PSY 207: Chapter 15- Physical and Cognitive Development Middle Adulthood

Women lose bone mass ____ as fast as men do.

Twice

#8 _____ refers to the ability to understand ideas expressed in words. Spatial orientation Verbal memory Implicit memory Verbal comprehension

Verbal comprehension

______ of the eye- the ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina - experiences its sharpest decline between 40-59 years of age.

accommodation

#23 Individuals with metabolic syndrome who _____ can reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular disease. remain sedentary maintain a high blood glucose level are physically active maintain a high LDL level

are physically active

#21 Which of the following is a reason for the decrease in height with age advancement? increase in weight a stooping posture brittleness of bones of the limbs bone loss in the vertebrae

bone loss in the vertebrae

Select the leading causes of death in middle adulthood. Multiple choice question. cancer and cardiovascular disease cerebrovascular disease and cancer cardiovascular disease and automobile accidents automobile accidents cerebrovascular disease

cancer and cardiovascular disease

Disorders that are characterized by slow onset and long duration. They are rare in early adulthood, increase during middle adulthood, and become common in late adulthood.

chronic disorders

The midlife transition during which fertility declines.

climacteric

Research on possible causes for the declining speed of processing information in adults involves which of the following levels of analysis? Multiple select question. cognitive physiological neuroanatomical neurochemical

cognitive neuroanatomical neurochemical

Middle adulthood has been defined as the age period between the Multiple choice question. teens to twenties. forties to mid-sixties. mid-sixties to mid-eighties. twenties to mid-forties.

forties to mid-sixties.

Viktor Frankl has identified which of the following as our most distinct human qualities? Multiple select question. communication freedom spirituality responsibility

freedom spirituality responsibility

The term ______ ________ is used to describe a condition in which the body does not produce enough testoterone

male hypogonadism

Drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especially in times of chronic stress such as when a loved one dies.

meaning-making coping

#4 Drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation is known as proactive coping. self-efficacy. problem-focused coping. meaning-making coping.

meaning-making coping.

Cessation of a woman's menstrual periods, usually during the late forties or early fifties.

menopause

A condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome often leads to the onset of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

metabolic syndrome

The developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age

middle adulthood

On average, men from 30-50 years of age lose about ____ inch in height, the may lose another inch from _____-____ years of age.

1 inch; 50-70

Muscle loss with age occurs at a rate of about ____-____% per year after age 50.

1-2%

Menopause typically occurs between the ages of Multiple choice question. 29 and 49. 29 and 39. 39 and 59. 59 and 69.

39-59

The variation in the age at which menopause occurs is from _____ to _____ years of age..

39-59

At _____ years of age, the retina receives only 1/3 as much light as it did at 20 years of age, mostly because of the reduced size of the pupil.

60

____% of 55-64 year olds were in the workforce

65.2%

Chronic disorders account for _____% of total health care spending the in US.

86%

The number one cause of death in middle age is Multiple choice question. cancer. infectious disease. stroke. cardiovascular disease.

Cancer

#25 A recent analysis (Gosselin, 2019) found that _____ of workers over the age of 50 are pushed out of longtime jobs before they choose to retire, suffering considerable financial damage. over 80 percent less than 10 percent only about 5 percent more than 50 percent

more than 50 percent

Companies' emphasis on profits has resulted in Multiple choice question. offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults. mandating retirement at age 70. an increase in benefits for American workers. efforts to keep middle-aged adults as part of the workforce.

offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults.

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is referred to as Multiple choice question. sarcopenia. metabolic syndrome. osteoporosis. alopecia.

sarcopenia.

#11 The gradual decline in men's testosterone levels in middle age can reduce their thyroid levels. sexual activity. lung capacity infertility.

sexual activity.

Some experts conclude that compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced more heavily by _________ factors.

sociocultural

#18 Age-related loss of muscle strength is especially marked in the upper arms. the back and legs. the chest and abdomen. the jaw and face.

the back and legs.

Fingernails and toenails develop ridges and become ______ and more _____.

thicker and more brittle

The average life expectancy is ____; and ___% of the US population is older than 65.

79; 15%

Approximately ______ percent of 45- to 54-years-olds were in the workforce in 2019. Multiple choice question. 60 90 70 80

80

In 2019, in the US, _____% of 45-54 year olds were in the workforce (a decrease of 1.8% since 2000 but an increase of 1.7% since 2015)

81.1%

_____ ______ are now the main causes of death for individuals in middle adulthood.

Chronic diseases

#6 _____ refers to the ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem. Spatial orientation Verbal comprehension Inductive reasoning Perceptual speed

Inductive reasoning

#15 _____ was/were the main cause of death in the United States until the middle of the twentieth century. Infectious disease Homicide Accidents Chronic disease

Infectious disease

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the mortality rates of people in middle adulthood? Multiple select question. Infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the twentieth century. In middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition. At the present time, chronic disorders are declining and infectious disease rates are increasing. Chronic diseases are the main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood.

Infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the twentieth century. In middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition. Chronic diseases are the main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood.

Which statement regarding perimenopause is FALSE? Multiple choice question. It can last up to 10 years. It is most common in the thirties but can occur in the twenties. During this time, women may complain of depressed feelings, headaches, and moodiness. It is a transition period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all.

It is most common in the thirties but can occur in the twenties.

Which statement is FALSE regarding work in midlife? Multiple choice question. It is not a central part of midlife. Many individuals reach their peak in position. Financial burdens may consume many middle-aged adults. Many middle-aged adults have reached their maximum earnings potential.

It is not a central part of midlife.

Generally, what has been concluded about menopause? Multiple choice question. It is a time when most women mourn the loss of their periods. It is a stressful time for women worldwide. Few women in the United States are relieved that their periods have stopped. It is not the negative experience for most women it was previously considered to be.

It is not the negative experience for most women it was previously considered to be.

_________ is the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all, which often takes up to 10 years.

Perimenopause

______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others in society. Multiple choice question. Religion Spirituality Religiousness Morality

Spirituality

For individuals who are 30 percent overweight, the probability of dying in middle adulthood increases by about 40 percent. True false question.

True

True or false: Whether it involves being a homemaker, volunteering, working a part-time job, or having a full-time career, work has a central role in middle adulthood.

True

Which of the following describe the effects of aging on an individual's height? Multiple select question. Women can lose as much as 2 inches in adulthood. On average, individuals gain height in middle adulthood. A decrease in height in adulthood is usually associated with bone loss. Men tend not lose any height in adulthood.

Women can lose as much as 2 inches in adulthood. A decrease in height in adulthood is usually associated with bone loss.

Which statement is true regarding bone loss? Multiple choice question. Men and women do not differ in their rates of bone loss. Men experience twice the rate of bone loss as women. Women experience twice the rate of bone loss as men.

Women experience twice the rate of bone loss as men

#5 Which of the following is true regarding spirituality? Most U.S. middle-aged adults do not consider spirituality a major part of their lives. Only a small minority of U.S. adults consider themselves to be religious. Women have consistently shown a stronger interest in religion and spirituality than men have. There is no evidence of changes in spirituality and religiousness in people as they age.

Women have consistently shown a stronger interest in religion and spirituality than men have.

(Women/men) had a higher rate of obesity than middle aged (women/men) (44.7% vs 40.8%)

Women; men

Studies report that there is _________ association between religious participation and longevity. Multiple choice question. a negative no a neutral a positive

a positive

The pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing.

leisure

________is the time for women in middle age, usually during their late forties or early fifties when their menstrual periods stop.

menopause

The term climacteric refers to the Multiple choice question. midlife transition in which fertility declines. transition in adolescence when men become fertile. the period of time before women's menstruation stops. transition in adolescence when women begin menstruating.

midlife transition in which fertility declines.

#7 In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which of the following abilities showed signs of early decline? spatial orientation inductive reasoning verbal memory perceptual speed

perceptual speed

The transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all is known as Multiple choice question. perimenopause. climacteric. menopause. menarche.

perimenopause.

The most visible signs of aging in middle adulthood involve Multiple choice question. cardiovascular problems. physical changes. problems with vision. sarcopenia.

physical changes.

Being overweight or obese in middle adulthood is associated with increased risk of which of the following? Multiple select question. premature death high blood pressure diabetes cataracts

premature death high blood pressure diabetes

A study of adults 40-80 years of age shown that ______ ______ (26%) and erectile difficulties (22%) were the most common sexual problems of older men, while lack of _____ ______ (33%) and lube difficulties (21%) were the most common sexual problems of older women.

premature ejaculation; sexual interest

#13 Cholesterol comes in two forms, _____ and HDL. BDL LDL QUL GAL

LDL

Only two of the 6 intellectual abilities declined in middle age: ____ facility and perceptual speed.

Numeric

Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl said that the 3 most distinct human qualities are _____, _____, and _______.

Spirituality, freedom, and responsibility.

Accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle adulthood, according to Horn

crystallized intelligence

Multiple adaptive factors that buffer declines in physical health and cognitive functioning in middle adulthood are: - positive health behaviors (physical exercise and sleep) - a sense of ______ - _____ support and connections - ______ regulation

- a sense of control - social support and connections - emotional regulation

The main needs for meaning that guide how people try to make sense of their lives; - need for _______ - need for ______ - need for a sense of _______ - need for self-______

-purpose -values - efficacy -self-worth

The eye's blood supply also diminishes, although usually not until the _____ or ____.

50s or 60s

The average age at which US women have their last period is ______.

51

The mean age of menopause increased 2.5 years in recent decades to _____ years.

52.7 years old

At about the age of _____, the protein in lung tissue become less elastic.

55

Auditory assessments indicate that hearing loss occurs in up to ____% of individuals 50 years and older

50%

Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects about ____% of men 40-70 years of age and 75% of men over 70 years of age.

50%

Testosterone production begins to decline about ____% a year during middle adulthood, and sperm count usually declines slowly, but men do not lose their fertility in middle age.

1%

In an analysis of a number of studies, adults with a higher level of spirituality/religion had an ____% reduction in mortality.

18%

Height loss for women can be as much as ____ inches from 25-75 years of age. The loss is due to bone loss in the vertebrae.

2 inches

On average, body fat accounts for about 10% of body weight in adolescence; it makes up ____% or more in middle age.

20%

In one study, sarcopenic obesity was associated with a ____% increase in risk for all-cause mortality and was a higher risk for ____.

24%; men

Maximum bone density occurs by the mid-to late _____, after which there is a progressive loss of bone.

30s

#24 Accommodation of the eye experiences its sharpest decline between ______ years of age 30 and 35 20 and 29 60 and 79 40 and 59

40 and 59

For individuals who are 30% overweight, the probability of dying in middle adulthood increases _____%

40%

In a US Census Bureau 2012, more than 102,713,000 people in the US were _____-_____ years of age, which accounts for 33.2% of the US population

40-64 years

In 2016, the prevalence of obesity in middle-aged adults (_____%) was higher than in younger adults

40.8%

The 1st outwardly noticeable signs of aging usually are apparent by the _____ or ______.

40s or 50s

______ is the leading chronic disorder in middle age, followed by hypertension.

Arthritis

______ intelligence is a person's ability to reason abstractly, and it typically begins to decline in middle adulthood. Multiple choice question. Dynamic Fluid Mechanical Crystallized

Fluid

___________ has replaced what was once a primarily White male workforce with employees of different ethnic and national backgrounds.

Globalization

#16 Samantha gets a blood test done, and the test results indicate that her level of bad cholesterol is high and that she will have to keep it under control. She researches online and finds out that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is referred to as bad cholesterol. Which of the following is the main reason LDL is referred to as "bad" cholesterol? High levels of LDL increase the risk of breast cancer. Low levels of LDL accelerate the process of aging. Low levels of LDL cause atherosclerosis High levels of LDL can lead to arteriosclerosis.

High levels of LDL can lead to arteriosclerosis.

#20 Mark is an orthopedic surgeon. He has been asked to conduct a health seminar for middle-aged individuals. During the seminar, he informs the audience that they should include plenty of fruits and vegetables in their diet, as these are known to increase bone density in middle-aged and older adults. Which of the following facts best supports Mark's advice? Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late thirties. The rate of bone density loss accelerates and then decelerates with further aging. Maximum bone density occurs in late adolescence. Peak functioning of the body's joints occurs in the fifties.

Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late thirties.

Which of the following statements regarding changes in midlife are true? Multiple select question. Middle age is starting earlier than in years past. Medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today. Middle age is lasting longer than in years past. Many 50-year-olds are in better shape today than 40-year-olds a generation or two ago.

Medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today. Middle age is lasting longer than in years past. Many 50-year-olds are in better shape today than 40-year-olds a generation or two ago.

What was Victor Frankl's view about people's search for meaning in life? Multiple choice question. People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist. It is difficult to find meaning in life without organized religion to provide a framework. People will best find meaning when they finally realize that free will is an illusion. Searching for meaning is destined to be a fruitless exercise.

People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist.

#3 Which of the following statements about trends in life expectancy is true? In 1900, the average life expectancy was only 30 years of age. The average life expectancy in the twenty-first century is 50 years. People today take longer to grow up and longer to age than in past centuries. The percentage of the population living to an older age has drastically decreased.

People today take longer to grow up and longer to age than in past centuries

Which of the following statements regarding menopause is FALSE? Multiple choice question. There is a large variation in the age at which menopause occurs. There is no correlation between the age at which a female has her first period and the age at which she starts menopause. Later menopause is linked with increased risk of breast cancer. The age of onset for menopause has decreased significantly in the 20th century.

The age of onset for menopause has decreased significantly in the 20th century.

Which statement about the rate of physical changes in middle adulthood is FALSE? Multiple choice question. The rate of physical changes is fairly similar for all adults. Midlife changes are more gradual than those of adolescence and late adulthood. Genetic makeup plays an important role in whether and when chronic disease appears. Lifestyle factors have been implicated in whether and when chronic disease appears.

The rate of physical changes is fairly similar for all adults.

Which of the following describe vision changes in middle age? Multiple select question. The retina receives only one-third as much light as 20 years of age. Individuals often need to stop driving in middle adulthood. The visual field size decreases. The eye's blind spot increases. Vision changes have little to no impact on individuals' quality of life.

The retina receives only one-third as much light as 20 years of age. The visual field size decreases. The eye's blind spot increases.

#12 What is the most common change in the sleep patterns of adults during the middle age years? There is a decrease in the deepest type of sleep. The total number of hours slept dramatically increases. Wakeful periods become less frequent during the night. Sleep-disordered breathing becomes less prevalent.

There is a decrease in the deepest type of sleep.

**In Patricia Cohen's analysis, which of the following has/have fueled the emergence of thinking about middle age? advances in health and more people living to older ages more people entering adolescence earlier than in the past increased pressure to remain in the workforce and delay retirement the decrease of life expectancy

advances in health and more people living to older ages

In one study of middle-aged adults, those who attended church had a lower level of ______ _____ (wearing down of one's body because of constant stress) than their counterparts who did not attend.

allostatic load.

#17 Compared with men, women have a higher incidence of _____ in middle age. stroke cardiovascular disease arthritis hypertension

arthritis

LDL is the (good/bad) cholesterol and HDL is the (good/bad) type.

bad; good

Since 2005, more individuals 45-64 years of age in the US died of _______, followed by _______ ______.

cancer; cardiovascular disease.

Metabolic syndrome may result in which of the following? Multiple select question. cardiovascular disease sarcopenia weight loss diabetes

cardiovascular disease diabetes

The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines. Multiple choice question. perimenopausal menarchic climacteric menopausal

climacteric

The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines. Multiple choice question. perimenopausal menopausal climacteric menarchic

climacteric

#9 Identify a possible reason for the changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence among different age groups observed in John Horn's cross-sectional study. biases in IQ testing declining IQ with age secular trends cohort effects

cohort effects

#10 John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase. semantic fluid crystallized multiple

crystallized

One's accumulated information and verbal skills are components of ______ intelligence. Multiple choice question. dynamic fluid crystallized mechanical

crystallized

One analysis of research on what US adults regret the most, not engaging in more ______ was one of the top 6 regrets

leisure

#22 A recent global study (Jagannathan & others, 2019) revealed that from 1990 to 2017, high-income regions witnessed a decline in cardiovascular mortality rates. sharp decline in cancer-related deaths. steep increase in cardiovascular mortality rates. sharp increase in cancer-related deaths.

decline in cardiovascular mortality rates

Many of the symptoms of menopause are caused by Multiple choice question. decreased estrogen production. a weakened hypothalamus. increased testosterone production. an impairment of the thyroid.

decreased estrogen production.

Metabolic syndrome may result in which of the following? Multiple select question. diabetes weight loss cardiovascular disease sarcopenia

diabetes cardiovascular disease

The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection to attain satisfactory sexual performance.

erectile dysfunction (ED)

#19 Ruth is currently in menopause. This indicates that the production of _____ by her ovaries will decline drastically. insulin adrenaline testosterone estrogen

estrogen

In a US study, when participants were asked to describe what provides them with a sense of meaning in life, 69% said ____, 34% said ______, and 20% said spirituality and faith.

family, career

The skin begins to wrinkle and sag because of a loss of ____ and _____.

fat and collagen

The ability to reason abstractly, which begins to decline from middle adulthood onward, according to Horn.

fluid intelligence

On average, middle-aged adults tend to Multiple choice question. gain weight. lose weight. experience frequent ups and downs in weight. maintain the same weight.

gain weight.

One strategy for improving vision and hearing of people as they age involves better control of _____ or _______ ______.

glare or background noise

Because of _____, the workforce today is sometimes outsourced to other countries with a significantly less expensive labor force. Multiple choice question. socialism populism nationalism globalization

globalization

Unlike other dramatic physical changes in other age periods, midlife physical changes are usually more ______

gradual

What are the characteristics of metabolic syndrome? Multiple select question. hypertension insulin resistance muscle loss bone loss obesity

hypertension insulin resistance obesity

#14 Which of the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older women? lack of foreplay reduced muscular movements lack of sexual interest partner non-cooperation

lack of sexual interest

Many experts on middle adulthood describe the age period of 55 to 65 as late adulthood. late midlife. early midlife. early adulthood.

late midlife

An increasing number of experts on middle adulthood describe the age period of 55-65 as ______ _______.

late midlife.

Today, middle age is starting ______ and lasting ______ for increasing numbers of individuals. Multiple choice question. later; less time earlier; longer later; longer earlier; less time

later; longer

Perceptual speed begins to decline in early and middle adulthood and a common way to assess speed of information processing is through a ______-_____ task, which people just press a button as soon as they see a light appear.

reaction-time task

Hair becomes thinner and grayer due to a lower _______ rate and a decline in _____ production.

replacement rate; melanin production

The highest level of functioning for 4 of the 6 intellectual abilities occured in middle adulthood. For both men and women, peak performance on ____ ability and memory, inductive reasoning, and _____ orientations was attained in middle age.

verbal; spatial

Cognitive aging experts Park (2001) argues that more time is needed to learn new information and it is linked to changes in ____ _____, the mental workbench

working memory