PSY 211 quiz answers (exam 4)

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a. Apple pie b. Freedom c. Baseball d. America

b. Freedom

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? a. A field sparrow is an animal. b. A field sparrow is a bird. c. A field sparrow is a sparrow. d. A field sparrow is a field sparrow.

a. A field sparrow is an animal.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." b. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. c. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. d. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

a. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Prototypes are useful because they ... a. act as an efficient way to categorize concepts that may have numerous variants. b. offer substitute concepts to fill in blanks. c. replace existing images of concepts. d. provide an outline for future memory building.

a. act as an efficient way to categorize concepts that may have numerous variants.

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas. a. concepts b. prototypes c. exemplars d. units

a. concepts

Mental imagery involves a. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. b. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. c. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. d. sensory representations of a stimulus.

a. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. b. how easy mental rotation is for humans. c. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. d. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.

a. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using a. mental chronometry. b. epiphenomena. c. propositional representations. d. image scanning.

a. mental chronometry.

Prototypes allow an individual to become familiar with new objects because they are interpreted using a foundation from ... a. previously learned information b. shared knowledge c. priming cues d. contextual information

a. previously learned information

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. superordinate level to basic level b. basic level to superordinate level c. basic level to subordinate level d. subordinate level to basic level

a. superordinate level to basic level

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. a. using visual images; deactivated b. perceiving stimuli; deactivated c. using visual images; activated d. perceiving stimuli; activated

a. using visual images; deactivated

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Pickup truck b. Truck c. Transportation d. Vehicle

b. Truck

If it takes you one second to mentally rotate an object thirty degrees how long will it take you to mentally rotate the object sixty degrees? a. One second b. Two seconds c. Four seconds d. One half of one second

b. Two seconds

A mental image could be useful for which of the following tasks? a. Coming up with directions you your apartment. b. All of these c. Trying to figure out a way to fit you hair dryer in your suitcase. d. Describing what your childhood home looked like.

b. All of these

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a. can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems. b. is based on spatial or language mechanisms. c. is identical for all people. d. actually exists.

b. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances. a. weak b. strong c. moderate d. no

b. strong

___________is a "typical" member of a category. a. A component b. A unit c. A prototype d. An exemplar

c. A prototype

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks? a. Distributed processing b. Prototype formation c. Cognitive economy d. Serial processing

c. Cognitive economy

You walk by a store window and notice several new items. One of which you conclude to be a motor-scooter. Which of the following best describes a prototype for a motor- scooter? a. Name of auto store on side b. Headlight, kick stand, and located in store windows c. Tires, headlight, engine, and kick stand d. High price, shining coat of paint, and no wheels

c. Tires, headlight, engine, and kick stand

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a. can fly; canary b. bird; penguin c. can fly; bird d. has feathers; ostrich

c. can fly; bird

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. definitional b. prototype c. exemplar d. semantic network

c. exemplar

A set of critical properties of concept representation is often called a ... a. object guide b. structure c. prototype d. blueprint

c. prototype

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. parallel distributed processing b. connectionist network c. semantic network d. neural network

c. semantic network

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? a. Content b. Longevity c. Validity d. Neural response

content

Why is it difficult to understand mental imagery using only introspection? a. People sometimes describe the same things differently b. Introspection is subjective d. All of these c. Peoples introspections widely vary

d. All of these

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Spreading activation b. Cognitive economy c. Hierarchical organization d. Family resemblance

d. Family resemblance

The mental rotation demonstration predicts that when comparing two shapes that are in fact the same, a participant's reaction time will have what type of relationship with the number of degrees the second shape is rotated from the first shape? a. Exponential b. Logarithmic c. Random d. Linear

d. Linear

In the prototypes demonstration you were asked to examine a series of dot patterns. What did the demonstration predict participants would do? a. Respond more slowly to prototype patterns than to new variants and variants used in the training phase b. Respond more quickly to new variants than to prototype patterns c. Respond more quickly to new variants than to variants already used in the training phase d. Respond more quickly to prototype patterns than to new variants

d. Respond more quickly to prototype patterns than to new variants

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on a. a universal set of category members. b. the definition of the category. c. a defined set of category members. d. category members that have been encountered in the past.

d. category members that have been encountered in the past.

According to the typicality effect a. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. b. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. c. we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects. d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization. a. parallel processing b. network c. exemplar d. prototype

d. prototype

While doing a mental rotation experiment like the one in the demonstration participants will often report ... a. that they observe the two objects and eventually have a spontaneous insight into whether or not the two objects are the same. b. that they are never really able to tell if the objects are the same or not and they make their same/different judgment on instinct. c. None of these d. that they mentally rotate one of the objects until they can determine if the two objects are the same

d. that they mentally rotate one of the objects until they can determine if the two objects are the same or not.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. a propositional representation. b. paired-associate learning. c. the pegword technique. d. the method of loci.

d. the method of loci.

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a. priming b. resemblance c. reaction time d. typicality

d. typicality

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a. the imageless thought debate was unresolved. b. visual images vary in detail. c. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. d. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

d. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.