Psy 603 Final
What are the 5 principles related to the right of test takers?
1) Treated with courtesy & respect, regardless of age, disability, ethnicity, gender, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or other personal characteristics. 2) Assessed using measures that meet professional standards and that are appropriate. 3) Receive informed consent, which includes a brief explanation prior to testing about the purpose(s) for testing, the kind(s) of tests to be used. 4) The individual is always free to decline, and free to withdraw at any point. 5) The test is administered, and the results are interpreted by a trained individual who follows professional codes of ethics.
T-Score
A statistical measurement that compares an individual's score to a reference group (larger population) A T score helps in understanding where an individual's score falls in relation to the average person within a larger population
Psychometrics
A widely accepted approach to measure intelligence It is concerned with the theory and techniques of psychological measurement, including the: • measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. •Psychometrics involves: • design, administration, and interpretation of quantitative tests and assessments. • These are used to measure psychological constructs such as: • intelligence, aptitude, achievement, personality, and various other traits or abilities.
What is the primary APA ethical tenets for administering assessments?
APA Ethical Principles - Section 9 of APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA, 2017): Treated with courtesy & respect, regardless of age, disability, ethnicity, gender, national origin, religion, sexual orientation or other personal characteristics. Assessed using measures that meet professional standards and that are appropriate. Receive informed consent, which includes a brief explanation prior to testing about the purpose(s) for testing, the kind(s) of tests to be used. The individual is always free to decline, and free to withdraw at any point. The test is administered, and the results are interpreted by a trained individual who follows professional codes of ethics
What is the difference between achievements and aptitude assessments
Achievement Assessments Designed to measure an individual's: o Knowledge o Skills o Accomplishments in a specific area, such as academics or professional skills. · These tests are often used to evaluate a person's level of proficiency or mastery in a particular subject or skill set. · Unlike aptitude tests, which assess potential or capacity, achievement tests focus on what a person has already learned or achieved. · Commonly used in educational settings to assess students' understanding of academic material or in professional contexts to gauge job-related skills. Aptitude Assessment Designed to measure an individual's natural ability or capacity to learn and perform certain tasks. These tests are focused on assessing potential and inherent talents rather than acquired knowledge or skills. Aptitude tests are often used to predict a person's future success in a specific area or occupation. Play a crucial role in understanding human capabilities, informing decision-making in education and careers, and contributing to the optimization of individual potential.
Identify & name assessments used for personnel selection
Aptitude Assessment Occupational settings, used as part of the hiring process. Assist employers in matching individuals with job roles that align with their abilities, contributing to job satisfaction and performance Personnel Selection Some companies want to see what personality is going to fit this company Aptitude Example: Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASCAB) - one of the most commonly used ones Assess of various military occupations Measure → verbal, math, science, technical and spatial reasoning Helps recruiters determine individuals strengths and areas of expertise guiding them toward suitable military jobs
Identify and name assessments used for career guidance
Aptitude Assessments Career Guidance → Helps individuals identify their strengths and areas of natural ability. The information is valuable in making informed decisions about career paths and educational pursuits Job placement & Selection - used for personnel selection and job placement helping employers assess the skills and knowledge of potential candidates Career development What is the personality that might do well
What do assessments of people with disabilities include?
Assessments for persons with disabilities include measurement of: o Communication skills o Cognitive skills o Physical development o Emotional Development o Social Development o Self-care skills o Independent Living Skills o Work Habits and Adjustment Skills o Adjustment Problems · LMFTs cannot assess for intellectual disabilities, this is the job of psychologists Instruments assess two general areas o Cognitive and intellectual ability oAdaptive behavior
Diagnostic Tests
Assessments used to identify the presence or absence of a specific condition or disorder.
Reference Page APA Citations
Basic Format: · Alphabetical order by the last name of the first author. · Hanging indentation for each reference. Book: · Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher. Journal Article: · Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page range. Example: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Journal, 20(2), 45-67. Website: ·Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of the webpage. Name of the Website. URL Example: Author, A. A. (2020, January 5). Title of the webpage. Name of the Website.
Theoretical Framework Responsible for Unconditional Positive Regard
Carl Rogers was a prominent psychologist who developed person-centered therapy, also known as client-centered therapy, which emphasizes creating a supportive and nonjudgmental therapeutic environment · Unconditional positive regard is a core concept within the person-centered approach. It refers to the therapist's attitude of complete acceptance and support for the client, without any conditions or judgment. Rogers believed that individuals have an inherent capacity for personal growth and self-actualization, and the provision of unconditional positive regard is essential for facilitating this process. Unconditional positive regard means that the therapist accepts the client without imposing their own values, judgments, or expectations. The therapist demonstrates empathy, understanding, and genuine care for the client, fostering an environment where the client feels safe to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences openly.
Criterion Referenced Scores
Compares individual's performance to a set of criteria or standards vs. comparing it to the performance of others Assess if an individual has met predefined objectives, skills, or knowledge levels
Test competence
Competence vs. professional field; i.e., competence in trauma as an LMFT vs. being a psychologist • Competence includes: Knowledge and practice of therapy relevant to the testing context and specialty Must understand testing theory, techniques of test construction, and test reliability and validity Must know sampling techniques, norms, descriptive, correlational, and predictive statistics Must review, select, and administer appropriate tests in the correct context Must have skill in administration of tests and interpretation of test scores Must have knowledge of impact of diversity on testing accuracy Knowledge and skill in the professionally responsible use of assessment and evaluation
Mental Disorder
Complex construct that includes the clustering of several symptoms to form a picture of behavior, psycho-social functioning, neuro-physiological patterns (from slides) Clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that causes distress or impairment in functioning. As clinicians, we use the DSM-5 to help make clinical diagnosis of psychopathology using diagnostic criteria
Ego Dystonic
Ego dystonic refers to thoughts, behaviors, or values that are in conflict or discord with one's self-image or identity. (Action not in line with values)
Ego Syntonic
Ego syntonic refers to thoughts, behaviors, or values that are consistent and in harmony with one's self-image or identity. (Action in line with values)
What are the ways that fairness in assessments can be achieved?
Ensuring that the assessment does not contain measurement bias Is there equal opportunity / access to the assessment across cultures Is this the intended population for the assessment Checking clinician personal bias : ensuring client is met with best interest, dignity, respect, accommodations Taking predictive bias into account (gender, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, etc)
What is the history of IQ testing with diverse populations?
Ethnocultural, society changes, political African Americans were not included in the IQ testing (unfariness/discrimination in assessments)
What DSM diagnosis includes impairments in executive functioning?
Executive functions are essential for various activities: focusing attention, controlling impulses, switching between tasks, and organizing thoughts Impairments/Problems → ADHD, ASD, traumatic brain injuries, & learning disabilities
Control Group
Experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment, used for comparison with the experimental group. "normal" group
Confounding Variable
Extraneous variable that correlates with both the independent and dependent variables, making it difficult to determine the true relationship between them.
Test Anxiety
General feelings of uneasiness, tension, or foreboding for some individuals in testing situations Can include physical and mental symptomatology Mindset inhibits ability to absorb, retain, and recall information Worried about achievement on the test
Be able to identify and name the projective drawing assessments
House-Tree-Person Draw-A-Person test (DAP) Person-In-The-Rain Thematic apperception tests (TAT), among others.
What legal mandate does HIPAA require regarding assessments?
In general, the privacy rule requires practitioners to do the following (APA, 2013): o Provide information to clients about their privacy rights and how that information can be used. o Adopt clear privacy procedures for their practices. o Train employees so that they understand the privacy procedures. o Designate an individual to be responsible for seeing that privacy procedures are adopted and followed (i.e., a privacy officer). o Secure patient records.
Test-Wise
Individual's ability to utilize the characteristics and formats of a test to get a high score This is independent of the student's knowledge of the subject matter in question Skills include: Strategies for times Error avoidance Guessing Deductive reasoning Familiarity with material/ test
Mean (statistics)
Mean is the average of a set of values calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of observations.
Be able to identify and name personality assessments
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Classifies individuals into 16 personality types based on preferences in four dichotomies: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN): Examines personality through five dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): Primarily used in clinical settings, it assesses various psychopathologies and is designed to identify mental disorders. 16 Personality Factors (16PF): Measures 16 personality traits, including warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, and sensitivity. California Psychological Inventory (CPI): Assesses personality traits and interpersonal behavior, often used in organizational and career development settings. DiSC Assessment: Focuses on four personality traits: Dominance, Influence, Steadiness, and Conscientiousness, to understand behavioral differences in a workplace context. Enneagram: Describes personality types based on nine interconnected types, each with distinct motivations and characteristics Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI): Evaluates normal personality traits for career development, highlighting strengths and potential areas of concern.
Name & define the four types of variables used in research
Nominal: represents different categories or levels with no inherent order or ranking among them (Gender, eye color, marital status, ethnicity) · Ordinal: distinct categories or levels with a specific order or ranking among them. There is a meaningful order to this variable. (Educational attainment, SES, Likert Scale responses) · Interval: numerical values where the intervals between values are equal and meaningful. There is a clear mathematical order but no true zero. (IQ scores/standardized test scores, time, Celsius, Fahrenheit - intervals between degrees are equal and 0 degrees does not mean no temperature) ·Ratio: Variable with a clear, fixed, numerical measurement and a true zero. Has all the properties of an interval zero but has a true zero (height, weight, age, income)
Researcher Bias
Occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences influence the study's design, data collection, or interpretation.
What are culture based challenges for clients when taking assessments?
On the Part of the Client o Language barriers o General mistrust/mistrust of authority o Fear of disclosure o Fearfulness of, or beliefs in stigma o Limitations or complications in the translation process o Lack of knowledge about available resources and services oChallenges with finances, support systems, and transportation
What are culture based challenges for clinicians when administering assessments?
On the Part of the Clinician o Formal assessments based in homogenized Western culture o Clinical outcomes based in clinician bias o A lack of transcultural knowledge o Limited practice and skill set for working with the target population o Restrictions and limitations in funding oLimitations in time and resources to complete accurate sociocultural evaluations
General APA Formatting
Page Margins: · Use 1-inch margins on all sides of the page. Font: · Use a clear and legible font, such as Times New Roman or Arial. · Use 12-point font size. Line Spacing: · Double-space the entire document, including the title page, abstract, body of the paper, and references. Alignment: · Align the text to the left; do not justify the text. Paragraph Indentation: · Indent the first line of each paragraph by 0.5 inches. Title Page: Title: · Use title case for the paper title. · Place the title in the center of the page, approximately halfway down. Author Information: · Include the author's name, institutional affiliation, and author note (if applicable) on the title page. Running Head: · Include a running head on the title page, aligned to the left. · The running head should be a shortened version of the paper title (50 characters or fewer), in uppercase.
Clinical Assessment
Procedures that aim to: ❖Diagnose a mental disorder ❖ Develop a plan of treatment ❖Monitor and assess progress in treatment ❖Evaluate the outcome of treatment
Pros & Cons of Personality Assessments
Pros · Self-Awareness: Can enhance self-awareness, helping individuals understand their strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. · Career Guidance: Provide valuable insights for career counseling, guiding individuals toward occupations that align with their personality traits. · Team Building: Can contribute to effective team building by identifying complementary strengths and potential areas of conflict among team members. · Clinical Diagnosis: Can aid psychologists in diagnosing and understanding mental health disorders · Research: Are essential tools in psychological research, enabling the study of various aspects of human behavior and personality. Cons of Personality Assessments Simplification of Complexity: May oversimplify the complexity of human personality, reducing individuals to a set of traits that may not capture the full scope of their uniqueness. Cultural Bias: Some tests may have cultural biases Reliability and Validity Concerns: Not all personality tests have equal reliability and validity. Some may lack scientific rigor, leading to inaccurate or inconsistent results. Potential for Stereotyping: There's a risk of using personality tests to reinforce stereotypes or make unwarranted assumptions about individuals based on their test results. Limited Predictive Power: Personality assessments might not have strong predictive power for certain outcomes, such as job performance, and relying solely on them for decision-making can be problematic. Ethical Issues: Misuse of personality tests, such as making employment decisions without proper validation, Fixed Mindset: Individuals might adopt a fixed mindset = personality traits are unchangeable Overemphasis on Traits: Focusing on personality traits may overlook situational and environmental factors
Differences in hand scoring VS computer scoring
Provides automated scoring of responses, thereby giving test takers almost immediate feedback and their overall score. Computer scoring reduces the possibility that respondents would make errors while filling out handwritten answer sheets Eliminates the errors that clinicians and technicians would make while hand-scoring items.
Define & Identify Types of Reliability
RELIABILITY: Refers to the consistency of a measurement o If a measurement is not reliable, it is not possible to know whether the results are consistent or not · The measurement will produce the same results under the same conditions. Test-retest reliability: giving the same test to the same participants twice, with a time interval in between. If the results of the two tests are similar, then the test is considered to be reliable. Internal consistency reliability: assessing how different items on a test correlate with each other. If the items are all measuring the same thing, then they should correlate highly with each other, and it is not due to chance Inter-rater reliability: two or more raters independently assess the same participants or data. If the raters agree on their assessments, then the measurement is considered to be reliable.
Norm Referenced Scores
Rank individuals in comparison to one another Compares individuals to others in a group who have previously taken the test (norming group) Results might state "person ranks in the 75 percentile" (they scored as well or better then 75% of people in the norming group)
What is an IEP & what does the process entail
Referral for Assessment The process usually starts when a teacher, school staff member, or parent/guardian identifies concerns about a student's academic or behavioral performance. The student is then referred for an educational assessment to determine if they have a disability that qualifies for special education services. Assessment and Evaluation A team of qualified professionals, including psychologists and special education teachers, assesses the student's abilities and needs. They conduct various tests and evaluations to understand the nature and extent of the student's disability. IEP Meeting If the assessment indicates that the student qualifies for special education services, an IEP meeting is scheduled. The meeting includes parents/guardians, teachers, special education staff, and sometimes the student (depending on their age and involvement). During this meeting, the team discusses assessment results, identifies educational goals, and determines the appropriate special education services and accommodations for the student. IEP Development The IEP team develops the student's IEP document, outlining the specific goals, services, and accommodations tailored to the student's needs. The IEP is a legally binding document that guides the student's educational program. Implementation and Monitoring Once the IEP is developed, the school implements the services and accommodations outlined in the plan. Progress is regularly monitored, and the IEP is reviewed and updated annually to ensure it remains relevant and effective for the student's evolving needs. Parental Involvement Parents/guardians are encouraged to actively participate in the IEP process. They have the right to provide input, ask questions, and collaborate with the school team to create an effective and supportive educational plan for their child.
Executive Function
Refers to a set of mental skills that help individuals manage, plan, organize and execute tasks. These cognitive processes enable people to regulate their bx, make decisions, solve problems, and achieve goals effectively. Essential for various activities in daily life such as focusing attention, controlling impulses, switching between tasks, and organizing thoughts
Intelligence
Refers to the ability to learn, reason, problem-solve, and adapt to the environment No singular definition of intelligence
General (g) Factor
Represents a person's overall cognitive functioning and influences performance on various intellectual tasks •i.e., if a person performs well on one type of cognitive task, they are likely to perform well on other types of cognitive tasks too.
Issues with Internet based Assessments
Researchers benefit from Internet-based assessment because o (a) they have access to large numbers of participants o (b) the costs associated with traditional assessment methods, such as publishing and distributing paper surveys, mailing materials to study participants, and data collection and entry, are eliminated o (c) the costs to develop, publish, and maintain web-based surveys are significantly lower. · Concerns about the reliability and validity of the data collected through the Internet remain, although previous research indicates no significant difference between traditional and Internet-based testing. · Another concern is that although many people have access to the Internet, not everyone does, which can be a confounding variable in a research study in terms of population sample. Questions regarding test security remain, and it is difficult to positively identify a person taking an online assessment if the test is not taken at a special site. ·Another issue involves providing feedback/results to participants— specifically, the inability to have human contact with a clinician/researcher while the participant is receiving and processing test results.
What are the factors affecting student achievement?
Rigor of the Curriculum The extent to which students take challenging, higher-level academic courses affects achievement test scores. Teacher Knowledge and Skills Students perform better on achievement tests when taught by teachers with appropriate training and education for the subject they are teaching. Teacher Experience and Attendance Research indicates that students learn more from teachers with experience than they do from novice teachers. Class Size Smaller class sizes (20 students or less) are associated with greater aca- demic achievement in students, especially for elementary school students and for students from low-income or diverse backgrounds. Technology Access to technology-assisted instruction increases academic achievement. School Safety Students perform better academically when they feel safe at school. Examples of out-of-school factors include the following: Low Birth Weight Birth weight affects development and can cause learning disabilities. Lead Poisoning Studies show that lead poisoning is related to learning disabilities, delayed development, and behavior problems. Hunger and Poor Nutrition Healthier students who eat a balanced diet tend to per- form better academically than those who do not. Reading to Young Children Children with parents who read to them at home tend to achieve at a higher level. Amount of TV Watching Watching six or more hours of television per day may con- tribute to poorer achievement test scores in children. Parental Involvement Parental Involvement with children is linked to higher academic achievement.
Imminent Risk
Significant risk of self harm/harm to others • What are warning signs for imminent risk? • Changes in job, marital status, giving away person items, settling affairs, drastic changes in mood and behavior, substance use, self-reporting
Simplification of Design
Simplification of design involves streamlining and making a design or process simpler and more straightforward.
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is the statistical measure that indicates the average amount of variation in a set of data Standard deviation of 10 indicates that on average, data points in the data set are 10 units away from the average value
Statutes & Regulations (ADA)
Statutes and Regulations o The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed by Congress and signed into law on July 26, 1990. The law was passed for the purpose of reducing discrimination and making everyday life more accessible to the over 43 million Americans who have some form of disability. The ADA defines a disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity. o The ADA states that an employment agency or labor organization shall not discriminate against individuals with a disability. This applies to job application procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, worker's compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. Employers cannot select and administer an employment test if a particular disability adversely affects an individual's performance on that test. o This means that to comply with the ADA, individuals with disabilities must be assessed using "reasonable accommodations," that is, appropriate changes and adjustments in test administration procedures. It is important to remember that when any modification is made to a standardized test, results should be interpreted cautiously, recognizing that modification can jeopardize validity. Examples of modifications include the following: § Extending testing time § Providing written materials in large print, Braille, or audiotape § Providing readers or sign language interpreters § Holding test administration in accessible locations § Using assistive devices
What can assessments be comprised of?
The gathering and integrating of psychological data for psychological evaluation using: o manualized tests o interviews o case studies o behavioral observation ospecific apparatuses and measurement procedures Any systemic procedure used to collect information in order to make inference or decisions about the characteristics of a person
What part of me brain is considered the central hub for executive functioning?
The prefrontal cortex, located at the front of the brain, is considered a central hub for executive functions
What legal mandate did the Civil Rights Act of 1991 put in place regarding assessments?
The test's validity must be significant in order to legally be used Outlaws discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, gender, pregnancy, or national origin. The original legislation created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which was charged with developing guidelines to regulate equal employment. In the 1970s, the EEOC developed strict guidelines involving the use of employment tests. The guidelines stated that all formal assessment instruments used for employment decisions that may adversely affect hiring, promotion, or other employment opportunities for classes protected by Title VII constitutes discrimination unless the test can demonstrate "a reasonable measure of job performance" (i.e., validity).
What do projective drawings assess for?
Underlying idea: projective drawings reflect the client's unconscious mind This tool can provide valuable information about a client's emotions, conflicts, relationships & self perception By analyzing the symbols, themes and artistic choices in the drawings one can gain a deeper understanding of their client's psychological state, personality traits, and underlying issues
Inferential Statistics
Used to make inferences about a large group of people (population)
Define & Identify the types of validity
VALIDITY: Refers to the accuracy of a measurement. If a measurement is not valid, it is not possible to know whether the results are actually measuring what they are intended to measure The measurement is actually measuring what it is intended to measure. Content validity: Ensuring that the items on a test or other measurement instrument are relevant to the construct that is being measured. Is the content valid? Criterion validity: comparing the results of a measurement instrument to the results of a known valid measure of the same construct. Face validity: a subjective assessment of whether a test or other measurement instrument appears, at face value, to measure what it is intended to measure Construct validity: collecting evidence that supports the theoretical underpinnings of a measurement instrument. Is the construct being measured valid?
Informed Consent
Voluntary agreement to participate in research or treatment after receiving comprehensive information about the procedures, risks, and benefits.
What is the criticism for standardized tests in diverse populations?
What Does It Mean to be Culturally Competent in Mental Health Assessments? · Awareness of diversity within the lived human experience · A non-judgmental and open perspective of the other · Self-assessment of inherent prejudices and biases · Culture-specific knowledge and skill sets For individuals from diverse backgrounds, it is often the homogenized and Westernized diagnostic and assessment criteria and clinical treatment teams that create limitations to the characterizations of distress and the subsequent appropriate treatment methods. In order to combat that, clinicians should: · Cultivate an open-minded lens in which to view individuals seeking mental health care · Use self-reflection and evaluation to examine personal biases and prejudices, which inevitably will arise as a clinician · Challenge ethnocentrism as a mechanism to adopt a non-judgmental approach to working with individuals from varying ethno-cultural backgrounds ·Adopt an overall awareness into the diversity of lived experiences by individuals and groups worldwide
Needs Assessments
a formal process of gathering information from a range of sources about their perceptions of the needs of the student population this determines the needs or desired outcomes identifies the priorities of the school's counseling program
Person-in Environment Fit Theory
emphasis on the need for congruence between the client's needs, capabilities, aspirations and the environmental demands, resources, and response opportunities
Specific Learning Disability (SLD)
is a neurological disorder that severely impairs a child's ability to learn or demonstrate skills in the following: Oral expression, listening comprehension, written expression, basic reading skill, reading comprehension, mathematical calculation, and mathematical reasoning
That are the two primary tenants used to combat measurement bias?
o Accessibility: Extent to which all people are given an equal chance to demonstrate their abilities or levels of functioning during an assessment procedure o Universal Design: Purposeful design intended to maximize the accessibility for the group intended to take the assessment - Includes the consideration by the designer of any impediments to accessibility · An assessment has measurement bias if individuals with the same ability perform differently due to connections to a specific group
Historical Criticism of Assessments
o Assessment is an invasion of privacy. o There is too much reliance on test scores for decision making, without enough consideration for an individual's background history. o Tests are biased; they are unfair and discriminate against diverse groups. o Tests may be self-incriminating, and individuals should have the right to rebuttal. o Intelligence tests are not measuring the right constructs. o We cannot rely on grades and diplomas; we must have demonstration of competencies on objective tests. o Multiple-choice tests need to be replaced by authentic and performance assessment. oThere is too much pressure on students, teachers, and parents because of high stakes testing. · Controversy can drive changes in practice. As such, counselors should maintain awareness of legal and ethical guidelines related to the assessment process and should be certain to apply those guidelines to their practice.
How do clinicians demonstrate test competence?
o Knowledge and practice of therapy relevant to the testing context and specialty o Must understand testing theory, techniques of test construction, and test reliability and validity o Must know sampling techniques, norms, descriptive, correlational, and predictive statistics o Must review, select, and administer appropriate tests in the correct context o Must have skill in administration of tests and interpretation of test scores o Must have knowledge of impact of diversity on testing accuracy oKnowledge and skill in the professionally responsible use of assessment and evaluation
What is the difference between priveledge and marginalization?
o Privilege: A group of people having advantages over another group o Marginalization: A population is "othered" and treated as less-than · Attention to diversity in populations means: o Race o Ethnicity o Culture o Language o Age o Gender o Sexual orientation o Religion oAbility
Universal Design
purposeful test design aimed at maximizing accessibility for the population of intended test takers. The process of universal design involves a test developer giving consideration to the various processes that may impede access to a test and attempt- ing to minimize any challenges that may be related to those processes Test developers must put themselves in the shoes of test takers and imagine the various facets of a test that might unnecessarily block performance. When some aspect of an assessment instrument does not allow for accessibility or is not designed for universal access, the instrument is viewed as being biased.
Raw Score
represent the total number of correct responses or points obtained on an assessment
Descriptive Statistics
used to describe and summarize large amounts of data in a clear and understandable way
Define & Identify the Uses of the Marriage Satisfaction Inventory Revised
· A Marriage Satisfaction Inventory is a psychological assessment tool designed to measure various aspects of marital satisfaction or relationship quality. Uses: o Clinical Assessment: Marriage satisfaction inventories are often used by therapists and counselors as part of the clinical assessment process to evaluate the strengths and challenges within a marital relationship. o Research: Researchers in the field of psychology may use marriage satisfaction inventories to gather data on relationship dynamics, marital quality, and factors influencing relationship satisfaction. o Intervention Planning: Therapists may use the results of such inventories to inform intervention strategies and treatment planning for couples seeking relationship therapy. oPre-marital Counseling: Some marriage satisfaction inventories are used in pre-marital counseling to assess the compatibility and potential challenges within a couple's relationship before marriage.
What legal mandate did the Americans of Disabilities Act of 1990 put in place regarding assessments?
· Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 oAssessments must be conducted with reasonable accommodations made so that the individual is being assessed to the best of their capacity
What are the status categories on the mental status exam?
· Appearance · Behavior/Psychomotor activity · Attitude Toward Examiner · Affect and Mood · Perceptual Disturbances · Thought · Orientation · Memory · Concentration and Attention · Information and Intelligence · Judgement and Insight · Reliability
In-text APA reference citations
· Author-Date Format: The author's last name and the publication date are placed in parentheses. Example: (Smith, 2020) · If the author's name is part of the sentence, only the publication date is in parentheses. Example: Smith (2020) found that... Multiple Authors: · For two authors, use an ampersand (&) in parentheses. Example: (Smith & Johnson, 2020) · For three or more authors, use the first author's name followed by "et al." (no italics). Example: (Smith et al., 2020) · No Author: Use the first few words of the reference (usually the title) in quotation marks Example: ("Title of the Article," 2020) Page Numbers: · Include page numbers for direct quotes or specific sections of a source. Example: (Smith, 2020, p. 45) Group Authors: ·If the author is a group or organization, use the full name in the first citation and the acronym or an abbreviated form in subsequent citations. Example: (National Institute of Health [NIH], 2020) or (NIH, 2020)
What are the various kinds of ways to structure clinical interviews?
· Clinical or diagnostic interview · Structured, semi-structured, unstructured interviews Clinically assess presenting problems: o Onset/course: when did it begin? Was there a time when it was better or worse or did not exist? o Severity: does it interfere with daily life/work/relationships? Does it cause distress oStressor: was there an external event that precipitated the problem?
What should be included in post-assessment debriefing?
· Debriefing: When assessments are done in research, i.e., a sample population is given the Becks Depression Inventory, then: o Restate purpose of the research. o Explain how the results will be used (usually emphasize that the interest is in the group findings) o Reiterate that findings will be treated confidentially. o Answer all the respondents' questions fully Knowledge of results o Must fully disclose test results in understandable language oAvoid using theoretical constructs and psychological technical terms
Name the Subcategories of the Marriage Satisfaction Inventory Revised
· Global Distress · Affective Communication · Problem-Solving Communication · Aggression · Time Together · Disagreement About Finances · Sexual Dissatisfaction · Role Orientation · Family History of Distress · Dissatisfaction with Children · Conflict Over Child Rearing
What is the most common clinical assessment method used to assess suicidality / imminent risk?
· Intent: does the client intend to kill themselves? · Plan: does the client have a plan? · Means: does the client have the means to carry out the plan? ·Family history/mental illness: does the client have a family Hx of mental illness and suicide?
What does a collateral source include?
· Methods o Interviews: meetings that can range in structure and design o Tests: instruments designed to measure specific attributes o Observations: method that includes watching and recording behavior in particular environments · Sources o Client is the primary source o Collateral sources: other sources of information i.e., parents, professionals, records § Personal sources (spouses/partners, parents, other family members) § Professional sources (teachers, other school personnel, MH & medical professionals) §Records (MH, school, medical, social services, court, military, criminal history)
The Function of Observational Assessments
· Observation involves monitoring actions/ behaviors within the specific context · Can be informal (you the clinician's observation) or formal (rating scales of observation such as the Child Behavior ·Can help establish baseline and effective vs. non effective treatment
What is the difference between a positive & negative correlation?
· Positive Correlation (++) : A positive correlation exists when an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable. In other words, as one variable goes up, the other variable also tends to go up. Data points tend to form an upward-sloping line. Both variables move in the same direction. ·Negative Correlation (+ -) : A negative correlation occurs when an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable. In this case, as one variable goes up, the other variable tends to go down. Downward-sloping line. Variables move in opposite directions.
What are the three guidelines for assessments?
· Standards for Assessments: Promotes sound ethical decision-making in assessments · Guidelines are: o Foundations: standards on validity, reliability/precision, and errors of measurements, and fairness in testing o Operations: related to test design, development, scores, scales, norms, score linking, cut scores, test administration, scoring reports, administration, documentation for the test, rights and responsibilities of test takers, and rights and responsibilities of test users oTesting Applications: overview of various kinds of assessments, the purpose of them in policy studies and accountability
Define & Identify the use of the FAM-III
· The FAM-III, or Family Assessment Measure-III, is a self-report assessment of family functioning. · Provides a multi rater and multigenerational (within the family) assessment of functioning across six universal clinical parameters and two validity scales. · Consists of three forms: 1) The General Scale assesses overall family health and is completed by all family members. 2) The Dyadic Relationship Scale examines how a family member views his or her relationship with another family member. o Each family member completes a separate Dyadic Relationship Scale for each other family member. 3) The Self-Rating Scale allows each person to rate his or her own functioning within the family. o The FAM-III can be completed by family members from 10 - adult. o 20 minutes per scale to complete, for a total of 60 minutes. o Used to assess family functioning in a variety of settings, including mental health clinics, schools, and social service agencies. It can be used for screening, diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring progress. o It provides a comprehensive overview of family functioning o It can be used to assess families from a variety of backgrounds and cultures. o It is a reliable and valid instrument. o It is easy to use and interpret. o It can be used in a variety of settings.
What are the four purposes of an assessment?
· The purpose of an assessment is to answer specific questions related to an individual's intellectual or some combination of these domains o Screening o Identification and diagnosis o Progress and outcome evaluation oIntervention planning
What does the clinical range of a diagnostic assessment mean?
· The range of scores that align with a sample of people with the same psychological symptoms ·Something is outside the range (do not meet) vs. in the clinical range (does meet criteria)
What do Students need to do to be placed into a gifted program?
•State policy dictate giftedness definition; however; U.S. federal government has a unified statement "No child left behind act 2001" •Two phase processes: •Screen for giftedness where they must meet or exceed the minimum cutoff scores as defined by state law (has to meet cutoff scores to continue) •Identification phase where further assessments are conducted in these areas: •Cognitive ability •Academic ability •Creative thinking •Visual or performing arts ability
