PSY 253 Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development
Initiative vs guilt example
Picking out an outfit
Fate of rejected children
Poor mental health in adulthood, high physical aggression
Erikson's middle childhood
6-puberty, industry vs inferiority
Learned helplessness
Feel incapable of affecting the outcome of event, may stop trying
Empathy
Feeling exact emotion another person experiences
How to enhance self efficacy
Feelings of competence, vygotskys ZPD, praise effort
Reactive aggression
Hostile act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt
What did harter think effected self esteem
Influence of peers
Reasons why children bully others
Revenge, recreation, social rewards, reinforcement from peers
Example of proactive aggression
Sally spreads rumors about Becky to replace her as Sara's best friend
What should parents of shy children do to prevent bullying
Secure attachment, during preschool connect shy child with a friend
Sam can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and can reflect on her feelings. She is showing:
Self awareness
Pro social behavior
Sharing, helping, caring
5 areas of comparison
Smarts, trouble, sports, if other people like you, and attractiveness
What is emotional regulation important for?
Social and emotional success
Vygotsky believed that play was important for the development of
Social and intellectual skills
Industry vs inferiority example
Sports, class elections, using a planner
How might a child with externalizing problems act
Unrealistically high self esteem, emotional acting out, ignoring problem, lack of need to improve, continued failure
Popularity in elementary school
Usually nice, outgoing and caring
Olweus Bully Prevention Program
administrators work with students school wide norm of intolerance
What happens to self awareness from early childhood to middle childhood
increases
Example of relational aggression
Let's tell everyone not to let Sara play in our group, or she's got a better grade than me so I'm going to tell the prof she cheated
What should parents of children with externalizing issues do to prevent bullying?
Loving, sensitive parenting, low power assertion
Effective interventions to reduce bullying center on
Making bullying a socially unacceptable activity
Example of reactive aggression
Manuel is infuriated with Jeremy and kicks him back
What helps emotional regulation?
Maturing frontal lobe
Reactive aggression
Occurs in response to being hurt, threatened or deprived
Vygotskys beliefs of why play is important
Practice adult roles, sense of control, understanding of social norms, adult world insights of what children could be thinking
Pro social behavior appears when
Preschool but more frequent in elementary
What do externalizing and internalizing tendencies do at their extremes?
Present universal barriers to succeeding with people and in life
Functions of friends in our life
Protect and enhance selves, help learn to manage emotions, help to handle conflicts
Aggression
Acts designed to cause harm
Aggressions decreases with?
Emotional regulation
Gender schema theory
Once kids know their gender they attend to their activity
Erikson's early childhood
(3-6) initiative vs guilt
Self esteem
Evaluating one self as a result of comparisons
Peter is at the peak age for physical aggression. Peter is about age:
2 1/2
When does physical aggression peak
2 1/2
Bullying
1+ people harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse
Percentage of children subjected to chronic harassment
10-20%
Pretend/fantasy play
1st seen in toddlers, scaffolded by caregiver
Self awareness
Ability to observe ourselves from the outside and reflect on our inner state
industry vs inferiority
Ability to work toward a goal and may feel inferior if they don't measure up
Cyber bullying
Aggressive behavior repeatedly carried out via electronic media
Class victim
Anxious, shy, low on social hierarchy, unlikely to fight back
Aggression
Any hostile or destructive act
Problematic temperamental tendencies
Externalizing & internalizing
Example of direct aggression
Beating someone up or telling someone you hate them
Emotional regulation
Capacity to manage ones emotional state
How might a child with internalizing problems act?
Child may exhibit overly low self esteem, overly self critical, inflate failures, see failure where it does not exist
Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate
Externalizing tendencies
What happens to egocentrism from early childhood to middle childhood
Decreases
When does self esteem first become an issue and why
Elementary school because kids can compare themselves to others
Why is cyber bullying worse than traditional bullying
Ensures large audience, emotionally easier to conduct, removes all inner controls
Direct aggression
Everyone can see it
Pretend/ fantasy play eventually
Evolves into collaborative pretend play around 4 (TOM)
Rough and tumble play
Excited shoving and wrestling and running, more common in boys
Learned helplessness is often common in kids with
Internalizing problems
Sympathy
Involves feeling upset for a person
Children who believe they are powerless to affect their fate and so give up feeling that they should not try to succeed have developed?
Learned helplessness
Popularity in third grade?
Related to aggression (girls)
Hostile attributional bias
Tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign
Initiative vs. Guilt
Tests abilities in the wider world, initiative to confront life
Bully victim
Very aggressive children who repeatedly bully and get victimized
People with externalizing tendencies...
Wear their emotions on their sleeve and blame others
Induction
getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain they caused the other person
Bully victims may demonstrate what type of tendencies?
Both externalizing and internalizing
Six yr old Beth is loud disruptive and aggressive. Beth may have what kind of tendencies
Externalizing
Mikey gets very angry at school and will often have outbursts in class where he yells at teacher and knocks over desk. Mikey has?
Externalizing problems
What do children in early childhood say when you ask them about themselves?
Gives external factors such as hair and age and think they are awesome
What do children in middle childhood say when you ask them about themselves?
Gives internal factors such as personality and interests
Boys play is defined by
High energy competition and the effort to establish dominance in large groups
Relational aggression
Hostile act designed to cause hard to a persons relationships
Proactive aggression
Hostile or destructive act initiative to achieve a goal
frustration agression hypothesis
Humans are biologically programmed to retaliated or strike back when thwarted
What kind of aggression involves impulsive retaliation for harmful acts
Reactive
The way children view themselves during elementary school is more __ compared to the way they view themselves during early childhood
Realistic