involve proteins called kinases ligands posphates actins
kinases
endergonic reactions have more or less potential energy
less
exergonic reactants are more or less stable
less
A signal molecule is a ______ and binds to a _______ enzyme, active site vesicle, nuclear pore ligand, receptor prinary structure, secondary structure
ligand, receptor
if you add cholesterol to a membrane, the membrane will...
maintain fluidity and viscosity
where does the cytric acid cycle take place?
matrix of the mitochondria
independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all
meiosis 1
synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all
meiosis 1
separation of sister chromatids occurs in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all
meiosis 2
where does electron transport take place
mitochondria
where does acetyl CoA formation take place
mitochondrial intermembrane space
where does the cytric acid cycle take place
mitochondrial matrix
a diploid female lizard produces diploid offspring that are genetically identical to herself. this would require meoisis mitosis mitosis then meiosis meiosis then mitosis
mitosis
asexual reproduction occurs in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all
mitosis
two diploid cells are produced in meiosis 1 meiosis 2 mitosis mitosis and meiosis 2 all
mitosis
endergonic reactions have more or less stable reactants
more
exergonic reactants have less or more potential energy
more
whats not a property of life? movement order response reproduction
movement
a cell examined in the lab is in the G2 phase and has uncondensed chromosomes that are composed of one chromatid. is this normal? if not, during which phase of the cell cycle has an error occurred? yes this is normal, there are no malfunctions no, this isnt normal, an error has occurred during the G1 phase no, this isnt normal, an error has occurred during the S phase there is not enough information provided to answer the question
no, this isnt normal, an error has occurred during the S phase
if a cell fails to elongate during anaphase, there is most likely a problem with cytoplasmic streaming actin filaments kinetochore microtubules non kintochore microtubules
non kinetochore microtubules
endergonic reactions are spontaneous or non spontaneous
non spontaneous
down syndrome is the result of gap junctions non-disjunction an error in cytokinesis ignoring he G1 checkpoint
non-disjunctions
crossing over occurs between sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes non-sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes sister chromatids on non homologous chromosomes sister chromatids on the same chromosome
non-sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes
2 products of glycolysis? NADPH pyruvate NADH
pyruvate and NADH
starting molecules of Acetyl CoA formation
pyruvic acid
two separate polypeptide chains join together to form primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure
quaternary structure
is exergonic respiration or photosynthesis
respiration
A liver cell excretes a protein via exocytosis which then was received by a neighboring liver cell. This protein was produced by _______ and this type of signaling is called _______ signaling smooth er, synaptic smooth er, long-distance rough er, endocrine rough er, paracrine
rough er, paracrine
what is the role of calcium ions in cellular communication ligands second messengers they are kinases they activate the G protein receptor
second messengers
when a neuron is stimulated, ion channels open and potassium flows out sodium flows out potassium flows in sodium flows in calcium flows out
sodium flows in
exergonic is spontaneous or non spontaneous
spontaneous
where in the choloroplast do light reactions of photosynthesis occur
thylakoid
neighboring water molecules in ice form hydrogen bonds true false
true
endergonic is an uphill or downhill reaction
uphill
what are the starting molecules of light reactions in photosynthesis
water, NADP+ and ADP+P
dogs can cool themselves by panting because of water's high surface tension response of water molecules to atmospheric pressure adhesion of water molecules to other polar molecules waters high heat of vaporization covalent bonds between water molecules
waters high heat of vaporization
a fertilized egg is called a(n) ________ and is ________ embryo, haploid zygote, diploid zygote, haploid embryo, diploid
zygote, diploid