Psych 002 - Exam 1

Reuptake

A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

Exocytosis

A release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, 53 Ca++ ions enter (test question)

Interneurons

AKA intrinsic neurons whose dendrites and axons are comletely contained within a single structure

spacial summation

Adds up the simultaneous influences of synapses at different sites on the postsynaptic cell

A neuron's membrane is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE. This means that it?

Allows some molecules to pass through it, but blocks others

One thing the All-Or-None Law states is that:

An action potential will always travel at the same speed and strength no matter how strong the stimulation on the neuron's dendrites and soma

NT Function of: Glutamate (GLU.)

Brain's most common excitatory NT

NT Function of: GABA

Brain's most common inhibitory NT

Glial Cells: Astrocytes

CNS. Help synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon, forms blood brain barrier, removes wasteterm-0

Glial Cells: Microglia

CNS. Remove waste material and other microorganisms that could prove harmful to the neuron, immune defense

At the axon terminal, the release of neurotransmitters by EXOCYTOSIS is triggered by:

Calcium (Ca++)ions entering the presynaptic membrane during depolarization (on test)

The absolute refractory period for a neuron is the time:

During which a second action potential cannot be triggered, no matter how strong the stimulus

Action Potential begins

In the axon hillock

Vesicles are located________and act to _________.

In the presynaptic terminals, store neurotransmitters

Efferent neuron

Motor Neuron that refers to carrying away information from a structure E for exit

NT Function of: Acetylcholine (Ach)

Movement and memory

What 2 glial cells make up the myelin sheath?

Ologendrocytes in the CNS & Schwann cells in the PNS

At a typical synapse, the CHEMICALLY-GATED-CHANNELS that open when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor are found here:

On the postsynaptic membrane

NT Function of: Endorphins (end.)

Pain relief, pleasure

enzymatic degradation

Process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor

4 categories of potentials (mV) are:

Resting membrane potential (RMP @ -70mV), Threshold potential (@-65 Mv), Graded potentials including: EPSP and IPSP IPSP and EPSP not on the test

NT Function of: Dopamine (DA)

Reward/reinforcement, motivation

Voltage gated channels

Right of Axon Hillock Open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

Afferent neuron

Sensory Neuron that refers to bringing information into a structure A for approach

During the DEPOLARIZATION phase of an action potential, what happens first?

Sodium channels open and and Na+ ions flow into the cell?

NT Function of: Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine (E)

Stimulant energy, alertness, arousal

Dualism

The idea that minds are one type of substance and matter is another relates to free will

Monism

The idea that the universe consists of only one type of being relates to determinism (test question)

During the DEPOLARIZATION of an action potential, what electrical change takes place?

The inside of the membrane becomes more POSITIVE compared to the outside

What describes a TYPICAL neuron at REST?

The potassium concentration is lower outside the cell that inside

This active transport system is one necessary way of keeping the concentration of sodium and potassium ions balanced (for polarizationO on either side of the selectively-permeable membrane during RMP:

The sodium-potassium pump

Hyperpolarization

When membrane dramatically becomes lower in mV compared to RMP on axon

Neuron nourishment

needs glucose (a sugar) because the brain uses 20% of the body's oxygen

Frank Primiani said truth is

tentative and relative

BBB Stops

- Large molecules - Low lipid (fat) soluble molecules - Charged molecules - Water soluble molecules (ionized)

BBB Lets Through

- Small uncharged molecules - Lipid soluble molecules (heroin, alcohol) - Glucose (brain fuel) - Vitamins

Blood brain barrier

- a mechanism that surrounds the brain and blocks most chemicals from entering - The immune system destroys damaged or infected cells throughout the body. - Because neurons in the brain generally do not regenerate, it is vitally important to block incoming viruses, bacteria or other harmful material from entering

Soma

Body

Glial Cells: Oligodendrocytes

CNS myelin sheath production

Which of the folliwng area(s) of a neuron TYPICALLY receive(s) input from other neurons?

Cell body, Dendrite

At an INHIBITORY SYNAPSE on a dendrite, the binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes:

Hyper-polarization of the postsynaptic membrane

Ion/ligand-gated channels

Left of Axon Hillock Proteins responsible for allowing sodium or potassium to diffuse into or out of the axon

What cells are NOT an example of Glia?

Motor neurons

BBB broken down by

Not fully formed until 6 months after birth - High blood pressure (hypertension) - Microwaves and radiation - Infection - Trauma (stroke, etc.)

Glial Cells: Schwann cells

PNS myelin sheet production

Substance P. ("P")

Pain

The term "Saltatory conduction" refers to the:

Propagation of the electrical neural signal down a long, myelinated axon

A function of the myelin sheath is to:

Provide insulation to help keep the action potential moving quickly and without losing speed

Humans share over 98% DNA with Chimps T/F

True

Where are voltage gated sodium channels not found on a neuron?

Under the myelin sheath

Depolarization

When the membrane beomes more positively charged as measure in RMP (means exciting or going up)

NT Function of: Serotonin (5HT)

mood, hunger, sleep, sex