PSY 253 Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development

Initiative vs guilt example

Picking out an outfit

Fate of rejected children

Poor mental health in adulthood, high physical aggression

Erikson's middle childhood

6-puberty, industry vs inferiority

Learned helplessness

Feel incapable of affecting the outcome of event, may stop trying

Empathy

Feeling exact emotion another person experiences

How to enhance self efficacy

Feelings of competence, vygotskys ZPD, praise effort

Reactive aggression

Hostile act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt

What did harter think effected self esteem

Influence of peers

Reasons why children bully others

Revenge, recreation, social rewards, reinforcement from peers

Example of proactive aggression

Sally spreads rumors about Becky to replace her as Sara's best friend

What should parents of shy children do to prevent bullying

Secure attachment, during preschool connect shy child with a friend

Sam can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and can reflect on her feelings. She is showing:

Self awareness

Pro social behavior

Sharing, helping, caring

5 areas of comparison

Smarts, trouble, sports, if other people like you, and attractiveness

What is emotional regulation important for?

Social and emotional success

Vygotsky believed that play was important for the development of

Social and intellectual skills

Industry vs inferiority example

Sports, class elections, using a planner

How might a child with externalizing problems act

Unrealistically high self esteem, emotional acting out, ignoring problem, lack of need to improve, continued failure

Popularity in elementary school

Usually nice, outgoing and caring

Olweus Bully Prevention Program

administrators work with students school wide norm of intolerance

What happens to self awareness from early childhood to middle childhood

increases

Example of relational aggression

Let's tell everyone not to let Sara play in our group, or she's got a better grade than me so I'm going to tell the prof she cheated

What should parents of children with externalizing issues do to prevent bullying?

Loving, sensitive parenting, low power assertion

Effective interventions to reduce bullying center on

Making bullying a socially unacceptable activity

Example of reactive aggression

Manuel is infuriated with Jeremy and kicks him back

What helps emotional regulation?

Maturing frontal lobe

Reactive aggression

Occurs in response to being hurt, threatened or deprived

Vygotskys beliefs of why play is important

Practice adult roles, sense of control, understanding of social norms, adult world insights of what children could be thinking

Pro social behavior appears when

Preschool but more frequent in elementary

What do externalizing and internalizing tendencies do at their extremes?

Present universal barriers to succeeding with people and in life

Functions of friends in our life

Protect and enhance selves, help learn to manage emotions, help to handle conflicts

Aggression

Acts designed to cause harm

Aggressions decreases with?

Emotional regulation

Gender schema theory

Once kids know their gender they attend to their activity

Erikson's early childhood

(3-6) initiative vs guilt

Self esteem

Evaluating one self as a result of comparisons

Peter is at the peak age for physical aggression. Peter is about age:

2 1/2

When does physical aggression peak

2 1/2

Bullying

1+ people harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse

Percentage of children subjected to chronic harassment

10-20%

Pretend/fantasy play

1st seen in toddlers, scaffolded by caregiver

Self awareness

Ability to observe ourselves from the outside and reflect on our inner state

industry vs inferiority

Ability to work toward a goal and may feel inferior if they don't measure up

Cyber bullying

Aggressive behavior repeatedly carried out via electronic media

Class victim

Anxious, shy, low on social hierarchy, unlikely to fight back

Aggression

Any hostile or destructive act

Problematic temperamental tendencies

Externalizing & internalizing

Example of direct aggression

Beating someone up or telling someone you hate them

Emotional regulation

Capacity to manage ones emotional state

How might a child with internalizing problems act?

Child may exhibit overly low self esteem, overly self critical, inflate failures, see failure where it does not exist

Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate

Externalizing tendencies

What happens to egocentrism from early childhood to middle childhood

Decreases

When does self esteem first become an issue and why

Elementary school because kids can compare themselves to others

Why is cyber bullying worse than traditional bullying

Ensures large audience, emotionally easier to conduct, removes all inner controls

Direct aggression

Everyone can see it

Pretend/ fantasy play eventually

Evolves into collaborative pretend play around 4 (TOM)

Rough and tumble play

Excited shoving and wrestling and running, more common in boys

Learned helplessness is often common in kids with

Internalizing problems

Sympathy

Involves feeling upset for a person

Children who believe they are powerless to affect their fate and so give up feeling that they should not try to succeed have developed?

Learned helplessness

Popularity in third grade?

Related to aggression (girls)

Hostile attributional bias

Tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign

Initiative vs. Guilt

Tests abilities in the wider world, initiative to confront life

Bully victim

Very aggressive children who repeatedly bully and get victimized

People with externalizing tendencies...

Wear their emotions on their sleeve and blame others

Induction

getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain they caused the other person

Bully victims may demonstrate what type of tendencies?

Both externalizing and internalizing

Six yr old Beth is loud disruptive and aggressive. Beth may have what kind of tendencies

Externalizing

Mikey gets very angry at school and will often have outbursts in class where he yells at teacher and knocks over desk. Mikey has?

Externalizing problems

What do children in early childhood say when you ask them about themselves?

Gives external factors such as hair and age and think they are awesome

What do children in middle childhood say when you ask them about themselves?

Gives internal factors such as personality and interests

Boys play is defined by

High energy competition and the effort to establish dominance in large groups

Relational aggression

Hostile act designed to cause hard to a persons relationships

Proactive aggression

Hostile or destructive act initiative to achieve a goal

frustration agression hypothesis

Humans are biologically programmed to retaliated or strike back when thwarted

What kind of aggression involves impulsive retaliation for harmful acts

Reactive

The way children view themselves during elementary school is more __ compared to the way they view themselves during early childhood

Realistic