PSY 100 - VOCAB FOR EXAM 2

During intercourse, approximately _____ million sperm are released.

200

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

Andrei will walk within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on or nearly on the same day.

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Juan is 3 years old. His brother jumped out the closet and frightened him. A few seconds later, Juan realized that it was his brother that scared him. What response would you expect Juan to have at this stage in his development?

He continued to cry, since he could not reverse the mental image.

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?

His hippocampus was not developed enough.

You read about a woman who is seven months pregnant and has been reciting poems and singing to her fetus. Is she wasting her time?

No, she is not wasting her time. Her baby can hear her and will likely recognize her voice immediately after birth.

What is the supposedly stunning finding referred to in the text that was implied from studies of hundreds of adoptive families?

People who grow up together, biologically related or not, do not resemble one another in personality.

Your sister's fiancé has an identical twin brother who has been divorced three times. What research information would be most applicable to her situation?

Research has shown that divorce risks are about 50 percent attributable to genetic factors.

Babies should be put to sleep on their backs to prevent:

SIDS.

Ben is the son of a teenage mother. His mother could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Ben was placed in a foster home where he was abused. As an adult, Ben is more likely to be a(n) _____ parent.

abusive

adapting our current understanding (schema) to incorporate new information

accommodation

Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. This best illustrates the process of _____.

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

assimilation

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress and separation

attachment

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes; you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

according to Erik Erikson a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

basic trust

the study of the relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior

behavior genetics

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issues of stability or _____.

change

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the "stability vs. _____" developmental issue is that both are important.

change

Those who emphasize _____ over stability would suggest that the first two years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.

change

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

chromosomes

Authoritarian parenting is to authoritative parenting as strict rules are to _____.

clear guidelines

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

cognition

During the _____operational stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.

concrete

in Piaget's therory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

concrete operational stage

the principle ( which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in form of the object

conservation

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

critical period

As environments become less similar, heritability as an explanation for variations will:

decrease

Developmental Psychology's Major Issues Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

Dr. Cole's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Cole is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

a branch of psychology that studies physical,cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

developmental psychology

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking anothers' point of view

egocentrism

the developed human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

embryo

Every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

environment

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

epigenetics

Dr. Simon is an evolutionary psychologist working on a research grant about the impact of _____ in everyday society.

evolution

Your brother has an independent study proposal due next week, and he has asked you for help deciding on a topic. He is interested in studying what makes humans so similar to each other. The field of psychology you should suggest for him to study is _____ psychology.

evolutionary

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principals of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

fetus

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

formal operational stage

Two individuals are MOST likely to differ in personality if they are _____ twins who were raised apart.

fraternal

twins that develop from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer that ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

fraternal twins

Two individuals are MOST likely to differ in personality if they are:

fraternal twins who were raised apart.

Eva's grandmother lives in Europe and likes to read bedtime stories to her grandchildren when she visits. Eva is almost 6, but her grandmother has not seen her since she was 3. Rapid growth in Eva's _____ lobes allow her to sit and listen.

frontal

From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _____ lobes.

frontal

the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

genes

decreasing responsiviness ith repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

habituation

Ferris is the son of a teenage mother. His mother could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Ferris was moved from one foster family to another. He was never adopted. It is most likely that Ferris will:

have anxiety and lower intelligence.

Biology (of a characteristic) transmissible from parent to offspring.

heritability

twins who develop from a single (monozygotic) fertilized egg that split into two, creating two genetically identical organisms

identical twins

As Mehta reflects on her long life, she realizes that her life has been filled with stability and change. Change has given her hope while stability has provided Mehta with an _____.

identity

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

imprinting

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

interaction

Quentin is a 3-month-old baby who has become habituated to his puppet head. He will probably look at it _____ frequently now.

less

biological growth processes that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

maturation

Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones provides compelling evidence regarding their:

memory capacity

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change is called a:

mutation

Luther was born with one kidney. This variation in an inherited trait is caused by:

mutation

Which of the following best describes the interaction between genetic and environmental factors influencing behavior?

mutually dependent

the principle that , among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

natural selection

Bacteria that resist a hospital's antibiotics rapidly multiply as other bacteria die off. This best illustrates:

natural selection.

nature and nurture

nature : our genetic inheritance nurture: interact with our experiences

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of:

nature-nurture interactions.

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to neural _____ sprouting in her frontal lobes.

networks

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

object permanence

Ty's parents divorced when he was 5. His father moved out of state, and his mother is kept busy with trying to keep a roof over their heads. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor trouble with school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Ty to come and go as he wishes. She rarely, if ever, punishes him, and gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and his absent father. Ty's mother has a(n) _____ parenting style.

permissive

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

preoperational stage

Ants that become less sensitive to the repellants that are sprayed on them and are able to survive and _____ are an example of natural selection.

reproduce

a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information

schema

The importance of _____ was most clearly highlighted by Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory.

schemas

Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves and then returns, he will periodically go to her side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of:

secure attachment.

in phiget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

sensorimotor stage

Stability and Change

stability: provides our identity and change: gives our hope for brighter future

Researchers who study biological maturation most likely believe in the _____ theory of development.

stage

Biological maturation is best reflected in which of the following?

stages

Moral development is best reflected in which of the following?

stages

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

stranger anxiety

Beginning at around 8 months, children may greet _____ by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.

strangers

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

temperament

Brenda has suffered from epilepsy all her life. She takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she found out she was pregnant with her first child. She read that her medication is a Category C medication, meaning the benefits may outweigh the risks. However, no adequate studies have been performed on the medication for pregnant women. While she was excited to be pregnant, she was concerned about continuing to take the medication. She asked her doctor whether Trileptal was a _____.

teratogen

(literally monster maker) agents such as toxins, chemical and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

teratogens

When Mandy was born, her parents worried about her lack of eye contact, her unwillingness to cuddle like other babies, and her withdrawn behavior. However, her parents were patient and slowly introduced Mandy to new situations and new people while always giving affectionate support. By the time Mandy was 2 years old, she blossomed into an outgoing, social, friendly child. This example serves as evidence of the importance of:

the interaction between genes and the environment.

peoples ideas about their own and others' mental stages-about their feeling, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

theory of mind

Continuity and Stages

what part of development are gradually and continuous? like a riding escalator what part of development are abruptly in separate stages ? climbing rungs on a ladder

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

zygote