PSY 314 Behavioral Neuroscience - EXAM 1 pt. 2

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the

Horizontal sections

A computed tomography (CT) scan of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine

The inside and outside of a cell

A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between

Resting potential

A neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV A neuron is polarized.

The degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation

A neuron normally fires when

Positron emission tomography

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before

Cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it

A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by

In a particular neuron are the same

APs are said to be all-or-none: This means that all APs

K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron

According to the theory of Hodgkin and Huxley,

Opening of voltage-activated sodium channels

Action potentials are produced by the

Axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock

Action potentials originate at the

APs are to EPSPs

Active conduction is to passive conduction as

Reuptake Enzymatic degradation

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by

"Summation"

Another word for "integration" is

Time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze Conditioned defensive burying

Antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of

Neurotransmitters

Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own

MEG records

Changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp

Nondecremental

Conduction of action potentials along an axon is

Is faster than in unmyelinated axons

Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons

Sodium-potassium pumps

Contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane

It can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain

Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because

Through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula

Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures

Unconditional stimulus

During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the

None of the above

Extracellular unit recording provides information about: the magnitude of the membrane potential. the wave form of action potentials. EPSPs. all of the above none of the above

Oxygenated blood flow

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of

EPSPs

Graded responses Postsynaptic responses Transmitted decrementally Depolarizations

Inhibitory is to excitatory

Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as

Hyperpolarization is to depolarization

IPSP is to EPSP as

The paired-image subtraction technique

If a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use

Bury it

If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then

are more prevalent produce longer lasting effects produce effects that are more diffuse produce effects that take longer to develop

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors

Longer lasting effects

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce

Are less diffuse Develop more rapidly

In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that

The scalp

In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from

An antibody

In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is

Polarized

In its resting state, a neuron is said to be

Stainless steel skull screws

In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through

Press levers or perform other operant responses to obtain reinforcement Receive electrical stimulation through implanted electrodes

In most self-stimulation paradigms, laboratory animals

Reinforcement; punishment

In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by __________ and decreased by __________.

External room cues

In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of

Ligand-activated ion channels

Ionotropic receptors are linked to

Ion channels

Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called

The brainbow technique

Is an extension of the green fluorescent protein technique Is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colors so that each can be traced

None of the above

Knockout mice are mice that have had a concussion. are susceptible to concussion. have amnesia. both A and C none of the above

WAIS

Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the

Signal proteins and G proteins

Metabotropic receptors are linked to

Their high external concentration The negative resting potential

Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by

Synaptic vesicles

Neurotransmitters are often stored in

Binding to postsynaptic receptors

Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by

Na+ ions

Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more

Glial cells

Release chemical transmitters Contain receptors for neurotransmitters Conduct signals Influence synaptic transmission

Produce no permanent neural damage

Reversible brain lesions, if properly done,

Local anesthetic such as lidocaine

Reversible lesions can be produced by microinjection directly into the target brain structure of a

Ions

Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged

Postsynaptic neuron

Second messengers are formed in the

Transporters

Sodium-potassium pumps are

A stereotaxic atlas A stereotaxic instrument A head holder An electrode holder

Stereotaxic surgery in human patients typically requires

Spatial ability in rats

The Morris water maze is commonly used to study

Short-term memory

The digit-span test is a common test of

Relative refractory period

The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the

Stereotaxic surgery

The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is

A large, empty chamber

The open-field test is usually conducted in

Bregma

The point of intersection between two major skull sutures A common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery

Exocytosis

The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as

Bregma

The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is

An influx of calcium ions

The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by

An operant conditioning paradigm

The self-stimulation paradigm is

Is circular

The typical Morris water maze

Genes of another species

Transgenic mice always possess

The membrane potential

Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of

Functional MRI

Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image?

EPSPs IPSPs APs

Which of the following are membrane potentials?

Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes. Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes. The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience.

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research?

Immunocytochemistry

Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies?

Synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake

With respect to neurotransmitters, which of the following is a correct sequence?

Second messengers

can be synthesized in response to activation of metabotropic receptors can influence metabolic activities of the cell can induce IPSPs or EPSPs can bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis

Neurons recycle

neurotransmitter molecules that have been drawn back into the terminal buttons after being released the breakdown products of neurotransmitter molecules that have been degraded in the synapse by enzymes vesicles that have been integrated into the button membrane during exocytosis