PSYC 107 - Chapter 8

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________

explicit memory

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory

what the word chocolate means

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness

Consolidation is storing new memories for access when needed.

False (storage)

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

The primacy effect refers to memory for important items on a list.

False (beginning items on a list)

The episodic buffer holds auditory information in working memory

False (holds memories, phonological loop stores auditory info)

Removing the hippocampi from both sides of Molaisan's brain eliminated all his previous memories.

False (kept previous memories, couldn't make new ones)

Explicit memory refers to memory information that should be ignored.

False (memories we are conscious of recalling)

There are two types of explicit memory: declarative and non-declarative.

False (semantic and episodic)

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

Stroop effect

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory

A memory is a biological representation in our brain.

True

Automatic encoding is a primary source of episodic memories.

True

Episodic memories are personal and autobiographical.

True

Henry Molaison's initials are HM.

True

Implicit memory is memory we are not aware of.

True

Long-term potentiation occurs when synaptic connections between neurons strengthen.

True

Rehearsal is a control process that prevents information in working memory from being lost.

True

Sensory memory holds the initial input of information from the environment into the brain.

True

Short-term memory is the same memory system as working memory.

True

Sleep plays an important role during consolidation.

True

Some information in working memory can be transferred into long-term memory.

True

The Serial Position Curve refers to the results of a memory task for learning a list of items.

True

The recency effect occurs because of items still in short term memory.

True

The visuospatial sketchpad holds visual information in working memory.

True

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding

acoustic

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds

acoustic

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia

anterograde

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system

bias

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________

chunking

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place

encoding failure

Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect?

encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

equipotentiality hypothesis

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

flashbulb

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

flashbulb memory

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where

forgetting

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias

hindsight

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory

how to use the phone

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory

implicit

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory

long-term

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________

misinformation effect paradigm

Engram refers to the ________

physical trace of a memory

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer

recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________

rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system

relearning

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________

retrieval

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information

retrograde; anterograde

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding

semantic

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory

transience

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding

visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images

visual

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory

your first day of school