PSY 121 Exam 4 (Ch 11,12,13)
People of the Middle Ages believed in spirit possession as one cause of ___________
Abnormality
Fear of heights
Acrophobia
The trancelike state known as _______ in which a person suddenly becomes highly agitated and violent (found in Southeast Asia and Pacific Island culture) is usually associated with no memory for the period during which the "trance" lasts
Amok
Psychology students studying abnormal behavior can also become convinced that they have some mental disorder, a problem that can be called "_______________________"
"psychology student's syndrome"
40 to 45 percent of women and ____________ of men have at least one sexual dysfunction, and the rate increases as we age
20 to 30
Research continues to investigate genetic components for eating disorders, as they account for ________ of the risk for anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder
40-60%
_________________, normally used to treat seizure disorders, have also been used to treat mania
Anticonvulsant drugs
A third personality type was identified by researchers Temoshok and Dreher (1992) as being associated with a higher incidence of ______
Cancer
People with schizophrenia will make up words, repeat words, or sentences persistently, string words together on the basis of sound called _________________ (ex: cheese, sneeze)
Clanging
___________________________ refers to terms or phrases used to describe suffering or distress within a given cultural context
Cultural idioms of distress
The idea of "culture-bound" has been replaced by three concepts: _________________, cultural idioms of distress, and cultural explanations or perceived cause
Cultural syndromes
___________________ concluded that psychological labels are long-lasting and powerful, affecting only only how other people see mental patients but how patients see themselves
David Rosenhan
__________________, in which people believe that others are trying to hurt them in some way
Delusions of persecution
The _____ view is a way of choosing the parts of different theories that seem to best fit a particular situation, rather than using one theory to explain a phenomenon
Eclectic
In a _______________, the assessor literally counts the frequency of certain behaviors within a specified time limit
Frequency count
One of the earliest attempts to list and describe the traits that make up personality can be found in the work of _________________
Gordon Allport
a set of learned responses or ______
Habits
__________ theory is not easy to test scientifically, but its principles have been beneficial in therapy situations
Humanistic
_______________ therapy emphasizes the importance of the choices made by individuals and the potential to change one's behavior
Humanistic
In the United States, ____________ is not a psychological term; it is a legal term
Insanity
______________, a tendency to withdraw from excessive stimulation
Introversion
______________________ (I/E) is the same classical dimension that began with Jung and is represented in nearly every personality theory including the Big Five
Introversion/Extraversion
_____________ are more solitary and dislike being the center of attention
Introverts
Behavioral theorists link depression to ________________
Learned helplessness
The concept of ________________, is the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives.
Locus of control
_________________, meaning that the person finds it hard to adapt to the demands of day-to-day living
Maladaptive
The ___________ of the dream was the actual dream and its events
Manifest content
____________ seem to expect the worst to happen
Pessimists
______________________, in which the connections of the prefrontal cortex to other areas of the brain are severed
Prefrontal lobotomy
The ___________________ is the social or environmental setting of a person's behavior
Situational context
_______________________, which assumes that persons with the genetic "markers" for schizophrenia have a physical vulnerability to the disorder but will not develop schizophrenia unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development
Stress-vulnerability model
Projective tests are by their nature very _______ (valid only within the person's own perception)
Subjective
In ancient times holes were cut in an ill person's head to let out evil spirits in a process called ______________
Trephining
Horney's concept of "_____________" states that men felt the need to compensate for their lack of child-bearing ability by striving for success in other areas
Womb envy
There is a definite gender difference in ASPD with many more _____ diagnosed with this disorder than females
Males
Sexual dysfunction may be _______, stemming from physical sources or disorders
Organic
______________________ (P/J) describes those who are willing to adapt and modify decisions, be spontaneous, and who are naturally curious and tend to put off making a final decision so that all possibilities are covered as well as those who are the oppositeL the action-oriented, decisive, get-the-task-done-and-don't-look-back type
Perceiving/Judging
______________ personally unchained the inmates at La Bicetre Asylum in Paris, France, beginning the movement of humane treatment of the mentally ill
Phillipe Pinel
________ is an irrational, persistent fear of something
Phobia
________________ can be defined as the desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for the consequences
Pleasure principle
When the symptoms associated with ASD last more than one month, the disorder is then called _______________________
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
___________________________ highlights the need for a functional analysis of the behavior to be modified, which is then followed by the use of conditioning techniques to modify the behavior
Applied behavior analysis
Sexual dysfunction can be _________, related to psychological factors such as worry or anxiety
Psychogenic
In dissociative amnesia, the cause is _______________ rather than physical. The reported memory loss is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience
Psychological
The ________________________ are ways of dealing with anxiety through unconsciously distorting one's perception of reality
Psychological Defense Mechanisms
Italian researchers __________ and ______ who first used electricity to induce a seizure in a man with schizophrenia, who fully recovered after only 11 such treatments
Cerletti and Bini
____________________________ which is love, affection, respect and warmth that depend, or seem to depend, on doing what those people want.
Conditional postive regard
The Superego contains the __________, the part of the personality that makes people feel guilt, or moral anxiety, when they do the wrong thing
Conscience
Severe PTSD has been linked to a _______ in the size of the hippocampus in children with the disorder
Decrease
In ________________, the psychologist observes the client engaging in ordinary everyday behavior, preferably in the natural setting of home, school, or work place
Direct observation
The modern psychoanalyst is far more ___________, asking questions, suggesting helpful behavior, and giving opinions and interpretations earlier in the relationship, which helps speed up the therapeutic process
Directive
In _________________, the individual cannot remember personal information such as one's own name or specific personal events
Dissociative amnesia
_____________ refers to a technique therapists use to allow clients to continue to talk and have insights without the interference of the therapist's interpretations and possible biases
Reflection
_____________________ refers to an individual's preference for a particular reinforcer over all other possible reinforcing consequences
Reinforcement value
Projective tests, with no standard grading scales, have both low _____________ and low ______________
Reliability, Validity
_________________________ uses a pulsating magnetic field to activate specific parts of the brain's surface
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
By the time the phallic stage ends, the boy will _____ his sexual feelings for his mother and identify with his father
Repress
_____________ the point at which the patient becomes unwilling to talk about certain topics
Resistance
___________, the enduring characteristics with which each person is born, such as irritability or adaptability
Temperament
_________ is the perception of what one should be or would like to be
Ideal self
Some therapists ask questions and note down the answers in a survey process called an ___________
Interview
The lobotomy is gone, but there is a different and more modern technique called __________________, in which MRI is used to guide an electrode to a specific area of the brain called the cingulate gyrus
bilateral anterior cingulotomy
_____________ when the therapist becomes a symbol of a parental authority figure from the pass
Transference
Cognitive and behavioral explanations for dissociative disorders are connected: Trauma-related ________________________ is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain
"thought avoidance"
Heritability of personality, or how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences, ranges from about _______
25 to 50%
The DSM-5 describes about _____ different psychological disorders
250
Approximately ____ of adults over age 18 in the United States suffer from a mental disorder
26%
The frequency of Borderline Personality Disorder being diagnosed in women is nearly _____ time greater than in men
3
The symptoms of PTSD may not occur until ____ or later after the event
6 months
A therapy that is directed more at changing behavior than providing insights into the reasons for that behavior is called _____________
Action therapy
The symptoms of ______________ often occur immediately after the traumatic event and include anxiety, dissociative symptoms, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to "relive" the event in dreams or flashbacks for as long as one month following the event
Acute stress disorder (ASD)
In psychological terms, the word ____ is used to mean "emotion" or "mood"
Affect
___________________ is the fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong
Agoraphobia
__________________ refers to the basic emotional style of a person, who may be easy-going, friendly, and pleasant (at the high end of the scale) or grumpy, crabby and hard to get along with (at the low end)
Agreeableness
____________ (1954) developed the theory that as young, helpless children, people all develop feelings of inferiority when comparing themselves to the more powerful, superior adults in their world
Albert Adler
_________________ (1989) believes that three factors (Environment, behavior, personal/cognitive factors) influence one another in determining the patterns of behavior that make up personality
Albert Bandura
___________________, in which a person believes that his or her performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure
All-or-nothing thinking
According to Freud, the erogenous zone moves from the mouth to the anus because he also believed that children got a great deal of pleasure from both withholding and releasing their feces at will. This stage is called ___________
Anal Stage
____________________ personality, someone who sees messiness as a statement of personal control and who is somewhat destructive and hostile
Anal expulsive personality
Some children, who are terrified of making a mess and rebel passively will translate as an _________________ personality as an adult where they are stingy, stubborn, and excessively neat
Anal retentive personality
______________ is a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low or less than minimally expected
Anorexia nervosa
___________________ are the minor tranquilizers or benzodiazepines such as Xanax, Ativan, and Valium. All of these drugs have a sedative effect and in the right dose can start to relieve symptoms of anxiety within 20-30 minutes of taking the drug by mouth
Anti-anxiety drugs
Iproniazid was used to treat tuberculosis symptoms in the early 1950s and was found to have a positive effect on mood, becoming the first modern _______________
Antidepressant
Drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior are called __________________
Antipsychotic drugs
People with _____________ are literally "against society." The person may habitually break the law, disobey rules, tell lies, and use other people without worrying about their rights or feelings
Antisocial personality disorder
The DSM-5 category of ______________ includes disorders in which the most dominant symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety
Anxiety Disorders
__________________________, refers to "jumping conclusions" without any evidence
Arbitrary inference
These collective, universal human memories were called __________ by Jung
Archetypes
Sexual dysfunctions involves problems in three possible areas of sexual activity: sexual interest, ____________, and response
Arousal
In some Latin American cultures anxiety can take the form of ___________________, or "attack of nerves," in which the person may have fits of crying, shout uncontrollably, experience sensations of heat, and become very aggressive, either verbally or physically
Ataque de nervios
The ______________________ may also suppress dopamine but to a much greater degree in the one dopamine pathway that seems to cause psychotic problems. These drugs also block or partially block certain serotonin receptors, resulting in fewer negative side effects and occasionally some improvement in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Atypical antipsychotics
Rogers (1961) saw three key elements as being necessary in any successful person-therapist relationship: ______________, __________________, _______________
Authenticity, Unconditional positive regard, empathy
Another way to use classical conditioning is to reduce the frequency of undesirable behaviors, such as smoking or overeating, by teaching the client to pair an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with the stimulus that results in the undesirable response, in a process called ______________
Aversion therapy
Horney focused on the __________ created in a child born into a world that is so much bigger and more powerful than the child
Basic anxiety
The first truly organized effort to do something with the mentally ill began in England in the middle of the sixteenth century. Bethlehem Hospital in London (later known as "__________") was converted into an asylum
Bedlam
__________________ aim to change behavior through the use of the same kinds of learning techniques that people (and animals) use to learn any new responses
Behavior therapies
The field of __________________ is devoted to the study of just how much of an individual's personality is due to inherited traits
Behavioral genetics
The _________ perspective focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior, it includes aspects of social cognitive theory in that interactions with others and personal thought processes also influence learning and personality.
Behaviorist
________________ believe that anxious behavioral reactions are learned. They see phobias, for example, as nothing more than classically conditioned fear responses
Behaviorists
_________________ also involves uncontrolled binge eating but differs from bulimia primarily in that individuals with binge-eating disorder do not purge or use other inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain
Binge-eating disorder
Researchers have recently found that there seems to be a __________ link between feeling miserable and an increased rate of death
Biochemical
Growing evidence exists that _____________ factors contribute to anxiety disorder
Biological
The ___________________ proposes that psychological disorders have a biological or medical cause
Biological model
This type of therapy uses some biological treatment in the form of a medical procedure to bring about changes in the person's disordered behavior. ____________________ includes the use of drugs, surgical methods, electric shock treatments, and noninvasive stimulation techniques
Biomedical therapies
_________________ directly affecting the biological functioning of the body and the brain
Biomedical therapies
The ____________________________ views abnormal thinking and behavior as the sum result of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences
Biopsychosocial model
The individual may only experience mood that spans from normal to manic, and may or may not experience episodes of depression, called ______________
Bipolar I disorder
In ____________, spans of normal mood are interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (a level of mood that is elevated but at a level below or less severe that full mania)
Bipolar II disorder
When a person experiences periods of mood that can range from severe depression to manic episodes, that person is said to suffer from a type of ______________
Bipolar disorder
People with _______________ have relationships with other people that are intense and relatively unstable
Borderline Personality Disorder
People with depersonalization/derealization disorder have lower __________ in the areas responsible for their sense of body awareness
Brain activity
________________, is a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain
Bulimia nervosa
According to _______________, the collective unconscious contains a kind of "species" memory, memories of ancient fears and themes that seem to occur in many folktales and cultures
Carl Jung
In ____________'s view, only a person who is fully functioning is capable of reaching the goal of self-actualization
Carl Rogers
When boys realized that the little girl down the street had no penis they developed a fear of losing the penis called ____________
Castration anxiety
Both extremes, either wildly excessive movement or total lack thereof are referred to as ______________
Catatonia
If the stressor is seen as a ___________, however, it is possible to plan to meet that goal, which is a more positive and less stressful approach
Challenge
____________, refers to value judgements made about a person's morals or ethical behavior
Character
The _________ has been implicated in other studies of schizophrenia using DTI, which suggests that the less myelin and lower neural efficiency is partly responsible for attention problems
Cingulum bundle
A fear of being in small, enclosed spaces -_____________________
Claustrophobia
Monoamine oxidase is the brain's "______________" because its primary function is to break down the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
Clean up worker
___________________________ see anxiety disorders as the result of illogical, irrational thought processes
Cognitive psychologists
____________________________ study the way people think, remember and mentally organize information
Cognitive psychologists
___________________ was developed by Aaron T. Beck and is focused on helping people change their way of thinking
Cognitive therapy
________________ focuses on the present rather than the past (like behaviorism) but also assumes that people interact with the world with more than simple, automatic reactions to external stimuli
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Lazarus developed a cognitive view of stress called the _______________________ theory of emotions, in which the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes
Cognitive-mediational
The _________________ in psychotherapy is a modern approach to eclecticism and focuses on those factors common to successful outcomes from different forms of therapy
Common factors approach
The defense mechanisms of _____________, in which people try to overcome feelings of inferiority in one area of life by striving to be superior in another area
Compensation
______________ refers to a person's organization and motivation, with people who score high in this dimension being those who are careful about being places time and careful with belongings as well.
Conscientiousness
Memory is definitely affect, as ECT disrupts the _________________________ and prevent the formation of long-term memories
Consolidation process
_____________________ is a formal agreement between therapist and client in which both parties' responsibilities and goals are clearly stated. Such contracts are useful in treating specific problems such as drug addiction, educational problems, and eating disorders.
Contingency contract
Therapists can also experience ____________________, in which the therapist has a transference reaction to the patient
Countertransference
__________________ is a term that refers to the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which the person with a disorder was nurtured to be able to correctly diagnose and treat the disorder
Cultural relativity
__________________ may or may not be recognized as an illness within the culture but are nonetheless recognizable as a distinct set of symptoms or characteristics of distress
Cultural syndromes
Four barriers to effective psychotherapy exist when the culture or ethnic backgrounds of client and therapist are different: ________________, __________________, ____________, _____________________
Cultural-bound values, Class-bound values, Language, Nonverbal communication
A new type of therapy known as __________ is offered via internet. This method of delivery may have the advantages of lower or no cost, availability of therapy opportunities for those unable to get to a therapist easily, access to support groups online, and relative anonymity
Cyber therapy
Typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking certain dopamine receptors in the brain, namely the _______________, thereby reducing the effect of dopamine in synaptic transmission
D2 receptor
Exciting research is also investigating the use of ____________________ for individuals with chronic anorexia nervosa who have not responded well to other treatments, with initial results suggesting some individuals have improved body mass index
Deep brain stimulation
___________ are false beliefs about the world that the person holds and that tend to remain fixed and unshakable
Delusion
________________, in which people are convinced that they are powerful people who can save the world or have a special mission
Delusion of grandeur
__________________, in which people believe that they are being controlled by external forces, such as the devil, aliens, or cosmic forces
Delusion of influence
_____________________ in which people believed that other people, television characters, and even books are specifically talking to them
Delusion of reference
Gestalt theory focuses on the ______________
Denied past
______________________ is a dissociative disorder in which people feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies and their surroundings
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
The ______________________________________, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is a manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
A phobia is seen as a kind of _______________, in which the phobic object is actually only a symbol of whatever the person has buried deep in his or her unconscious mind
Displacement
_____________ involve a break, or dissociation, in consciousness, memory, or a person's sense of identity
Dissociative disorders
A _____________ occurs when a person suddenly travels away from home (flight) and afterwards cannot remember the trip or even personal information such as identity.
Dissociative fugue
________________, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, a person seems to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body
Dissociative identity disorder
The lobotomy was developed in 1935 by Portuguese neurologist ___________________
Dr.Antonio Egas Moniz
__________________________ or the analysis of the elements within a patient's reported dream
Dream interpretation
Freud based much of his diagnoses of patients' problems on the interpretations of ___________ and the results of the patient's free association
Dreams
Many psychology professionals do not limit themselves to a single technique and are ___________, using more than one treatment approach of technique to best meet the needs of the people they are working with
Eclectic
The ____ is mostly conscious and is far more rational, logical, and cunning than the id
Ego
Girls go through a process called the ___________________ with their fathers as the target of their affections and their mother as the rival
Electra Complex
________________ involves the delivery of an electric shock to either one side or both sides of a person's head, resulting in a seizure or convulsion of the body and release of a flood of neurotransmitter in the brain
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
In the psychodynamic view, loss of memory of disconnecting one's awareness from a stressful or traumatic event is adaptive in that it reduces the ___________
Emotional pain
In depression, these neurotransmitters need more time to do their job, and the MAOIs allow them that time by inhibiting the _______________
Enzyme's action
_________________ broke away from Freud's emphasis on sex, preferring instead to emphasize the social relationship that are important at every stage of life
Erik Erikson
________________, or area of the body that produces pleasurable feelings, becomes important and can become the source of conflicts
Erogenous zone
_________________ refers to techniques or interventions that have produced desired outcomes, or therapeutic change in controlled studies
Evidence based treatment
_________, or the formal casting out of the demon through a religious ritual
Exorcism
_________________ refers to the person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
Expectancy
Behavioral techniques that introduce the client to situations, under carefully controlled conditions, which are related to their anxieties or fears called ___________________
Exposure therapies
People who assume that their lives are more controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate are ___________ in locus of control
External
________________ involves the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a particular response
Extinction
____________ is a term first used by Carl Jung (1933), who believed that all people could be divided into two personality types: extraverts and introverts
Extraversion
___________ are outgoing and sociable
Extraverts
________________________________ or EMDR, involves very brief and repeated imaginal flooding, cognitive reprocessing and desensitization of the fearful event, and rapid eye movements or other bilateral stimulation
Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing
Using a statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data called _______________
Factor analysis
______________________, in which all of the members of a family who are experiencing some type of problem--marital problems, problems in child discipline, or sibling rivalry-- are seen by the therapist as a group
Family counseling or family therapy
The greatest risk factor for anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder appears to be someone being an adolescent or young adult __________
Female
The _______________ represents the core description of human personality--- that is, the only dimensions necessary to understand what makes us tick
Five-factor model
Conflicts that are fully resolved can result in __________, or getting "stuck" to some degree in a stage of development
Fixation
____________ is a condition in which the person shows little to no emotion
Flat affect
If the exposure is rapid and intense, it begins with the most feared event and is called ____________, It is used under very controlled conditions and, like graded exposure, produces extinction of the conditioned fear response by preventing an escape or avoidance response
Flooding
Freud adopted this method of ______________, believing that repressed impulses and other material were trying to "break free" into consciousness and would eventually surface using this technique
Free association
__________________ is the term given to anxiety that seems to be unrelated to any realistic and specific, known factor, and it is often a symptom of an anxiety disorder
Free-floating anxiety
Dissociative amnesia can occur with or without ______
Fugue
A person who is in the process of self-actualizing, actively exploring potentials and abilities and experiencing a match between the real self and ideal self is a _________________________
Fully functioning person
________________ research has suggest there may be four dimensions of cultural personality, including individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance
Geert Hofstede's
_______________________, in which excessive anxiety and worries occur more days than not for at least 6 months
Generalized anxiety disorder
______ risks are higher in bipolar disorder as compared to unipolar depression
Genetic
The ___________ develops as a preschool-aged child learns the rules, customs, and expectations of society
Superego
The moral center of personality is the ________
Superego
The driving force behind all human endeavors, emotions, and thoughts for Adler was not the seeking of pleasure but the seeking of ___________________
Superiority
__________________ are like those found by Allport, representing the personality characteristics easily seen by other people
Surface traits
___________________________, in which a therapist guides the client through a series of steps meant to reduce fear and anxiety
Systematic desensitization
_________________ found primarily in Japan, involves excessive fear and anxiety, but in this case it is the fear that one will do something in public that is socially inappropriate or embarrassing, such as blushing, staring, or having an offensive body odor
Taijin Kyofusho (TKS)
____________________ is a syndrome caused by long-term treatment and can even persist when typical antipsychotic medication are no longer used. The syndrome is characterized by the person making facial and tongue movements such as repeatedly sticking their tongue out, grimacing, or constant chewing, or causing repetitive involuntary jerks or dance-like movements of the arms and legs
Tardive dyskinesia
Cattell identified 16 source traits and he developed his assessment questionnaire ___________________________ based on just 16 source traits
The Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire
By running a current through the electrode, a very small and specific area of brain cells can be destroyed. This process is called ____________
Lesioning
The treatment of choice for bipolar disorder and episodes of mania has been __________, metallic chemical element that in its salt form (Li2Co3) evens out both the highs and the lows of bipolar disorder
Lithium
_______________, or the tendency to "make mountains out of molehills" by interpreting situations as being far more harmful, dangerous, or embarrassing than they actually are
Magnification
When a deeply depressed mood comes on fairly suddenly and either seems to be severe for the circumstances or exists without any external cause for sadness, it is called __________________
Major Depressive Disorder
Rather than focusing on the behavior itself, the cognitive therapist focuses on the distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs that lead to ___________________
Maladaptive behavior
______________________, has been described by Hal Arkowitz and William R. Miller as "client-centered therapy with a twist"; it also has specific goals to reduce ambivalence about change and increase intrinsic motivation
Motivational interviewing
Freud essentially believed that boys develop both sexual attraction to their mothers and jealousy of their fathers during the phallic stage, a phenomenon called the __________________
Oedipus complex
____________ can be best described as a person's willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
Openness
___________________, relieving pent-up emotions
Opportunity for catharsis
_____________ are people who always tend to look for positive outcomes
Optimists
The first psychosexual stage is called the __________ stage (first 18 months) because the erogenous zone is the mouth.
Oral Stage
A single negative event interpreted as a never-ending pattern of defeat is called _____________________
Overgeneralization
__________ is a sudden onset of extreme panic with various physical symptoms: racing heart, rapid breathing, a sensation of being "out of one's body," dulled hearing and vision, sweating, and a dry mouth
Panic attack
Only when panic attacks occur more than once or repeatedly, and cause persistent worry or changes in behavior, that they become a ______________
Panic disorder
________________________ affect the release of dopamine rather than blocking its receptors in the brain
Partial dopamine agonists
In ____________________, a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process. The client is encouraged by the therapist to imitate the model in the same gradual, step-by-step manner
Participant modeling
Girls develop ___________ because they were missing a penis
Penis envy
Cultural explanations or ___________________ are culturally defined ways of explaining the source or cause of symptoms or illness
Perceived cause
Carl Rogers's therapy is now called ______________________ because the person is truly the center of the process
Person-centered theory
The side of one's personality that is shown to the world is termed the _______
Persona
_____________ is the unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life
Personality
Adler disagreed with Freud over the importance of sexuality in ___________________
Personality development
In ______________________, a person has an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others
Personality disorder
_________________, a questionnaire that has a standard list of questions and only requires certain specific answers, such as "yes," "no," and "can't decide,"
Personality inventory
_________________ is a growing area of research, and brain structures differences associated with some aspects of the Big Five dimensions of personality have been identified using structural MRI
Personality neuroscience
In ____________________, an individual takes responsibility or blame for events that are not really connected to the individual
Personalization
This awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the _______________
Phallic Stage
__________________ appear to reflect an excess or distortion of norma functions, such as hallucinations and delusions
Postitive symptoms
Carl Rogers defined ______________ as warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from the significant others in people's experience
Postive regard
The ______________ of people with schizophrenia has been shown to produce lower levels of dopamine than normal, resulting in attention deficits and poor organization of thought
Prefrontal cortex
The first step in appraising a stressor is called ________________, which involves estimating the severity of the stressor and classifying it as a threat, a challenge, or a harm or loss that has already occured
Primary appraisal
Psychoanalysts show their clients ambiguous visual stimuli and ask the clients to tell them what they see. The hope is that the client will project unconscious concerns onto the visual stimulus, revealing them to the examiner. Tests using this method are called ________________________
Projective tests
Fixation in the phallic stage usually involves immature sexual attitudes as an adult, People who are fixated in this stage will often exhibit ____________ sexual behavior and be very vain
Promiscuous
_______________ is an insight therapy that emphasizes revealing the unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires that are assumed to cause disordered emotions and behavior
Psychoanalysis
The _________________ perspective focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality and also heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences
Psychodynamic
____________________ theory sees the repression of threatening or unacceptable thoughts and behavior as a defense mechanism
Psychodynamic
The _____________________ explains disordered thinking and behavior as the result of repressing one's threatening thoughts, memories and concerns in the unconscious mind
Psychodynamic model
Some psychoanalysts also focus on the process of transference more than on other typical aspects of traditional psychoanalysis, leading to the more general method called ________________________
Psychodynamic therapy
_____________________________, which is defined as any pattern of behavior or psychological functioning that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or harms their ability to function in daily life
Psychological disorder
The study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction is called _____________
Psychopathology
The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of a psychological disorder is called __________________
Psychopharmacology
Freud believed that personality development occurs in a series of ______________ that are determined by the developing sexuality of the child
Psychosexual stages
_____________ involves cutting into the brain to remove or destroy brain tissue for the purpose of relieving symptoms of mental disorders
Psychosurgery
_________________ typically involves an individual, couple, or small group of individuals working directly with a therapist and discussing their concerns or problems
Psychotherapy
Most individuals with bulimia engage in "__________" behaviors, such as deliberately vomiting after the binge or misuse of laxatives
Purging
_________________ technique, in which the client is allowed to smoke but must take a puff on the cigarette every 5 or 6 seconds
Rapid-smoking
In a _____________, a numerical rating is assigned, either by the assessor or the client, for specific behaviors
Rating scale
Albert Ellis proposed a version of CBT called _______________________, in which clients are taught a way to challenge their own irrational beliefs with more rational, helpful statements
Rational emotive behavior therapy
_________________ (1990) defined two types of traits as surface traits and source traits
Raymond Cattell
_____________ is one's actual perception of characteristics, traits, and abilities that form the basis of the striving for self-actualization
Real self
________________ is the need to satisfy the demands of the id only in ways that will not lead to negative consequences
Reality Principle
These three factors (environment, behavior, personal/cognitive factors) each affect the other two in a reciprocal, or give-and-take, relationship. Bandura calls this relationship _____________________________
Reciprocal determinism
One of the more well-known projective tests is the _________________, developed in 1921 by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach. There are 10 inkblots, 5 in black ink on a white board and 5 in colored inks on a white background
Rorschach inkblot test
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which uses _________________ to pass very low amplitude direct currents to the brain
Scalp electrode
______________ is described as a long-lasting psychotic disorder (involving a severe break with reality), in which there is an inability to distinguish what is real from fantasy as well as disturbances in thinking, emotions, behavior, and perception
Schizophrenia
In ______________, people who identified a threat or harmful effect must estimate the resources that they have available for coping with the stressor
Secondary appraisal
________________, drugs that inhibit the re-uptake process of only serotonin
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
In _______________________, the person focuses only one one aspect of a situation, leaving out relevant facts that might make things seem less negative
Selective thinking
Maslow and Rogers believed that human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become. This striving for fulfillment is called the _____________________________
Self-actualizing tendency
An important tool in human self-actualization is the development of an image of oneself or the _____________
Self-concept
________________, a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance
Self-efficacy
People choose to meet with others who have problems similar to their own, with no therapist in charge. Called ___________________, these groups are usually formed around a particular problem
Self-help groups or support groups
Masters and Johnson (1970) recommended a technique called _____________ for treatment of premature ejaculation, in which each member of a couple engages in a series of exercises meant to focus attention on his or her own sensual experiences during various stages of sexual arousal and activity
Sensate focus
The ____________ (S/N) dimension includes people who prefer to rely on what they can see, hear, and so on through their own physical senses and, on its opposite end, those who look for patterns and trust their hunches
Sensing/intution
________________ is a problem with sexual functioning, or with the actual physical workings of the sex act
Sexual dysfunction
______________ involves a fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation and is one of the most common phobias people experience
Social anxiety disorder
In the ____________ view depressed people continually have negative, self-defeating thoughts about themselves, which depress them further in a downward spiral of despair
Social cognitive
In the ________________ view behavior is governed not just by the influence of external stimuli and responses patterns but also by cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, and memory, as well as learning through the imitation of models
Social cognitive
In the ________________________ of abnormality, abnormal thinking or behavior is seen as the product of behavioral shaping within the context of family influences, the social group to which one belongs, and the culture within which the family and social group exists
Sociocultural perspective
________________ are those more basic traits that underlie the surface traits
Source traits
A _______________ is an irrational fear of some object or specific situation
Specific phobia
_________________, or emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior or thought process
Subjective discomfort
The _________________ consists of 20 pictures, all black and white, that are shown to a client. The client is asked to tell a story about the person or people in the picture, who are all deliberately drawn in ambiguous situations
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The most important common factor of a successful psychotherapy may be the relationship between the client and the therapist, known as the __________________
Therapeutic alliance
_________________ are treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively
Therapy
The__________________ (T/F) dimension runs from those who prefer to use logic, analysis, and experiences that can be verified as facts to those who tend to make decisions based on their personal values and emotional reactions
Thinking/Feeling
If the stressor is appraised as a _____, negative emotions may arise that inhibit the person's ability to cope
Threat
______________, objects known as tokens can be traded for food, candy, treats, or special privileges. Clients earn tokens for behaving correctly or accomplishing behavioral goals or may also lose tokens for inappropriate behavior
Token economy
A _____ is a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Trait
The _________ perspective focuses on characteristics themselves, not roots of personality
Trait
____________ are less concerned with the explanation for personality development and changing personality than they are with describing personality and predicting behavior based on that description
Trait theories
Walter Mischel, a social cognitive theorist, has emphasized that there is a __________________ in which the particular circumstances of any given situations are assumed to influence the way in which a trait is expressed
Trait-situation interaction
Family, twin, and adoption studies have provided strong evidence that genes are a major means of ____________________ schizophrenia
Transmitting
Walter Freeman and James W. Watts modified Moniz's technique and developed a procedure called the __________________, during which an instrument resembling an ice pick, called a leucotome, was inserted through the back of the eye socket and into the brain to sever the brain fibers
Transorbital lobotomy
______________________ so called because of their molecular structure consisting of three rings (cycle), increase the activity of serotonin and norepinephrine in the nervous system by inhibiting their re-uptake into the synaptic vesicles of the neurons
Tricyclic antidepressants
__________ people are workaholics---- They are very competitive, ambitious, hate to waste time, and are easily annoyed
Type A
_______ people are not that competitive or driven, tend to be easygoing and slow to anger, and seem relaxed and at peace
Type B
________ people tend to be very pleasant and try to keep the peace but find it difficult to express emotions, especially negative ones
Type C
_____________________, or love, affection, and respect with no strings attached, is necessary for people to be able to explore fully all that they can achieve and become
Unconditional positive regard
Freud believed that the _______________ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality
Unconscious
Major depressive disorder is sometimes referred to as a ___________ because the emotional problem exists at only one end, or "pole," of the emotional range
Unipolar disorder
____________, which are built into any well-designed psychological inventory, are intended to indicate whether or not a person taking the inventory is responding honestly
Validity scales
Rogers believed that when the real self and the ideal self are _____________ to each other, people feel competent and capable
Very close or similar
In advanced schizophrenia, possibly expressing themselves in a meaningless and jumbled mixture of words and phrases sometimes referred to as a __________
Word salad
Biological explanations of disordered mood focus on the effects of brain chemicals such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and ___________
dopamine
According to Freud, the part of the personality that is totally buried within each individual is the ____
id
The _____ is a completely unconscious, pleasure-seeking, amoral part of the personality that exists at birth, containing all of the basic biological drives: hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex
id
Maladaptive thinking or behavior are _______________ in the definition of abnormality
key elements
Researchers have found that women have almost ______ the risk of developing PTSD than do men and that likelihood increases if the traumatic experience took place before the woman was 15 years old
twice
Understanding of ones' motives and actions is call insight, therapies aimed mainly at this goal are called ________________
Insight therapies
People who assume that their own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experience are said to be __________ in locus of control
Internal
________________________ is a psychotherapy developed to address depression. It is an insight therapy focusing on relationships of the individual with others and the interplay between mood and the events of everyday life
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
______________ devised a theory based on a basic principle of motivation derived from Thorndike's law of effect: People are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment
Julian Rotter
_____________ disagreed with Freudian views about the differences between male and females and most notably with the concept of penis envy
Karen Horney
____________ as an antidepressant due to its apparent ability to have immediate antidepressant effects and reduction of suicidial thoughts
Ketamine
______ found in primarily in China and a few other South Asian, and East Asian countries, involves a fear that one's genitals are shrinking
Koro
________ like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can be very helpful: They make up a common language in the mental health community, allowing psychological professionals to communicate with each other clearly and efficiently
Labels
From age 6 to the onset of puberty, children will remain in this stage of hidden sexual feelings, so this stage is called the _________
Latency stage
________________ was the hidden, symbolic meaning of those events that would, if correctly interpreted, reveal the unconscious conflicts that were created the nervous disorder
Latent content
____________ twins are more similar than fraternal twins or unrelated people in many facets of personality
Identical
____________ is one of the defense mechanisms used to combat anxiety
Identification
Adoption studies of twins have confirmed that _______________ accounts for a great deal of personality development, regardless of shared or non-shared environments
Genetic influences
In the _______ stage, puberty begins so the sexual feelings that were repressed can no longer be ignored
Genital stage
As the child grows older, the erogenous zone shifts to the ________
Genitals
_______________ was developed by Fritz Perls; focuses on match between actual and ideal selfs and on the gestalt, or "whole picture"
Gestalt Theory
_________________, in which a group of clients with similar problems gather together to discuss their problems under the guidance of a single therapist
Group therapy
_______________, in which they hear voices or see things or people that are not really there
Hallucinations
___________, which is a tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting
Halo effect
In the 1950s, ______________ did one of the earliest studies of the effectiveness of therapy
Hans Eysenck
Some people actually seem to thrive on stress instead of letting stress wear them down. These people have what is called the _____________
Hardly personality
One important aspects of genetic studies is the concept of __________, or how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influence
Heritability
The _______________ is important in the formation of new long-term declarative memories
Hippocampus
The ________ perspective focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development
Humanistic
________________, led by psychologists such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, wanted psychology to focus on things that make people uniquely human, such as subjective emotions and the freedom to choose one's own destiny
Humanistic Perspective
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) believed that illnesses of both the body and the mind were the result of imbalances in the body's vital fluid, or ________
Humors
Psychological disorders are often viewed from a ________________ in that they can be diagnosed according to various symptoms and have an etiology, course and prognosis
Medical model
Giving little or no emphasis to one's successes of positive events and traits is called _______________
Minimization
The most common personality inventory is the _______________________________, which specifically tests for abnormal behavior and thinking patterns in personality
Minnesota Multi phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
When there is a ______ between the real self and ideal self, anxiety and neurotic behavior can be the result
Mismatch
_______________________, a class of antidepressants that blocks the activity of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
___________ are disturbances in emotion and are also referred to as affective disorders
Mood disorders
It was not until 1793 that efforts were made to treat the mentally ill with kindness and guidance-- known as "____________"
Moral treatment
The _____________ is often used to assess personality to help people know the kinds of careers for which they may be best suited
Myers-Briggs
The _____________________________ is a inventory based on the ideas of Carl Jung and looks at four personality dimensions
Myers-Briggs Type Indictator
_________________ appear to reflect a decrease of normal functions, such as poor attention or lack of affect
Negative symptoms
A group of Freud's students and followers of the psychoanalytic perspective, called the ______________, modified his theory and altered the focus of psychoanalytic
Neo-Freudians
Allport believed that these traits were literally wired into the _____________ to guide one's behavior across many different situations and that each person's "constellation" of traits were unique
Nervous system
The first generation antipsychotics caused "neurolepsis," or psychomotor slowing and reduced emotionality, and thus were referred to as ___________, due to the neurological side effects they produced
Neuroleptics
Others with less secure upbringings would develop ______________________ and maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships
Neurotic Personality
________________ refers to emotional instability or stability.
Neuroticism
Carl Rogers's therapy is very ____________ because the person actually does all the real work, with the therapist merely acting as a sounding board
Non-directive
_______________________ or OCD is a disorder in which intruding thought that occur repeatedly (obsessions) are followed by some repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental acts (compulsion)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder