Psych 002 - Exam 1
Reuptake
A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
Exocytosis
A release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, 53 Ca++ ions enter (test question)
Interneurons
AKA intrinsic neurons whose dendrites and axons are comletely contained within a single structure
spacial summation
Adds up the simultaneous influences of synapses at different sites on the postsynaptic cell
A neuron's membrane is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE. This means that it?
Allows some molecules to pass through it, but blocks others
One thing the All-Or-None Law states is that:
An action potential will always travel at the same speed and strength no matter how strong the stimulation on the neuron's dendrites and soma
NT Function of: Glutamate (GLU.)
Brain's most common excitatory NT
NT Function of: GABA
Brain's most common inhibitory NT
Glial Cells: Astrocytes
CNS. Help synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon, forms blood brain barrier, removes wasteterm-0
Glial Cells: Microglia
CNS. Remove waste material and other microorganisms that could prove harmful to the neuron, immune defense
At the axon terminal, the release of neurotransmitters by EXOCYTOSIS is triggered by:
Calcium (Ca++)ions entering the presynaptic membrane during depolarization (on test)
The absolute refractory period for a neuron is the time:
During which a second action potential cannot be triggered, no matter how strong the stimulus
Action Potential begins
In the axon hillock
Vesicles are located________and act to _________.
In the presynaptic terminals, store neurotransmitters
Efferent neuron
Motor Neuron that refers to carrying away information from a structure E for exit
NT Function of: Acetylcholine (Ach)
Movement and memory
What 2 glial cells make up the myelin sheath?
Ologendrocytes in the CNS & Schwann cells in the PNS
At a typical synapse, the CHEMICALLY-GATED-CHANNELS that open when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor are found here:
On the postsynaptic membrane
NT Function of: Endorphins (end.)
Pain relief, pleasure
enzymatic degradation
Process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor
4 categories of potentials (mV) are:
Resting membrane potential (RMP @ -70mV), Threshold potential (@-65 Mv), Graded potentials including: EPSP and IPSP IPSP and EPSP not on the test
NT Function of: Dopamine (DA)
Reward/reinforcement, motivation
Voltage gated channels
Right of Axon Hillock Open and close in response to changes in membrane potential
Afferent neuron
Sensory Neuron that refers to bringing information into a structure A for approach
During the DEPOLARIZATION phase of an action potential, what happens first?
Sodium channels open and and Na+ ions flow into the cell?
NT Function of: Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine (E)
Stimulant energy, alertness, arousal
Dualism
The idea that minds are one type of substance and matter is another relates to free will
Monism
The idea that the universe consists of only one type of being relates to determinism (test question)
During the DEPOLARIZATION of an action potential, what electrical change takes place?
The inside of the membrane becomes more POSITIVE compared to the outside
What describes a TYPICAL neuron at REST?
The potassium concentration is lower outside the cell that inside
This active transport system is one necessary way of keeping the concentration of sodium and potassium ions balanced (for polarizationO on either side of the selectively-permeable membrane during RMP:
The sodium-potassium pump
Hyperpolarization
When membrane dramatically becomes lower in mV compared to RMP on axon
Neuron nourishment
needs glucose (a sugar) because the brain uses 20% of the body's oxygen
Frank Primiani said truth is
tentative and relative
BBB Stops
- Large molecules - Low lipid (fat) soluble molecules - Charged molecules - Water soluble molecules (ionized)
BBB Lets Through
- Small uncharged molecules - Lipid soluble molecules (heroin, alcohol) - Glucose (brain fuel) - Vitamins
Blood brain barrier
- a mechanism that surrounds the brain and blocks most chemicals from entering - The immune system destroys damaged or infected cells throughout the body. - Because neurons in the brain generally do not regenerate, it is vitally important to block incoming viruses, bacteria or other harmful material from entering
Soma
Body
Glial Cells: Oligodendrocytes
CNS myelin sheath production
Which of the folliwng area(s) of a neuron TYPICALLY receive(s) input from other neurons?
Cell body, Dendrite
At an INHIBITORY SYNAPSE on a dendrite, the binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes:
Hyper-polarization of the postsynaptic membrane
Ion/ligand-gated channels
Left of Axon Hillock Proteins responsible for allowing sodium or potassium to diffuse into or out of the axon
What cells are NOT an example of Glia?
Motor neurons
BBB broken down by
Not fully formed until 6 months after birth - High blood pressure (hypertension) - Microwaves and radiation - Infection - Trauma (stroke, etc.)
Glial Cells: Schwann cells
PNS myelin sheet production
Substance P. ("P")
Pain
The term "Saltatory conduction" refers to the:
Propagation of the electrical neural signal down a long, myelinated axon
A function of the myelin sheath is to:
Provide insulation to help keep the action potential moving quickly and without losing speed
Humans share over 98% DNA with Chimps T/F
True
Where are voltage gated sodium channels not found on a neuron?
Under the myelin sheath
Depolarization
When the membrane beomes more positively charged as measure in RMP (means exciting or going up)
NT Function of: Serotonin (5HT)
mood, hunger, sleep, sex