PSY 387 final

"transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters

back into the presynaptic neuron

activity in the left hemisphere is associated with

behavioral activation

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from

bipolar cells that receive input from cones

a drug that blocks the sodium gates of a neuron's membrane will

block the action potential

which of the following would be the most promising treatment for HD

blocking formation of glutamate chain clustering

what mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter

blood brain barrier

When a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?

both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient

which of the following have wolffian ducts

both male and female fetuses until the SRY gene is activated

how do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response

by altering the velocity of action potentials form Purkinje cells

when an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell?

calcium into the cell

people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex

cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it

process by which developing axons find their general target areas

chemical attraction

in order to produce an IPSP, there needs to be an increase in permeability for

chloride

the basilar membrane is part of the

cochlea in the middle ear

if suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they

continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

the precentral gyrus is essential for the

control of fine movements

glucagon stimulates the liver to

convert glycogen to glucose

a hormone is a chemical that is

conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences

By blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also ____.​

decrease sexual activity

diachisis refers to the

decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as ____.

dennervation supersensivity

which neurotransmitter, released in the nucleus accumbens, seems to be especially important in addiction

dopamine

the visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the

dorsal stream

in people with schizophrenia, the brain areas with the most consistent signs of abnormality include the

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

the lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalmus control

drinking

at what point in the menstrual cycle are women who are not on birth control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity

during the periovulatory period

in comparison to activating effects, the organizing effects of hormones take place

earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects

what factor appears to be particularly important for the branching of neurons during brain development

engaging in physical activity

COMT and MAO are

enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals

an individual with pure autonomic failure

experiences emotions, but less intensely

benzodiazepines work by

facilitating GABA effects

in evolution, the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations is referred to as

fitness

when ilene sees something that looks like a face, she has had activation of her

fusiform gyrus

Alcohol suppresses the release of ____, the brain's main excitatory transmitter.​

glutamate

an individual whose EEG recording shows sleep spindles and K-complexes

has entered stage 2 sleep

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____.​

have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field

REM sleep is characterized by

high level of brain activity

the patient H. M. suffered sever memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the

hippocampus

what occurs when a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential

hyperpolarization

releasing hormones are synthesized in the

hypothalamus

sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones prime areas of which structure to release dopamine

hypothalamus

under which conditions would the sodium-potassium pump likely be far less effective in creating a concentration gradient

if selective permeability of the membrane did not exist

your posterior pituitary is most likely to resease ADH

if you are very thirsty

to make a tone both louder and lower in pitch, what changes to the soundwave would be necessary

increase the amplitude and decrease the frequency

L-dopa does what

increases dopamine levels

what type of neuron receives information only from other cells in the structure it is in and sends information only to other cells within that structure

intrinsic

the amygdala responds more quickly when a facial expression

is difficult to interpret

Genetic males with testicular feminization (androgen insensitivity) develop looking and acting female. This condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which effect?​

it prevents testosterone from having its usual effects

suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired

lateral inhibition

how to produce a hyperpolarization in neurons

let positive ions flow out or negative ions flow in

the most potent zeitgeber for land animals is

light

why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating

little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel

People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble with

locating objects in space

the parasympathetic nervous system has

long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons

what sound characteristics can be used to locate the source of the sound by comparing the responses of the two ears

loudness and timing

Blood and urine levels of which chemicals are related to a history of violent suicide attempts?

low amount of serotonin turnover

as a human, lino is really good at detecting motion. this is because of his

magnocellular neurons in the periphery

sophia is not feeling well and has been coughing and sneezing all day. her coughing and sneezing are controlled by her

medulla

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called

meninges

the amygdala sends axons to which structure, which in turn sends axons to the pons to control the startle reflex

midbrain

the cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?

movement

what does the vestibular system detect

movement of the head

Santiago Ramon y Cajal demonstrated that ____.

neurons are separate from one another

nerve growth factor

neurotrophic factor that stimulates neurons to grow dendrites and synapses and in some cases promotes the survival of neurons promotes survival and growth of the axon

In addition to influencing other neurons, ____ increases blood flow to a specific area of the brain.​

nitric oxide

what process is predicted by the gate theory of pain

non-pain information can inhibit pain information

if an animal with damage to the POA/AH gets hot, the animal will

not pant properly and potentially overhheat

The training of Kanzi differed from the earlier language studies using other chimpanzees in that Kanzi:

observed his mother being trained while he was an infant

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.​

occur during NREM sleep

olfactory receptors carry their message to the

olfactory bulb

Lynn was developing a film in a room with red light. when she came out of the room, everything looked a little green for a while. which theory best explains why this is happening

opponent- process theory

the superior colliculus is crucial to

orientation

after damage in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus, animals are more likely to

overeat and gain weight

tori has suffered damage to her magnocellular pathway and, as a result, has problems with

perceiving things in motion

a stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for

placing an electrode in the brain

the cerebellum is most important for any process that requires

precise timing

impulsive behavior and poor decisions may be symptoms of

prefrontal damage

visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the

primary visual cortex

metabotropic effects

produce long-lasting effects on the postsynaptic cell?

when NPY inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it

produces extreme overeating

which hormone helps prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy

progesterone

the role of the golgi tendon organs is to

proprioceptive receptor

ribosomes are involved in

protein synthesis

the lateral tract crossover point is the

pyramids of the medulla

which type of glia guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development

radial glia

Ionotropic effects are characterized by ___.

rapid and short-lived effects

damage to the dorsal stream of visual system. she now has trouble with

reaching out to grasp an object

An example of a sex-linked trait is

red-green color deficiency

chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane

reduce the intensity of salty tastes

the cerebellum contributes to the control of what function

regulates motor movements.

drugs that decrease acetylcholine activity will result in muscles becoming

relaxed

during sleep, the human locus coeruleus is

releasing norepinephrine ?

which of the following extends from the medulla into the forebrain

reticular formation

the small branch of the optic nerve that extends directly form the retina to the SCN is called the

retinohypothalamic path

Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.

rods and cones; bipolar cells

A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.

salty

Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body?

schwann cells

the motor cortex

sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord

After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?

sensation from the affected body area

pain receptors of the skin are

simple, bare neuron endings

the action potential of a neuron depends mostly on what movement of ions?

sodium ions leaving the cell

someone with broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty

speaking

what is the importance of the myelin sheath?

speeds up action potential

slow-wave sleep is comprised of

stages 3 and 4

to measure fear or anxiety in both humans and nonhumans, researchers measure variations in an individual's

startle relfex

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for:

staying awake

muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle

stretch

which structure is involved in detecting osmotic pressure

subformical organ

PD is associated with a loss of neurons in the

substantia nigra that release dopamine

many female mammals are very attentive to their newborns largely because of a sudden

surge of prolactin and oxytocin

Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of

synapses

A cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. After amputation of that finger, it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. Which action most likely accounts for this?

synaptic reorganization

the formation of a specialized gap between neurons is called

synaptogenesis

what is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations

temporal

area A1 is located in the

temporal lobe

the presymptomatic test for HD enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also

the approximate age of onset

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?

the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity

damage to the corpus callosum prevents

the exchange of information between the two hemispheres

how does the amount of hippocampal activity during sleep relate to memory performance

the greater the amount of hippocampal activity during sleep, the greater improvement in performance

the fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following

the place theory only

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory

the retina contains three kinds of color receptors

Loewi repeatedly stimulated the vagus nerve, thereby decreasing a frog's heart rate. he then collected fluid from around that heart, transferred it to a second frog's heart and found that

the second frog's heart rate also decreased

During the relative refractory period

the sodium gates are reverting to their usual state.

Sherrington deduced that transmission at a synapse must be slower than conduction along an axon. This was based on what kind of evidence?

the speed of reflexive responses

What do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common?

they are all synthesized from the same aa

which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells

they follow chemical messengers

which statment is true of EPSPs?

they occur because potassium gates open?

in order to produce an action potential, the collective amount of depolarization must exceed the

threshold of excitation

Why does the brain need thiamine?

to enable it to metabolize glucose

At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.

trichromatic; opponent process

how many kinds of olfactory receptors do humans have

twenty

the interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than

twice as large in heterosexual men as in women

after brain damage to a set of neurons, neurotrophins induce nearby

uninjured axons to form new branches

which nucleus of the thalamus is associated with bodily pain perception

ventral posterior

prior to their release, neurotransmitters are typically stored in

vesicles in the pretsynaptic neuron

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:

visual agnosia

from an evolutionary point of view, humans have a sense of taste so that

we know what to eat and what to spit out

what prevents the PER and TIM proteins from continuing to accumulate at night as they do during the day

when the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them

a paradoxical characteristic of children with williams syndrome is that they

​Have very large vocabularies, but cannot learn simple skills

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by

​contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

an ipsp is produced by the selective flow of

?

damasio found that his patient with damage to the prefrontal cortex, who experienced almost no emotions,

?

when lashley found that memories for learned behaviors could not be located in a particular area of the brain, he proposed that

?

damage to any hypothalamic nucleus leads to abnormalities in

? either coordination, motor control, language, or motivated behaviors

what happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself

Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles.

which type of leukocyte matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies to attack specific targets

B cells

when food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases what

CCK

in high concentrations, which transmitter stimulates a specific type of receptors and leads to orgasm

Dopamine

what is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception

It requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do.

what method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow

PET

in addition to the neurotransmitter glutamate, in order to activate the NMDA receptors, the neuron requires

Removal of magnesium ions from sodium and calcium channels.

computerized axial tomography creates an image from

X-rays

what is measured in polysomnography

a combination of EEG and eye movements

which of the following is associated with increased risk of antisocial behavior in males who were maltreated as children

a gene regulating monoamine oxidase

congenital adrenal hyperplasia is most likely to have which of these effects

a genetic female develops looking partly masculinized

Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:

a greater rod to cone ratio

the likelihood of homosexuality in men is highest if

a monozygotic twin brother is homosexual

what activity is produced in the motor cortex before any voluntary movement

a readiness potential

On a given trait, high heritability suggests that

adopted children will closely resemble their biological parents

a substance that increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is considered to be an

agonist

most neurotransmitters are synthesized from

amino acids

autoreceptors monitor the

amount of neurotransmitter released

electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in

an increase in food seeking behaviors

a leukocyte attacks when it finds a cell with foreign

antigens

which area of the hypothalamus is regarded as the master control for appetite

arcuate nucleus

before the action potential is initiated, when the neuron is at rest, sodium channels

are closed and don't allow sodium to pass through

second messengers carry their messages to

areas within the postsynaptic cell

when do sodium channels close?

at the peak of the action potential

which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control to the heart, intestines, and other organs

autonomic

acording to james-lange theory, which best describes the role of autonomic arousal in the experience of emotions

autonomic arousal leads to the experience of emotions

the optic nerve is made from the

axons of the ganglion cells