Psyc 312 Test 2

generational dissonance

Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.

Advantages of being a part of a crowd

Learn how to interact(social skills), learn and practice social skills, how to form and break up relationships, what's accepted and what's not, etc.

Divided Attention

multitasking Pay attention to two sets of stimuli at the same time

Selective Attention

-Focus on one stimulus and tune out another (Shadowing tasks) -Increase in intentional learning, decrease in incidental learning

3 Subtypes of rejected children

-Rejected Aggressive -Rejected withdrawn -Aggressive withdrawn

Baumrind 7 Dimensions of Parenting

1. Punitiveness 2. Love Withdrawal 3. Encourages 4. Demandingness 5 Autonomy 6. High Power 7. Firm Control

Myelin

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

More

Adolescents growing up in step-families, especially if the remarriage occurs during early adolescence rather than childhood, often have (more/less) problems than their peers.

Increase

Authoritarian parents _____ control as children move into adolescence. But kids rebel because they are trying to establish independence.

Relax

Authoritative parents tend to _____ control as children move into adolescence

Midlife Crisis

Because parents typically have their first child around age 30, most parents are in their early 40s when their first child hits early adolescence. This age can be a potentially difficult time for many adults, whether they have children or not. This is a time categorized as a ____ ____.

Indulgent Parents

Behave in an accepting, benign, and somewhat more passive way -places fewer demands on child's behaviour, more invested in making child happy -less mature and responsible and more conforming to their peers since the parents let you do whatever you want -responsiveness, but low demandingness -demand very little, giving the child a high degree of freedom to act as they wish

Authoritative Parents

Clear standards that are explained. Firm enforcement Encourage independence and individuality Encourage open communication Live by principles, and children learn by observing. Proactive Remind kids of the rules in new situations which can pre-empt bad behavior

Middle

Crowds peak during (early/late/middle) adolescence.

Baumrind

Developed the Four Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Rejecting-neglecting

Aggressive-withdrawn children

Fairly rare Often victims of abuse, etc.

Metacognition (2)

Knowledge about the Task Task analysis, comprehension of task demands, etc (step by step to efficiency) Knowledge about Strategies (what and when)‏ Production deficiency vs. Control deficiencies Writing vs highlighting

Indifferent Parents

Minimize the time and energy they devote to interacting with their child -kids don't get much attention from parents, more impulsive and involved in delinquent behaviours -neither responsive nor demanding -the parents know little about their child's activities and whereabouts, show little interest in their child's experiences at school or with friends, rarely converse with the child, and rarely consider the child's opinion

Metacognition (3)

Monitoring Cognitive processes Especially for automatic processes Appraise: spot you left off reading Knowing where you checked out is monitoring these Also includes estimating Comprehension

rejected-withdrawn children

More likely to be unattractive or have mental impairment More likely to be a whipping boy Associated with indulgent overly protective parents

rejected-aggressive children

Most common, most at risk for negative outcomes More likely to be a bully Associated with indulgent parents with poor conflict resolution skills

long-term memory

Not limited in Capacity Information stored for retrieval Obtain easier recall through: More frequent use More elaborate connections The more information available for processing, the more sophisticated the reasoning in the individual. (Novice-expert shift.)‏

Indulgent

Parents who are very responsive but not at all demanding. Adolescents are less mature, less responsible, and more likely to conform to their peers.

authoritarian parents

Place a high value on obedience and conformity -more punitive, restricting, and controlling, child should follow your rules no matter what (accept rules and standards without question) -high in demandedness and low in responsiveness -less self-assured and intellectual curious -verbal give-and-take is not common -don't encourage independent behaviour -restrict child's autonomy

Family Systems Theory

Relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members of the family's circumstances are changing, because it is during these times that the family's equilibrium often is upset.

Cliques

Small group of people who spend time together and develop close relationships. Usually the same age, race, and sex.

prefrontal cortex

Sophisticated thinking abilities Not complete until the mid-20s

uninvolved parenting

Style of parenting that provides neither warmth nor control and that minimizes the amount of time parents spend with children

Sensory Register

System inputs Short Duration (.5-30 seconds)‏ Limited Capacity Attention to sensory information determines transfer to working memory

Metacognition

The ability to think about and monitor one's own thoughts and cognitive activities.

Neurons

The brain functions by transmitting electrical signals across circuits that are composed of interconnected cells, called ____.

middle adolescence

The period where you start to see mixed-gendered cliques.

Synapse

The place where the axon from one neuron meets the dendrite of another neuron.

hostile attribution bias (1)

When a cause is ambiguous, rejected children see hostility when others see accidents. If you see more hostility, you respond with hostility. Defensive hostility is a normal response to deliberate meanness. If you perceive more hostility, you will get more hostile responses from others, especially when there was no hostility in the first place. Ambiguity is where these people get in trouble

Cliques (1)

What has the largest influence in early adolescence?

100

What is the average IQ?

Degree of Conflict

What is the factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce?

Authoritative

Which parenting style is most closely associated with overall psychological competence?

It plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

Why is Hostile attribution bias important?

permissive indulgent

____ ____ parents make a stab at being controlling, but give up too easily and become uninvolved.

sleeper effect

a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it

Reference Group

a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

theory of mind

an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own

Familism

an orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual

Peer group

group of people who are roughly the same age.

Crowds

larger groups than cliques, composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another ●Larger, more vaguely defined groups, based on reputation. ●Jocks, brains, nerds, druggies, punks, populars ●Membership is based on reputation or stereotype (not actual friendship).

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

Authoritative

parents are both demanding and responsive Adolescents are more responsible, self-assured, creative, curious, socially skilled, and academically successful.

Indifferent

parents who are Neither demanding nor at all responsive Adolescents are often impulsive and more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior.

Authoritarian

parents who are demanding but not responsive Adolescents are more dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less curious.

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

hostile attribution bias

tendency to perceive others as trying to hurt one and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense

Age Grading

the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age

short-term memory

working memory Like a Desk top--Conscious thought Processing area Limited Capacity Short duration (30 sec. - 2 mins)