PSY 387 final
"transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters
back into the presynaptic neuron
activity in the left hemisphere is associated with
behavioral activation
Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from
bipolar cells that receive input from cones
a drug that blocks the sodium gates of a neuron's membrane will
block the action potential
which of the following would be the most promising treatment for HD
blocking formation of glutamate chain clustering
what mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter
blood brain barrier
When a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?
both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient
which of the following have wolffian ducts
both male and female fetuses until the SRY gene is activated
how do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response
by altering the velocity of action potentials form Purkinje cells
when an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell?
calcium into the cell
people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex
cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it
process by which developing axons find their general target areas
chemical attraction
in order to produce an IPSP, there needs to be an increase in permeability for
chloride
the basilar membrane is part of the
cochlea in the middle ear
if suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they
continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm
the precentral gyrus is essential for the
control of fine movements
glucagon stimulates the liver to
convert glycogen to glucose
a hormone is a chemical that is
conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences
By blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also ____.
decrease sexual activity
diachisis refers to the
decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons
Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as ____.
dennervation supersensivity
which neurotransmitter, released in the nucleus accumbens, seems to be especially important in addiction
dopamine
the visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the
dorsal stream
in people with schizophrenia, the brain areas with the most consistent signs of abnormality include the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
the lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalmus control
drinking
at what point in the menstrual cycle are women who are not on birth control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity
during the periovulatory period
in comparison to activating effects, the organizing effects of hormones take place
earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects
what factor appears to be particularly important for the branching of neurons during brain development
engaging in physical activity
COMT and MAO are
enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals
an individual with pure autonomic failure
experiences emotions, but less intensely
benzodiazepines work by
facilitating GABA effects
in evolution, the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations is referred to as
fitness
when ilene sees something that looks like a face, she has had activation of her
fusiform gyrus
Alcohol suppresses the release of ____, the brain's main excitatory transmitter.
glutamate
an individual whose EEG recording shows sleep spindles and K-complexes
has entered stage 2 sleep
The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____.
have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field
REM sleep is characterized by
high level of brain activity
the patient H. M. suffered sever memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the
hippocampus
what occurs when a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential
hyperpolarization
releasing hormones are synthesized in the
hypothalamus
sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones prime areas of which structure to release dopamine
hypothalamus
under which conditions would the sodium-potassium pump likely be far less effective in creating a concentration gradient
if selective permeability of the membrane did not exist
your posterior pituitary is most likely to resease ADH
if you are very thirsty
to make a tone both louder and lower in pitch, what changes to the soundwave would be necessary
increase the amplitude and decrease the frequency
L-dopa does what
increases dopamine levels
what type of neuron receives information only from other cells in the structure it is in and sends information only to other cells within that structure
intrinsic
the amygdala responds more quickly when a facial expression
is difficult to interpret
Genetic males with testicular feminization (androgen insensitivity) develop looking and acting female. This condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which effect?
it prevents testosterone from having its usual effects
suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired
lateral inhibition
how to produce a hyperpolarization in neurons
let positive ions flow out or negative ions flow in
the most potent zeitgeber for land animals is
light
why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating
little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel
People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble with
locating objects in space
the parasympathetic nervous system has
long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons
what sound characteristics can be used to locate the source of the sound by comparing the responses of the two ears
loudness and timing
Blood and urine levels of which chemicals are related to a history of violent suicide attempts?
low amount of serotonin turnover
as a human, lino is really good at detecting motion. this is because of his
magnocellular neurons in the periphery
sophia is not feeling well and has been coughing and sneezing all day. her coughing and sneezing are controlled by her
medulla
Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called
meninges
the amygdala sends axons to which structure, which in turn sends axons to the pons to control the startle reflex
midbrain
the cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
movement
what does the vestibular system detect
movement of the head
Santiago Ramon y Cajal demonstrated that ____.
neurons are separate from one another
nerve growth factor
neurotrophic factor that stimulates neurons to grow dendrites and synapses and in some cases promotes the survival of neurons promotes survival and growth of the axon
In addition to influencing other neurons, ____ increases blood flow to a specific area of the brain.
nitric oxide
what process is predicted by the gate theory of pain
non-pain information can inhibit pain information
if an animal with damage to the POA/AH gets hot, the animal will
not pant properly and potentially overhheat
The training of Kanzi differed from the earlier language studies using other chimpanzees in that Kanzi:
observed his mother being trained while he was an infant
Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.
occur during NREM sleep
olfactory receptors carry their message to the
olfactory bulb
Lynn was developing a film in a room with red light. when she came out of the room, everything looked a little green for a while. which theory best explains why this is happening
opponent- process theory
the superior colliculus is crucial to
orientation
after damage in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus, animals are more likely to
overeat and gain weight
tori has suffered damage to her magnocellular pathway and, as a result, has problems with
perceiving things in motion
a stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for
placing an electrode in the brain
the cerebellum is most important for any process that requires
precise timing
impulsive behavior and poor decisions may be symptoms of
prefrontal damage
visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the
primary visual cortex
metabotropic effects
produce long-lasting effects on the postsynaptic cell?
when NPY inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it
produces extreme overeating
which hormone helps prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy
progesterone
the role of the golgi tendon organs is to
proprioceptive receptor
ribosomes are involved in
protein synthesis
the lateral tract crossover point is the
pyramids of the medulla
which type of glia guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development
radial glia
Ionotropic effects are characterized by ___.
rapid and short-lived effects
damage to the dorsal stream of visual system. she now has trouble with
reaching out to grasp an object
An example of a sex-linked trait is
red-green color deficiency
chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane
reduce the intensity of salty tastes
the cerebellum contributes to the control of what function
regulates motor movements.
drugs that decrease acetylcholine activity will result in muscles becoming
relaxed
during sleep, the human locus coeruleus is
releasing norepinephrine ?
which of the following extends from the medulla into the forebrain
reticular formation
the small branch of the optic nerve that extends directly form the retina to the SCN is called the
retinohypothalamic path
Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.
rods and cones; bipolar cells
A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.
salty
Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body?
schwann cells
the motor cortex
sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord
After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
sensation from the affected body area
pain receptors of the skin are
simple, bare neuron endings
the action potential of a neuron depends mostly on what movement of ions?
sodium ions leaving the cell
someone with broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty
speaking
what is the importance of the myelin sheath?
speeds up action potential
slow-wave sleep is comprised of
stages 3 and 4
to measure fear or anxiety in both humans and nonhumans, researchers measure variations in an individual's
startle relfex
Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for:
staying awake
muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle
stretch
which structure is involved in detecting osmotic pressure
subformical organ
PD is associated with a loss of neurons in the
substantia nigra that release dopamine
many female mammals are very attentive to their newborns largely because of a sudden
surge of prolactin and oxytocin
Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of
synapses
A cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. After amputation of that finger, it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. Which action most likely accounts for this?
synaptic reorganization
the formation of a specialized gap between neurons is called
synaptogenesis
what is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations
temporal
area A1 is located in the
temporal lobe
the presymptomatic test for HD enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also
the approximate age of onset
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?
the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity
damage to the corpus callosum prevents
the exchange of information between the two hemispheres
how does the amount of hippocampal activity during sleep relate to memory performance
the greater the amount of hippocampal activity during sleep, the greater improvement in performance
the fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following
the place theory only
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory
the retina contains three kinds of color receptors
Loewi repeatedly stimulated the vagus nerve, thereby decreasing a frog's heart rate. he then collected fluid from around that heart, transferred it to a second frog's heart and found that
the second frog's heart rate also decreased
During the relative refractory period
the sodium gates are reverting to their usual state.
Sherrington deduced that transmission at a synapse must be slower than conduction along an axon. This was based on what kind of evidence?
the speed of reflexive responses
What do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common?
they are all synthesized from the same aa
which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells
they follow chemical messengers
which statment is true of EPSPs?
they occur because potassium gates open?
in order to produce an action potential, the collective amount of depolarization must exceed the
threshold of excitation
Why does the brain need thiamine?
to enable it to metabolize glucose
At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.
trichromatic; opponent process
how many kinds of olfactory receptors do humans have
twenty
the interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than
twice as large in heterosexual men as in women
after brain damage to a set of neurons, neurotrophins induce nearby
uninjured axons to form new branches
which nucleus of the thalamus is associated with bodily pain perception
ventral posterior
prior to their release, neurotransmitters are typically stored in
vesicles in the pretsynaptic neuron
An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:
visual agnosia
from an evolutionary point of view, humans have a sense of taste so that
we know what to eat and what to spit out
what prevents the PER and TIM proteins from continuing to accumulate at night as they do during the day
when the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them
a paradoxical characteristic of children with williams syndrome is that they
Have very large vocabularies, but cannot learn simple skills
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by
contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
an ipsp is produced by the selective flow of
?
damasio found that his patient with damage to the prefrontal cortex, who experienced almost no emotions,
?
when lashley found that memories for learned behaviors could not be located in a particular area of the brain, he proposed that
?
damage to any hypothalamic nucleus leads to abnormalities in
? either coordination, motor control, language, or motivated behaviors
what happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself
Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles.
which type of leukocyte matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies to attack specific targets
B cells
when food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases what
CCK
in high concentrations, which transmitter stimulates a specific type of receptors and leads to orgasm
Dopamine
what is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception
It requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do.
what method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow
PET
in addition to the neurotransmitter glutamate, in order to activate the NMDA receptors, the neuron requires
Removal of magnesium ions from sodium and calcium channels.
computerized axial tomography creates an image from
X-rays
what is measured in polysomnography
a combination of EEG and eye movements
which of the following is associated with increased risk of antisocial behavior in males who were maltreated as children
a gene regulating monoamine oxidase
congenital adrenal hyperplasia is most likely to have which of these effects
a genetic female develops looking partly masculinized
Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:
a greater rod to cone ratio
the likelihood of homosexuality in men is highest if
a monozygotic twin brother is homosexual
what activity is produced in the motor cortex before any voluntary movement
a readiness potential
On a given trait, high heritability suggests that
adopted children will closely resemble their biological parents
a substance that increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is considered to be an
agonist
most neurotransmitters are synthesized from
amino acids
autoreceptors monitor the
amount of neurotransmitter released
electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in
an increase in food seeking behaviors
a leukocyte attacks when it finds a cell with foreign
antigens
which area of the hypothalamus is regarded as the master control for appetite
arcuate nucleus
before the action potential is initiated, when the neuron is at rest, sodium channels
are closed and don't allow sodium to pass through
second messengers carry their messages to
areas within the postsynaptic cell
when do sodium channels close?
at the peak of the action potential
which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control to the heart, intestines, and other organs
autonomic
acording to james-lange theory, which best describes the role of autonomic arousal in the experience of emotions
autonomic arousal leads to the experience of emotions
the optic nerve is made from the
axons of the ganglion cells