psyc 2310: chapter 11

what factors contribute to in-group favouritism?

-self interest- in group people favour us back -when group norms are salient and people identify heavily in their group -social dominance orientation

what are the 2 dimension of stereotypes

1. competence 2. worth

what kind of sexism are the following? 1.Women exaggerate problems they have at work. 2.Most women fail to appreciate all that men do for them. 3.Women should be cherished and protected by men. 4.Many women have a quality of purity that few men possess. 5.Every man ought to have a woman whom he adores.

1. hostile 2.hostile 3.benevolent 4.benevolent 5. benevolent

what are the 5 cognitive biases?

1. illusory correlation 2. ultimate attribution error 3. contrast effect 4. perceptual confirmation 5. confirmation bias

the classification of people into groups has 2 consequences that contribute to stereotyping:

1. out-group homogeneity 2. in group favouritism

According to your textbook, children show signs of gender stereotyping as early as age ___________.

3

In-group favoritism may be especially likely to occur under when: 1) the group is extremely large with many members 2) a person scores low in social dominance orientation 3) a person heavily identifies with the group 4) the situation produces salient group norms

3 and 4

what was the main discrimination event in Canadian history?

Aboriginal assimilation

what WAY IN WHICH SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS CAN HELP OVERCOME PREJUDICE is this: Rosalina was surprised to learn that she responded differently to photographs of other Latinos than she did to photos of Blacks. She now makes a conscious effort to respond in a similar way to people of all ethnicities.

Be motivated to avoid using stereotypes

what perspective on whether stereotypes is inevitable is this: Jean-François's new co-worker, Mary Jean, is from Calgary. Jean-François had assumed that people from Alberta are all socially conservative and politically right wing, and thus is surprised to learn that Mary Jean is liberal and a supporter of the Green Party. Jean-François now sees Mary Jean as an odd exception, and continues to believe that, in general, people from Alberta are socially conservative.

Disconfirming evidence is ignored

men are the ones ones to participate in benevolent sexism

F

hostile and benevolent sexism only occurs in some cultures

F- all

what WAY IN WHICH SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS CAN HELP OVERCOME PREJUDICE is this : Angela, a Methodist, thought of Jewish people as being very different from herself. But after reading Anne Frank's diary in school, she learned that Jewish girls shared many of her same hopes and fears.

Provide training and education

what consequence leading to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination is this: Dr. Denstedt gets quite down when she thinks about her salary being somewhat lower than the salary of her male counterparts.

Reduced psychological well-being

what consequence leading to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination is this: Jane works in human resources and knows about the pervasiveness of prejudice through a psychology course she took in university. If there's a candidate from a visible minority for a job opening, she's likely to overlook minor errors in the application form and offer the person the job. She justifies this by thinking that the candidate must have had to overcome more obstacles as a member of a visible minority.

Reverse discrimination

what consequence leading to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination is this:Professor Garnaut believes that athletes are less intelligent than other students. He therefore avoids calling on athletes in class, and uses more simplistic examples when discussing course material with athletes during office hours. As the athletes become aware of his attitude, they expect they'll do poorly in his class and therefore make less effort—they "know" it's not worth it. Professor Garnaut's views about athletes' intelligence are confirmed when these students do poorly on the final exam.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

what consequence leading to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination is this: Deepa is the only female student taking her engineering exam in a room with 10 male students. She feels quite nervous because she feels out of place being the only woman in the room and is disappointed when she receives a very low score on the exam—she had performed at a much higher level on her practice tests.

Stereotype threat

what perspective on whether stereotypes is inevitable is this: Yu Peng is reading a newspaper article about a woman who's on welfare. She immediately assumes the woman is Black, and is surprised to later read that she's White.

Stereotypes are activated automatically

what perspective on whether stereotypes is inevitable is this: Jimmy is working late and is very tired. When evaluating a set of job applications, he rates the male applicants as more qualified than the female applicants, although their overall qualifications are virtually identical.

Stereotypes are hard to suppress

what perspective on whether stereotypes is inevitable is this: Mohammed and Yasmeen are trying to get a sales clerk's attention at a department store. They notice that the clerk helps other people who haven't been waiting as long as they have before she finally helps them.

Subtle discrimination persists

what consequence leading to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination is this: When Pieta learns that her new roommate is Asian Canadian, she's disappointed. She was hoping for a sociable, outgoing roommate. She consoles herself a bit when she realizes that her new roommate will at least serve as a good role model for studying more.

The hazards of positive stereotypes

metastereotype

a person's beliefs about the stereotypes that outgroup members hold about the person's own group

Overestimating the relation between homosexuality and child molestation is an example of _____________.

an illusory correlation

Research shows that threatening someone's self-esteem may result in _______________.

an increase in the tendency to stereotype

what factor leading to stereotyping and prejudice is this: Samantha is interested in knowing whether her new roommate, Amir, holds prejudiced beliefs about homosexuals. Instead of asking her roommate about this, Samantha observes Amir's behaviour when she introduces him to her gay friend.

assessing prejudice

Canadians are viewed by others as polite people. You are a Canadian and you share this view. For you, this view is a(n) ________.

auto-stereotype

people who are primed with ____ faces are more likely to perceive tools as guns

black

what factor leading to stereotyping and prejudice is this: Sierra volunteers at a local senior citizens centre one afternoon a week. In this role, she insists on carrying groceries for Mr. Maglione, even after he insisted he was perfectly capable of carrying the groceries himself. Sierra sees Mr. Maglione's white hair and wrinkled skin, and assumes that he must need assistance.

cognitive bias

____ cultures have higher in group favouritism

collectivistic

enthocentlrism and sexism was more prevalent in ____ cultures

collectivistic

One strategy for helping people in different groups adopt a common group identity is to have members of both groups pursue _____________.

common goals

You believe all Asian students are good at math. As a result, you take special notice of the Asian people in your statistics class and observe that they always seem to be able to answer all of the professor's questions. Your tendency to search for information that supports your view is defined as ___________.

confirmation bias

tendency to search for information that supports one's initial view

confirmation bias

explicit self esteem

defined as self-esteem that one has expressed about oneself

behaviour directed against individuals because of their membership in a certain group

discrimination

what study did elementary school, teacher Jane elliot create?

divided class into blue vs brown eyed and observed negative outcomes reflected in the out-group

what are ways to reduce prejudice ?

education and training- taking another person's perspective, learning about the person and statistical reasoning, increase self awareness, egalitarian goals, motivated to eb accurate

hostile sexism

feelings of hostility toward women based on their threat to men's power

what brain area is associated with social categorization and stereotyping?

frontal cortex (MPC)

people ___ in social dominance orientation are ____ likely to engage in in-group favouritism

high; more

benevolent sexism

holding positive, but patronizing views of women

What are two types of sexism that people hold towards women?

hostile and benevolent

prejudice

hostile or negative feelings about people based on their membership in a certain group

when is taking perspective of an outgrip member more effective

if the perspective-taking is targeted at an emotional rather than a cognitive level

both homosexuality and child molestation are therefore more distinctive behaviours, people often see them as going together more frequently than they actually do

illusory correlation

tendency to overestimate the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

illusory correlation

what types of people are seen as high in competence and warmth?

in group members, students, white, middle class

people evaluate their in-group more positively than their out group

in-group favouritism

___ cultures think that weight gain is controllable and have negative stereotypes on obese people

individualistic

why do people hold negative beliefs about out group members?

less exposure

people who belong to _____ status groups are seen as incompetent but warm

low

people who belong to very low status groups are seen as ______ in competence and ____ in warmth

low; low

are stereotypes about 'Blacks' the same in canada and the US?

no

implicit self esteem

one's evaluation of oneself that may exist largely outside of one's awareness

peoples tendency to see outgrip members as very similar to each other and seeing in- group members as more diverse

outgroup homogeneity effect

cross-ethnic identification bias

people tend to see outgroup members as looking very similar to one another, and they show greater accuracy for recognizing in-group members than outgroup members

shifting standards model

people within a group are more often compared to others within that group than to people in other group

rejection identification model

perceiving prejudice and discrimination negatively impacts psychological well-being. People who interpret others' negative behaviour toward them as prejudice experience depression, sadness, and helplessness

tendency to see things in line with one's expectations

perceptual confirmation

social dominance orientation

personality variable that shows preference for maintaining hierarchy both within groups and between groups

People in disadvantaged groups experience a negative impact on their well-being when they perceive prejudice and discrimination against themselves, a phenomenon known as:

rejection-identification

when people show preferential treatment to those in stereotyped groups

reverse discrimination

ways that psychologists measure prejudice

self report measures, 2 covert measures

self report measures vs covert measures

self report;direct, cost effective, quick- rating scales covert- indirect measures - bogus pipeline (fake lie detector test), implicit association test (IAT)

f you believe that football players are dumb, when you encounter one who gets an A on an exam, you may see him as even smarter than another student with the same grade

shifting standards model

what factor leading to stereotyping and prejudice is this:Yvette just joined a sorority and is having fun getting to know the other members. She feels very glad to have joined, and although it includes a wide range of women with different interests, she's starting to see them as a group, and herself as one of them.

social categorization

what factor leading to stereotyping and prejudice is this: Jimmy is in grade two and has a good friend named Isabella. After Jimmy is ridiculed by children on his bus for liking a girl, he refuses to play with Isabella anymore.

social learning

when does outgroup homogeneity effect occur in ones lifetime? Are you born with it?

starts at a very young age- it is learned

a belief that associates a whole group of people with a certain trait

stereotype

auto-sterotype

stereotype a person holds about their on group

____________ refers to an apprehension that people feel when they believe they may behave in a manner that confirms an existing cultural stereotype, which then disrupts performance.

stereotype threat

when minority group members that they may behave in a manner that confirms existing cultural stereotypes

stereotype threat

heterostereotype

stereotypes about other groups

the maintenance of prior beliefs by creating separate categories for people who disconfirm these stereotypes

subcategorization

social categorization

tendency to quickly classify people into groups on the basis of common attributes - in groups vs out groups

self fulfilling prophecy

tendency to seek , interpret and create information that verifies our own beliefs

racial democracy theory, is it accurate?

the degree of racial tension that has been evident in the United States has been largely absent in Latin American societies and that, by extension, people from these societies are less prejudiced -results contradicted the thesis of racial democracy and suggested that Latin America may not be nearly as egalitarian as the theory suggests

Joseph views all students at his rival high school as snobby and stuck-up while he views students at his own school as a diverse and distinct group of individuals. This example illustrates ____________.

the out-group homogeneity effect

A model that posits that people within a group are more often compared to others within that group rather than to people in other groups is referred to as ____________.

the shifting standards model

A cognitive bias in which people make different attributions for success and failure for in-group versus out-group members is defined as ____________.

the ultimate attribution error

People in collectivist cultures are less likely than those in individualistic cultures to engage in ____________.

the ultimate attribution error

peoples tendency to make different attributions for success and failure depending on whether the individual is part of their in- group or out-group

ultimate attribution error

are stereotypes activated consciously or unconsciously ?

unconsciously / automatically

aversive prejudice

unprejudiced beliefs about a group while at the same time having unconscious negative attitudes toward the group

people who belong to a high status group are seen as ______ competent and not very _____

very ; warm

when do people show discriminatory and prejudice behaviour?

when they feel bad about themselves - low self esteem social learning

students whose female identity was made salient to them preformed ______ on a math test. And when asian identity was made salient they performed ____ on a math test

worse; better