Psyc 2600 UVA - Missed questions from exams

Stages of relationship dissolution (duck)

1. Breakdown (initial fight) 2.Intrapersonal/intrapsychic phase (brooding on negative emotions/situations during relationship) 3. Dyadic Phase (communication of dissatisfaction) 4. Social Phase (involve others) 5. Grave-Dressing phrase(They realize they need to break up)

External validity relates to...

D. the generalizability of a study's findings: Will the findings emerge in different situations and among different groups of people?

According to a recent study by Barreda-Tarrazona et al. (2017), after repeated trials of a prisoner's dilemma game with the same partner, participants who were strongly altruistic (a personality trait) were more cooperative than participants who were high in reasoning ability (a cognitive skill). True or False

False

Social psychologists have identified two motives that are of primary importance in explaining our thoughts and behaviors: the need to ________ and the need to ________.

Feel good about our selves and Be accurate

perceptual salience

Having the feeling of being in someone else's shoes

display rules

How and when a culture displays emotions (アメリカvs日本)

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

group norms

Shared guidelines or rules for behavior that most group members follow

Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment

The baby with the rat and the clang sound

Rudimentary Self-Concept

The concept of self, and the features you associate with yourself

IAT

The implicit-association test (IAT) is a measure within social psychology designed to detect the strength of a person's subconscious association between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory. It is commonly applied to assess implicit stereotypes held by test subjects, such as unconsciously associating stereotypically black names with words consistent with black stereotypes

Prisoner's Dilemma

The prisoner's dilemma is a paradox in decision analysis in which two individuals acting in their own self-interests do not produce the optimal outcome. The typical prisoner's dilemma is set up in such a way that both parties choose to protect themselves at the expense of the other participant

When men treat women as more beautiful over the phone, they behave more positively. "what is beautiful is good". What is this an example of?

The self-fulfilling prophecy. the women are treated to be beautiful, and therefore think of themselves more that way and begin to act more like that

self-perception theory

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

A statistical result of an experiment that has a p value of .03 means:

There was a 3% chance that the independent variable did not cause the dependent variable. and The finding is significant.

Central route to persuasion

When someone is persuaded by soley the argument.

Peripheral route to persuasion

When someone is persuaded by things other than the person's argument

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

integrative solution

a solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues, with each side conceding the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side

covariation model

a theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether the behavior occurs

affectively based attitude

an attitude based more on people's feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude object

cognitively based attitude

an attitude based primarily on people's beliefs about the properties of an attitude object

door-in-the-face technique

asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment (can you do x? no. well, can you at least do y? yes.)

The participant right of informed consent is most closely related to the value of:

autonomy- doing things on your own

groupthink (link) https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/what-is-groupthink-definition-causes-remedies.html

https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/what-is-groupthink-definition-causes-remedies.html

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

pluralistic ignorance

is a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they assume, incorrectly, that most others accept it.

____Gestalt psychologist and the father of modern experimental social psychology, once said "There is nothing so practical as a good theory."

kurt lewin

attitude inoculation

making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position. Say something WEAK that counters your argument, then state your argument strongly.

counterfactual thinking

mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been. THinking it could have been better if you had just done one thing. Think silver medalist!

In a speed-dating study by Finkel and Eastwick (2009) it was shown that when women were responsible for rotating from one "date" to another , they were __________.

more likely to report more chemistry with their partners and were less picky compared to women who remained seated while the men rotated from one "date" to another.

Milgram Experiment

obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors. Studied how obedient people are and how far we are willing to go just to be obedient

The IRB exists to protect the _______ first and foremost.

participants

Theory of Planned Behavior

the idea that **people's intentions** are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

reactance theory

the idea that when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behavior is threatened, an unpleasant state of resistance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the prohibited behavior

fundemental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition Take something out of context

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

false uniqueness effect

the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors

tit-for-tat strategy

A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial

Imagine that both Vera and Carol are against affirmative action. Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the benefits of affirmative action, whereas Carol is offered only $1 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly negative at the outset and given the research on counterattitudinal advocacy, which of the following results would you expect? A. Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action. B. Carol and Vera would be equally favorable toward affirmative action. C. Vera would be more favorable than Carol toward affirmative action. D. Both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action.

A. Carol would be more favorable. This is because she got paid little to write a lot AGAINST the argument, and didn't feel that it was 'worth it'

Random selection involves

A. Ensuring that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for participation in your study

Darwin believed that there are primary emotions universally conveyed by the face. Research suggests that it seems to be true, for the most part, for six major emotional expressions. What are those emotions? A. Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Anger, Disgust, Surprise B. Love, Hate, Happiness, Sadness, Pride, Shame C. Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Anger, Empathy, Trust D. Love, Hate, Happiness, Sadness, Admiration, Contempt

A. Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Anger, Disgust, Surprise

Results from a recent fMRI study replicated Asch's line judgment study. The results of the fMRI suggest that when participants judged rotated figures and stated a correct answer when the others around them unanimously stated an incorrect answer, the area of the brain that was active was the __________.

A. amygdala, which is associated with negative emotions

According to Fielder's contingency model of leadership, a leader should try to change the situation to match her/his/their leadership style rather than attempt to change her/his/their leadership style to match the situation. Why?

A. in times of crisis or stress, leaders usually revert back to their dominant leadership style.

All of the following are examples of normative social influence except: A. All of Karen's friends order a drink called an "americano" at their favorite coffee shop, so Karen orders one too so that her friends will think that she's part of the group. B. Karen doesn't drink much coffee, but when she visits a coffee shop; with her friends, all of them order a drink called an "americano," so Karen orders one too, figuring that an "americano" is probably pretty tasty if it's what all of her friends order C. All of Karen's university friends wear turtlenecks; Karen doesn't particularly like turtlenecks, but she adds them to her wardrobe with them in order to fit in. D. Karen likes Pepsi, but all of her friends drink Coke, so Karen switches to drinking Coke in order to avoid being the "odd person out."

B.

Which of the following is NOT true about Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's obedience study? A. There were no significant gender differences. B. Participants obeyed significantly less than Milgram's participants did. C. The shock was administered up to 150 volts, as opposed to Milgram's 450 volts. D. Non-obedient confederates did not affect participants' degree of obedience.

B. Participants obeyed significantly less than Milgram's participants did.

In studies like Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) work on the self-fulfilling prophecy, teachers have been found to treat students labeled as "bloomers" and "nonbloomers" differently. Which of the following describes the outcome of these labels? A. Non-bloomers were given more challenging opportunities compared to bloomers. B. Bloomers were given more challenging opportunities compared to the non-bloomers. C. Non-bloomers were given more negative feedback than bloomers. D. None of the above. E. B & C

B. Bloomers were given more challenging opportunities compared to the non-bloomers.

According to psychological research, which of the following factors is NOT associated with increased prosocial behavior? A. Living in one place for a long period of time B. Growing up in small, rural towns C. Culture of simpatía D. Being the only bystander

B. Growing up in small, rural towns

According to lecture, Milgram's obedience study was ...

B. Low in mundane realism, high in experimental realism, and high in psychological realism.

Personal observation and intuition can play an important role in social psychology, but what roles can personal observation/intuition NOT serve?

B. Serving as empirical evidence

Yale Attitude Change Approach

B. The source; the nature of the communication; the nature of the audience

Recall that when Solomon Asch (1955) conducted an experiment in which six confederates gave the wrong judgment about the lengths of lines and in which a seventh confederate gave the correct judgment, participants' normative conformity dropped drastically. These findings support the importance of __________ in creating conformity.

B. a unanimous group

According to Irving Janis (1972, 1982), groupthink occurs when groups value __________ over __________. A. safety; accuracy B. cohesiveness and solidarity; a realistic consideration of the facts C. as many alternatives as possible; a common goal D. strong leadership; weak leadership

B. cohesiveness and solidarity; a realistic consideration of the facts

According to Nisbett (1993), a(n) __________ is characteristic of regions where inhabitants evolved from herding societies, and thus __________.

B. culture of honor; some forms of aggression are more common

Employees of a struggling local gym are overworked and underpaid, and are being asked to generate creative ideas for how to increase membership. According to Fielder's contingency model of leadership, who will be the most effective leader of these employees?

C. Kayla, a task-oriented leader who has doesn't have the authority to give bonuses for good ideas.

In Miyamoto et al. (2006) described in Chapter 3, researchers had participants view either Japanese city scenes or American city scenes. Which of the following statements is NOT true about this research? A. American participants who were primed with Japanese scenes were more likely to detect changes in the background than in the foreground B. Japanese scenes contained more information and objects than American scenes C. Regardless of the type of scenes they were primed with, Japanese participants were more likely to detect changes in the background than in the foreground D. Japanese participants who were primed with American scenes were more likely to detect changes in the foreground than in the background

C. Regardless of the type of scenes they were primed with, Japanese participants were more likely to detect changes in the background than in the foreground

According to research presented in the text (Baron et al., 1996), participants were asked to select perpetrators after a lineup in conditions of high ambiguity; the perpetrator wore different clothing in the lineup than in the original photo, and the slides were shown very quickly. Recall also that some participants were told that the task was one that was being designed for use by the police department and were offered $20 if they were the most accurate, while others were told that it was just a laboratory task under development. This study demonstrated that __________.

C. the more important it was to the participants to be accurate, the more they conformed to other group members' answers. When situations are ambig and we have to be right, we tend to conform more

In a 2017 study, a computer scientist and an artificial intelligence specialist fed around 840 billion words - from tweets, the US Declaration of Independence, Reddit threads, and many other sources—into a purely statistical machine-learning model and asked it to create clusters of related words based on linguistic patterns it found. The purpose of this study was:

C. to see if the clusters formed by the model were similar to common implicit biases shown by humans.

Naturalistic observation would include which of the following?

D. A researcher goes to a casino and records gambling decisions from a distance to understand how people behave in the face of risk and uncertainty

Your friend asked you to look at a number of dating profiles to help him try to spot any deceptive profiles before he makes contact. Based on research presented in this chapter, which of the following would be a red flag? A. Sam writes a lot about himself using "I" and "me." B. Will writes about himself and his recent visits to extravagant restaurants. C. Pat describes himself as "a globe trotter." D. Chris has a really short description of himself.

D. Chris has a really short description of himself.

According to Sternberg, the three components of love are:

D. Passion, intimacy, and commitment

Kate is standing in the seventh position of a line of ten carts at a busy grocery store. Paula is standing in the third position of that same line. Tina cuts into the second position in the line. Who is likely to be more aggressive and angry in response to Tina's cutting, and why?

D. Paula, because she is closer to her goal (checking out) than Kate was Note: This is probably because she had already been waiting for a while, and was prepared to go sooner. Maybe also felt that she 'paid her time' and now she was to receive her 'reward'

foot-in-the-door technique

Makes someone agree to a bigger task by making them agree to a smaller task first

Research on gender differences in aggression suggests that _______ are more likely to commit acts of extreme violent aggression (e.g., murder) whereas _______ are more likely to engage in relational aggression (e.g., manipulating a friend). Options: -men, women -women, men - none

Men, women think of men fighting for mates, women being petty? idk

The ________ is a research method that social psychologists use to study cooperation. A lesson that research studies have learned from this method is that ________ increases cooperation.

Prisoner's dilemma, changing group norms

Researchers systematically varied the quality of persuasive communications that advocated comprehensive exams for college students, and also varied the prestige of the communicator. Further, some student participants were led to believe that such academic reforms might be carried out in the near future, whereas others were led to believe that such reforms wouldn't occur until long after they had already graduated. The results of this study indicated that when students were not involved in an issue, their opinions were influenced more by the __________ than by the __________.

Quality of the arguments, credibility of the speaker.

group cohesiveness

qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members

The glass cliff

situation that women confront in which their leadership position is precarious (dangerous, unstable)

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Group polarization

tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group