PSYC Final Exam

_____________________ describes when children change their schemata based on new information. This process continues as they interact with their environment.

Accomodation

One of _______________ major contributions to personality psychology was the idea that our birth order shapes our personality.

Adler's

The fourth, and last, stage in Piaget's theory is the _________________________, which is from about age 11 to adulthood.

Formal operational stage

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Freud

______________________ viewed development as discontinuous; he believed that each of us must pass through a series of stages during childhood, and that if we lack proper nurturance and parenting during a stage, we may become stuck, or fixated, in that stage.

Freud

A(n) ____________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ____________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

Internal/ External

The ___________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ______________.

Moro reflex

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively towards them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

Moving Against People

A developmental psychologist might use ___________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

Naturalistic observation

Freud's third stage of psychosexual development is the ________________ (3-6 years), corresponding to the age when children become aware of their bodies and recognize the differences between boys and girls.

Phallic Stage

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ____________ person.

Phlegmatic

Developmental psychologists view development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically across which three developmental domains?

Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

In an effort to make the list of personality traits more manageable, ________________ (1946, 1957) narrowed down the list to about 171 traits.

Raymond Cattell

There are several different types of defense mechanisms. For instance, in ___________, anxiety-causing memories from consciousness are blocked.

Repression

During Jean Piaget's __________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

Sensorimotor

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use _____________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

Surveys

Psychologists Hans and Sybil Eysenck were personality theorists who focused on _______________, the inborn, genetically based personality differences.

Temperament

What are the Big Five factors of personality?

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

According to Freud, unconscious drives influenced by __________________, along with childhood sexuality, are the forces that influence our personality.

sex and aggression

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has _____________.

An Internal Locus of Control

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because her family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says "Look Mommy, truck!" This exemplifies _____________.

Assimilation

Early maturing girls are ______________.

At a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders.

In a(n) _______________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

Case study

______________________ views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills.

Continuous development

Although children develop at slightly different rates, we can use these age-related averages as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative events called __________ ____________ (e.g., crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty).

Developmental milestones

Freud believed that personality develops during what period of life?

Early Childhood

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

Environment - The experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed throughout our entire lifetime.

According to ______________________, when people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. The social task of middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation.

Erikson

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of family?

Generativity vs. stagnation

What is Kohlberg's best-known moral dilemma commonly known as?

Heinz dilemma

Tammy has a positive view of challenges. She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has __________.

High Self efficacy

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ____________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

ID

The unconscious ___ contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth.

ID

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary development task of this stage?

Identity vs. Confusion

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

Object permanence

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

Oral

Our ______________ are thought to be long term, stable, and not easily changed, and are what make us unique individuals.

Personalities

Cognitive empathy, also known as _______________, relates to the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others.

Perspective-taking