Psych 101
Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the reproductive success of our female ancestors. This viewpoint best illustrates the perspective. a social-cultural b behavioral c cognitive d evolutionary e psychodynamic
Evolutionary
To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n)
a. fMRI.
In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to
a. facially express emotions.
The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates a. operational definition. b. random sampling. c. overconfidence. d. an illusory correlation. e. the hindsight bias.
an illusory correlation.
Stimulated digestion is to inhibited digestion as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.
b. parasympathetic; sympathetic
Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?
b. parietal
As the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. This process best illustrates
b. perception.
The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different
b. phonemes.
Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.
b. political attitudes
Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as
b. priming.
Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.
b. prototype; category
Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.
b. recall; recognition
Judging the likelihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of the
b. representativeness heuristic.
The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful
b. retrieval cue.
Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of
b. semantic encoding.
To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates
b. semantic encoding.
The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of
b. semantics.
As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain? a. interneuron b. sensory c. motor d. efferent e. presynaptic
b. sensory
Charlies and Sharon live near an airport. However, they are not longer awakened by the sound of planes flying low overhead. The best explanation for this is
b. sensory adaptation.
At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. By the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. Which of the following best explains your experience?
b. serial position effect
Although textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of
b. shape constancy.
Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.
b. short-term
Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by
e. extrinsic motivation.
People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is .000001. This best illustrates the importance of
e. framing.
Investigators detected a tendency for those who excelled in one of Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities to also demonstrate high levels of competence in other abilities. This provided some evidence of
e. general intelligence.
Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) psychologist. a cognitive b biological c clinical d social
cognitive
Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist. a social b developmental c personality d biological e cognitive
cognitive
On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of a. 3. b. 9. c. 5. d. 6. e. 4.
d. 6.
Mr. and Mrs. Linkletter are parents of an intellectually disabled child. It is most likely that their child
d. will have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent adult life.
According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to ________ light are inhibited by exposure to ________ light.
d. yellow; blue
Guilio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag to feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Guilio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:
e. Weber's law.
In developing a test of intellectual ability for Parisian schoolchildren, Binet and Simon assumed that
e. a bright child would perform like a normal child of an older age.
Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule?
e. agonists
After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from
e. amnesia.
The patient known as "H.M." suffered from
e. anterograde amnesia.
The longest part of a neuron is likely to be the a. neurotransmitter b. cell body. c. dendrite. d. synapse. e. axon.
e. axon.
Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for
e. becoming aware of what you do not yet know.
The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is
e. brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex.
When we use the term Hispanic to refer to a category of people, we are using this word as a(n)
e. concept.
Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ________ intelligence.
e. creative
A hard-headed curiosity that questions truth claims and demands evidence most clearly facilitates: a. an illusion of control. b. hindsight bias. c. the false consensus effect. d. overconfidence. e. critical thinking
e. critical thinking
A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using ______ processing.
e. deep
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron. a. dendrites to the axon to the cell body b. cell body to the axon to the dendrites c. axon to the dendrites to the cell body d. axon to the cell body to the dendrites e. dendrites to the cell body to the axon
e. dendrites to the cell body to the axon
Déjà vu refers to the
e. eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.
The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in
e. encoding.
The human capacity for storing long-term memories is
e. essentially unlimited.
Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent? a developmental psychology b industrial-organizational psychology c biological psychology d clinical psychology e psychiatry
industrial-organizational psychology
To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n) a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. representative sample. d. control condition. e. population.
population.
If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are a. independent variables. b. negatively correlated. c. positively correlated. d. causally related. e. dependent variables.
positively correlated.
Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their mammal
prototype
One function of the glial cells is to
provide nutrients to interneurons
Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her belief best illustrates a(n) perspective. a psychodynamic b behavior genetics c social-cultural d neuroscience e evolutionary
social-cultural
To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? a. naturalistic observation b. correlation c. the case study d. the survey e. experimentation
the case study
Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of a. naturalistic observation. b. the placebo effect. c. hindsight bias. d. random sampling. e. wording effects.
wording effects.
The study of phenomena such as clairvoyance and telepathy is called
b. parapsychology.
Nature is to nurture as the _____________ perspective is to the ______________ perspective.
c. neuroscience; behavioral
Chunking refers to
c. the organization of information into meaningful units.
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables? a. 0.00 b. +0.59 c. -0.10 d. -0.67 e. +0.10
-0.67
Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by
e. the opponent-process theory.
Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders? a personality psychology b social psychology c biological psychology d clinical psychology e developmental psychology
Clinical psychology
Why are researchers careful to use large, representative samples in their studies? a. Statistical methods only work for larger sample sizes. b. It is more profitable to work with larger samples. c. Policymakers demand larger, more representative sample sizes for political reasons. d. The general public perceives these kinds of samples to be more scientific. e. Larger, representative sample sizes help ensure reliable and valid results.
Larger, representative sample sizes help ensure reliable and valid results.
Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's irritability toward her results from his unconscious feelings of hostility toward his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is interpreting her husband's behavior from a(n) perspective. a evolutionary b behavioral c psychodynamic / psychoanalysis d behavior genetics
Psychodynamic/psychoanalysis
When the molecules of a skunk's spray enter your nose, the molecules are transformed into electrical signals, or impulses, that are interpreted by the brain as an unpleasant odor. This is an example of:
TransductionThis
The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between
a. explicit memory and implicit memory.
Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of a. an operational definition. b. illusory correlation. c. the hindsight bias. d. a hypothesis. e. the placebo effect.
a hypothesis.
Telepathy refers to the:
a. extrasensory transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.
a. 7
Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
a. EEG
The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)
a. MRI.
An afterimage can best be defined as:
a. Sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed.
Lewis Terman's widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test was the
a. Stanford-Binet.
Some psychological studies take years or even decades to complete. a. True b. False
a. True
Spearman's g factor refers to
a. a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.
Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using
a. a mnemonic device.
If a test is standardized, this means that
a. a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.
Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as a. acetylcholine. b. endorphin. c. dopamine. d. insulin. e. epinephrine.
a. acetylcholine.
A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. These drugs are
a. antagonists.
A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the
a. availability heuristic.
Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a perspective on depression. a biological/neuropsychological b social-cultural c psychodynamic d evolutionary
a. biological/neuropsychological
The reticular formation is located in the
a. brainstem
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
a. chunking.
Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?
a. cognition
When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)
a. concept.
Effortful processing can occur only with
a. conscious attention.
Babies' first demonstration of productive language occurs
a. during the one-word stage.
Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences.
a. eight
José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of a. endorphins. b. acetylcholine. c. dopamine. d. insulin. e. glutamate.
a. endorphins
People are very likely to decide to be organ donors when the default option on their renewable drivers' license forms is yes but they can choose to drop out. They are much less likely to decide to be organ donors if the default option on their license forms is no but they can choose to opt in. This best illustrates the effects of
a. framing.
Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.
a. implicit; explicit
The greatest difficulty facing contemporary parapsychologist is the:
a. inability to subject claims of ESP to scientific testing.
In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving?
a. insight
A research would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between: a. intelligence and academic success.This is the correct answer. b. financial poverty and physical health. c. self-esteem and depression. d. school grades and school absences.
a. intelligence and academic success.
Three-year old Lucy said, "Mommy goed to the store." Lucy's mistake best demonstrates that
a. learning theory does not adequately explain language acquisition.
If we see two of the same object but one of them appears to be dimmer, we will interpret the dimmer object as farther away. What is this monocular cue for depth called?
a. light and shadow
It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates
a. linguistic determinism.
For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as
a. mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that
a. misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.
Dendrites are branching extensions of a. neurons. b. neurotransmitters. c. endorphins. d. endocrine glands. e. myelin.
a. neurons.
At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the
a. pituitary gland.
The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain
a. plasticity.
When Stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Stoyka is now a successful high school student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of
a. plasticity.
Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech?
a. positron emission tomography (PET)
When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a
a. prototype.
Which Gestalt principle of organization is demonstrated in the following pattern? XX XX XX XX XX XX
a. proximity
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?
a. recall
Trichromats can mix which three colors to perceive virtually any hue?
a. red, green, and blue
In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Samantha spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as
a. rehearsal.
Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances? a. replication b. correlational research c. random sampling d. naturalistic observation e. random assignment
a. replication
Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in
a. retrieval.
When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of
a. semantics.
For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.
a. sensory neurons
A person who demonstrates an exceptional specific mental skill while otherwise remaining very limited in intellectual capacity is said to show signs of
a. someone with savant syndrome.
Twenty-five-year-old Alexandra is mentally handicapped and can neither read nor write. However, after hearing lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. It is likely that Alexandra is
a. someone with savant syndrome.
Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern? a. standard deviation. b. scatterplot c. median d. mean e. correlation coefficient
a. standard deviation.
When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people, the test is said to be
a. standardized.
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates
a. state-dependent memory.
Your ability to experience physical sensations is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your
a. thalamus.
Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
a. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
State lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest-winning check for over $5 million to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. The lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence of
a. the availability heuristic.
Andre first became suspicious of his roommate's honesty while trying to account for his own missing wallet. Although Andre later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, his newly formed doubt about his roommate's honesty remained as strong as ever. Andre's irrational suspicion of his roommate best illustrates
a. the belief perseverance phenomenon.
The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by
a. the body's release of stress hormones.
An axon is a. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body. b. a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system. c. a junction between a sending and receiving neuron. d. a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons. e. an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.
a. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
Chunking refers to
a. the organization of information into meaningful units.
Memory is best defined as
a. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.
The reason that we have trouble seeing for five or ten minutes after entering a darkened theater on a sunny afternoon is that it takes time for
a. the pupil to dilate sufficiently to allow in the useable light.
Jacquelyn suffered symptoms so similar to those associated with appendicitis that she erroneously concluded that she needed to have her appendix removed. Jacquelyn's conclusion best illustrates the influence of
a. the representativeness heuristic.
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory:
a. the retina contains three kinds of color receptors.
Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of
a. thinking.
In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable? a. time of day b. students c. list of terms d. number of terms remembered e. memorization
a. time of day
Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of
a. visual imagery.
Ashelle's car would not start. To find the problem she decided to go alphabetically through the repair checklist of all possible reasons the car will not start. Ashelle's strategy best demonstrates
algorithm
An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of a. assuming that correlation proves causation. b. generalizing from extreme examples. c. exaggerating the extent to which others share our beliefs. d. randomly sampling children's views. e. perceiving order in random events.
assuming that correlation proves causation.
Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw
b. ART.
Having spent his childhood in the Middle East, Parviz did not begin speaking English until he was a teenager. When he pronounces words such as "mother," native English speakers hear a word that sounds more like "mudder." Which of the following is the best explanation for this phenomenon?
b. As an infant, Parviz lost the ability to produce sounds he never heard.
Psychologists can never deceive participants in a study. a. True b. False
b. False
Who is most likely to be criticized for extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of talents?
b. Howard Gardner
If John cannot tell the difference between Mary's two favorite perfumes, then for John, the two scents must be less then apart.
b. a difference threshold
The final exam in a calculus course would be an example of a(n) ________ test.
b. achievement
Although Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates
b. overconfidence.
Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of
b. an algorithm.
Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to
b. appear credible to their customers.
Tests designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called
b. aptitude tests.
Every morning, Krista pages through a picture book with her 12-month-old daughter. For each picture, Krista points to the picture and identifies it by name, such as "dog." This example best illustrates the use of which of the following in helping her daughter learn language?
b. association
Rochelle is extremely thin but is convinced that she is too fat. Rochelle's certainty is best explained by which of the following concepts?
b. belief perseverance
The association areas are located in the
b. cerebral cortex.
People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. What do psychologists call this tendency?
b. confirmation bias
Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates
b. confirmation bias.
University students were asked to figure out the rule used to devise the three-number sequence 2-4-6. After generating sets of three numbers to learn whether their sets met the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rule. Their errors best illustrated the impact of
b. confirmation bias.
Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter a. GABA. b. dopamine. c. epinephrine. d. serotonin. e. acetylcholine.
b. dopamine.
When Mrs. McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Mrs. McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates
b. emotional intelligence.
By taking text and class notes in your own words you are improving memory by
b. encoding memory semantically.
Educational programs for gifted children are most likely to be criticized for
b. encouraging the segregation and academic tracking of intellectually advantaged students.
Hormones are the chemical messengers of the
b. endocrine system.
The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the
b. endocrine system.
The most foolproof way of testing the true effectiveness of a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is by means of a. case study research. b. experimental research c. naturalistic observation. d. survey research. e. correlational research.
b. experimental research
The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC tests are all types of
b. general intelligence tests.
The similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is
b. greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together.
The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on
b. how long ago we learned that information.
Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory.
b. implicit
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations is known as
b. intelligence.
A mnemonic device is a
b. memory aid.
The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of
b. memory construction.
To trigger a person's hand to make a fist, José Delgado stimulated the individual's
b. motor cortex.
The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the a. endocrine gland. b. myelin sheath. c. dendrites. d. pituitary gland. e. thresholds.
b. myelin sheath.
The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called a. motor neurons. b. neurotransmitters. c. sensory neurons. d. synapses. e. hormones
b. neurotransmitters.
Sensory adaptation helps us to focus our attention on what kind of stimuli?
b. novel
In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable? a. time of day b. number of terms remembered c. memorization d. list of terms e. students
b. number of terms remembered
At 17 months of age, Julie says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.
b. one-word
After taking two years of college economics courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough about business to become a millionaire. Lionel should become more aware of
b. overconfidence.
When a professional golfer continued to struggle with her swing, she consulted Dr. Ozak, who helped her learn new strategies to help her improve her performance. Dr. Ozak is a(n) _______ psychologist. a counseling b sports c social d psychometric e developmental
b. sports
While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. Which of the following triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away?
b. sympathetic nervous system
Mandy came home late. As she reached to turn on the kitchen light, her hand brushed against something unexpected. Her adrenal glands, as a part of the "fight-or-flight" response, released epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increased her heart rate and blood pressure. Even after she realized it was just the curtain, her excited feelings lingered. This example illustrates
b. that endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages.
Experiments with the visual cliff suggest that
b. the ability to perceive depth is at least partly innate.
The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called
b. the cocktail party effect.
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of a. random sampling. b. the double-blind procedure. c. naturalistic observation. d. the hindsight bias. e. replication.
b. the double-blind procedure.
A stroke patient can recognize the sound of his wife's voice but cannot recognize her face when she stands next to him. Which brain region has most likely been damaged?
b. the underside of the right temporal lobe
Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a perspective... a behavioral b cognitive c neuroscience d Gestalt e Psychoanalysis
behavioral
A bell-shaped curve that characterizes a large sample of intelligence test scores is a graphic representation of a
c. normal distribution.
Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent? a social psychology b clinical psychology c biological psychology d industrial/organizational psychology
biological psychology
Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the a evolutionary perspective. b biopsychosocial approach. c use of psychometrics. d advantage of applied research. e role of empiricism in science.
biopsychosocial approach
Because Ken is 6' 6", people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his high school basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of
c. the representativeness heuristic.
Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying, "I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class." Because of your background in psychology, your best response should be
c. "Everything psychological is simultaneously biological."
How many phonemes are in the word "bats"?
c. 3
Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is a. 4. b. 6. c. 8.. d. 5. e. 7.
c. 8.
Which of the following best illustrates confirmation bias?
c. Asked to write an opinion paper on capital punishment, MacKenzie primarily searches for evidence that supports her opposition to the practice.
After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed?
c. Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages.
Which of the following sentences best describe the relationship between sensation and perception?
c. Sensation happens in the senses, while perception happens in the brain.
Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment? a. The experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment b. The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior. c. The experimental group receives the experimental treatment d. The research participants are exposed to all the different hypotheses. e. The operational definition is not applied to their variables.
c. The experimental group receives the experimental treatment
Why would the median, rather than the mean, be the appropriate measure of central tendency in determining housing values in a particular community? a. The median is best used to sort values into groups. b. The median allows you to generalize from representative samples to the general population. c. The median is minimally affected by extreme scores d. The median allows you to examine the gap between the lowest and highest value. e. The median is useful for measuring how much values deviate from one another.
c. The median is minimally affected by extreme scores
Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for mastering language.
c. a critical period
As he attempted to spell the word "receive," Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of
c. a heuristic.
Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates
c. a recency effect.
The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n) a. synapse. b. neurotransmitters. c. action potential. d. myelin sheath. e. interneuron.
c. action potential.
Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?
c. amygdala
A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of
c. an algorithm.
Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because
c. any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.
After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his
c. association areas.
A cardinal rule of naturalistic observation is to a. control the variable being studied. b. randomly select the subjects. c. avoid disturbing the subjects being studied. d. identify only comparative subjects.
c. avoid disturbing the subjects being studied.
If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that a. low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of children. b. there is very little statistical relationship between weight and reading ability among children. c. better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children. d. weight is a causal variable dependent on reading ability. e. body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of children.
c. better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children.
When people discuss the "nature vs. nurture" controversy, Nature refers to ________ and Nurture refers to ________.
c. biology; environment
While mapping the motor cortex, researchers Foerster and Penfield found that
c. body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical space.
Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. The best illustrated the importance of
c. bottom-up processing.
Psychologists' personal values and goals a. lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants. b. have very little influence on the process of scientific observation. c. can bias their observations and interpretations. d. are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation. e. affect their work only if they are different from the norm.
c. can bias their observations and interpretations.
The original IQ formula would be LEAST appropriate for representing the intelligence test performance of
c. college students.
To determine whether a research finding is statistically significant, researchers a. convert positive correlations to negative ones. b. confirm correlational evidence with empirical findings. c. compare the means of the control group and experimental group. d. survey other researchers to ensure the hypothesis is significant. e. perform detailed case studies to validate findings.
c. compare the means of the control group and experimental group.
The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of
c. context effects.
Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut.
c. corpus callosum
Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on
c. divergent thinking.
The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter
c. dopamine.
Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of
c. encoding.
The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the
c. endocrine system.
Clairvoyance refers to the
c. extrasensory perception of events that occur at places remote to the perceiver.
To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n)
c. fMRI.
In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior?
c. frontal lobes
Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?
c. hippocampus
Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that can be used to
c. identify clusters of closely related test items.
When English-speaking Canadian children were taught only in French during their early school years, researchers found that they experienced a(n)
c. improvement in intellectual aptitude.
After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates
c. insight.
The ________ approves research done by psychologists at most universities. a. watchdog committee b. administration committee c. institutional review board d. research review board e. research committee
c. institutional review board
The sort of problem solving that demonstrates "school smarts" is what researchers have historically assessed in their tests of
c. intelligence.
The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to
c. interneurons.
Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
c. long-term memory
Semantic encoding refers to the processing of
c. meanings.
For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.
c. motor neurons
Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as a. the survey. b. experimentation. c. naturalistic observation. d. the case study. e. random sampling.
c. naturalistic observation.
In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a a. replication. b. double blind. c. placebo. d. dependent variable. e. random sample
c. placebo.
Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates
c. proactive interference.
To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use a. scatterplots. b. naturalistic observation. c. random assignment. d. correlation coefficients. e. standard deviations.
c. random assignment.
The function of dendrites is to a. transmit signals to other neurons. b. coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. c. receive incoming signals from other neurons. d. control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain. e. release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons.
c. receive incoming signals from other neurons.
Infants who were previously exposed to the visual cliff:
c. refused to cross over the "deep" side to their mothers.
Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits
c. rehearsal.
If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of
c. reliability.
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.
c. retention; acquisition
Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of
c. retrieval.
A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her
c. right hand to indicate she saw a mouse.
Psychology is defined as the... a humanistic study of emotions and feelings. b sociological study of individual and group dynamics. c scientific study of behavior and mental processes. d study of supernatural phenomena
c. scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires
c. semantic encoding.
The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.
c. serial position
The cover of a book appears to be a rectangle regardless of the angle from which it is viewed. The phenomenon is known as
c. shape constancy.
You see two trees, which in reality are of equal height. One is 50 feet away from you and the other is 200 feet away. The image that you receive from the farther tree will be _______ than the image from the closer tree. According to the principle of size constancy, you will perceive the two trees as _______ in size.
c. smaller; the same
According to the article Research Through Deception, which one of the following areas of psychology are best suited for studies involving deception a. biological b. cognitive c. social d. abnormal
c. social
After two minutes of exposure to an unbroken monotone string of nonsense syllables, 8-month-old infants could recognize three-syllable sequences that appeared repeatedly. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in language development.
c. statistical learning
The perception of Bugs Bunny running away from Elmer Fudd is best illustrated:
c. stroboscopic movement.
Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your digestive system's stomach muscles by the
c. sympathetic nervous system.
Everyone would agree that intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that
c. test performance is influenced by cultural experiences.
The widespread improvement in intelligence test performance during the past century is called
c. the Flynn effect.
A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by
c. the availability heuristic.
Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates
c. the framing effect.
Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that
c. the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned.
The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the impact of
c. the serial position effect.
Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem strategy best illustrates
c. trial and error.
Which of the following best exemplifies the prototype for the concept "furniture"?
chair
In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________. a evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; self-reports of immediate physical sensations b observable behavior; the way we perceive, process, and remember information c childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential d introspective reports of immediate sensations; empirical research relying on observation and experimentation e the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the examination of the stream of consciousness and emotion
childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n) a clinical psychologist. b industrial-organizational psychologist. c developmental psychologist. d psychiatrist. e biological psychologist.
clinical psychologist
Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of a. confusing correlation with causation. b. generalizing from unrepresentative samples. c. perceiving illusory correlations. d. explaining events in hindsight. e. discerning order in random events.
confusing correlation with causation.
To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use a. the case study approach. b. naturalistic observation. c. random assignment. d. experimental research. e. correlational measures.
correlational measures
To examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions is to engage in a. critical thinking. b. naturalistic observation. c. generating hypotheses. d. experimentation. e. creating operational definitions.
critical thinking.
Historians of science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint? a. morality, detail-orientation, cynicism b. achievement-oriented, intellectual, empirical c. curiosity, skepticism, humility d. atheism, humanism, cognitione. intelligence, dedication, thoroughness
curiosity, skepticism, humility
Six-month-old Ohmar recognizes the difference between squares and circles just as accurately as his 3-year-old brother, who can correctly name the different shapes. This fact would most directly challenge
d. Benjamin Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis.
Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that
d. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome.
What is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan?
d. MRI scans show structural details of the brain, fMRI scans show function and activity levels.
What is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan?
d. MRI scans show structural details of the brain, fMRI scans show structure and activity levels.
The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n)
d. PET scan.
When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, "Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part." Which brain region has most likely been damaged?
d. Wernicke's area
Introductory psychology students were more likely to achieve a good midterm exam grade if prior to the exam they repeatedly practiced visual imagery that involved
d. a process simulation.
Tests designed to assess what a person has learned are called ________ tests.
d. achievement
The WAIS was designed for testing ________ intelligence, whereas the WISC was designed for testing ________ intelligence.
d. adults'; children's
The brains of patients with Parkinson's disease have little dopamine. Drugs used to treat such patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. These drugs would be considered
d. agonists.
When the "Jim twins," identical twins separated at birth, were reunited 38 years later, surprising similarities were discovered. Although they had married women of the same name, named their sons and dogs the same names, one should be cautious before attributing these similarities to genetic factors because
d. any two strangers are likely to share coincidental similarities.
Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as
d. automatic processing.
People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates
d. belief perseverance.
Individuals with Down syndrome are
d. born with an extra chromosome.
The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.
d. breathing; walking
In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which research method is being used? a. naturalistic observation b. correlation c. experimentation d. case study e. survey
d. case study
Jamal claims that his special psychic powers enable him to perceive exactly where the body of a recent murder victim is secretly buried. Jamal is claiming to posses the power of:
d. clairvoyance
A researcher who publishes the results of a case study might be most worried about violating which ethical principle of human experimentation? a. informed consent b. coercion c. debriefing d. confidentiality e. protection from harm
d. confidentiality
Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce
d. confirmation bias.
In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition. a. replication b. experimental c. dependent variable d. control e. correlational
d. control
Scotty worked to find the solution to a long-division problem. In solving the problem, Scotty would engage in
d. convergent thinking.
A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation? a. protection from harm b. coercion c. informed consent d. debriefing. e. confidentiality
d. debriefing.
Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of
d. difference thresholds.
Your psychology teacher has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test.
d. validity
Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________.
d. drunk; drunk
The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as
d. déjà vu.
Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in
d. encoding.
The process of getting information into memory is called
d. encoding.
Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.
d. explicit
Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
d. framing.
In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain?
d. functional MRI (fMRI)
Twin and adoption studies are helpful for assessing the ________ of intelligence.
d. heritability
By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.
d. iconic
Environmental influence on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing________ and ___________
d. identical twins raised together; identical twins raised apart
Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to
d. identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.
Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is
d. in storage.
Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n)
d. lesion.
The beginning of babies' receptive language development is best illustrated by their capacity to
d. match another person's distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds.
A test has a high degree of validity if it
d. measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.
The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to
d. mood-congruent memory.
Figure is to ground as ______ is to _______.
d. moon; sky
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the
d. motor cortex.
The methodological approach most like the "real" world is a. the experiment. b. the case history. c. the correlational method. d. naturalistic observation.
d. naturalistic observation.
Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates
d. overconfidence.
While relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the "rest-and-digest" response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins?
d. parasympathetic nervous system
When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common
d. phoneme.
After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty
d. playing his guitar.
Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
d. proactive interference.
Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish
d. prototype.
People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse
d. prototype.
People more easily detect male prejudice against women than female prejudice against men because the former more closely resembles their prejudice
d. prototype.
Andre claims that he can make a broken watch begin to run again simply by entering a state of intense mental concentration.
d. psychokinesis
A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to
d. verbally report that she saw a boy.
To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of a. operational definitions. b. naturalistic observations. c. replication. d. random assignment e. the double-blind procedure.
d. random assignment
Reuptake refers to the a. the ending of the refractory period. b. inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane. c. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap. d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. e. release of hormones into the bloodstream.
d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.
Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7-month-old's capacity for
d. receptive language.
Eight-year old Claudia is trying to draw a house with a tree behind it. The problem is that she draws the tree too large if it is truly behind the house. Claudia has not yet developed the artist's ability to portray distance by
d. relative size
Repression most clearly involves a failure in
d. retrieval.
Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place? a. a refractory period b. an action potential c. the all-or-none response d. reuptake e. depolarization
d. reuptake
The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.
d. seeing; hearing
A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates:
d. selective attention.
The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of
d. semantic encoding.
The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of
d. semantic encoding.
The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________.
d. sensing touch; seeing
Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?
d. sensory cortex
The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. This illustrates the importance of
d. sensory interaction.
"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
d. short-term
Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to
d. speak fluently.
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system.
d. sympathetic
An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.
d. sympathetic; parasympathetic
Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. Where does this interference take place?
d. synapse
A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.
d. syntax
Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
d. the availability heuristic.
Bilingual children, who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information. This has been called
d. the bilingual advantage.
Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by
d. the body's release of stress hormones.
Binet used the term mental age to refer to
d. the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test performance.
Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's specific mental abilities as
d. the g factor.
Dr. Bloomfield's patient was complaining of feeling worthless, lethargic, and uninterested in typically enjoyable activities. Dr. Bloomfleld simply matched those few symptoms with the textbook definition of depression and diagnosed the patient as depressed. However, her diagnosis may be incorrect as she may be ignoring other pertinent information. Dr. Bloomfield's potential misdiagnosis is likely due to which of the following?
d. the representativeness heuristic
Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of
d. the representativeness heuristic.
Those who believe in the value of subliminal audiotapes would be wrong to claim that
d. unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive.
To gain accurate eyewitness testimony from children, interviewers must
d. use neutral words that children can understand.
As a health psychologist, Dr. Rowell would be most likely involved in a animal research performed in a laboratory setting. b helping businesses create more effective interviewing practices when hiring new workers. c designing puzzles to see if adolescents and adults reason differently. d testifying in a court case about the mental health of a person accused of a crime. e determining the effectiveness of a new campaign to reduce teen smoking.
determining the effectiveness of a new campaign to reduce teen smoking
Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) psychologist. a social b clinical c developmental d industrial/organizational
developmental
Six different high school students spent $10, $13, $2, $12, $13, and $4, respectively, on entertainment. The mode of this group's entertainment expenditures is a. $10. b. $11. c. $12. d. $9. e. $13.
e. $13.
How many morphemes are in the word "bats"?
e. 1
A 6-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 8-year-old was said to have an IQ of
e. 133.
The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is a. 6. b. 14. c. 100. d. 48. e. 36.
e. 36.
During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was a. 2. b. 50. c. 12. d. 10. e. 9.
e. 9.
Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories?
e. Sigmund Freud
Adopted children are more likely to demonstrate levels of agreeableness and extraversion, more similar to that of their biological parents than their adoptive parents. This finding suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by
e. genes than by the home environment.
Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development.
e. genetic predispositions
The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.
e. iconic
A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
e. implicit
On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items
e. in the middle of the list.
The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown seven nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of
e. language on thinking.
The "Mozart effect" refers to the now-discounted finding that cognitive ability is boosted by
e. listening to classical music.
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory.
e. long-term
When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating. This best illustrates the dynamics of
e. memory construction.
To determine whether a child's intellectual development was fast or slow, Binet and Simon assessed the child's
e. mental age.
At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.
e. one-word
A gestalt is best described as a(n)
e. organized whole.
When Larina entered high school she was certain that she would never eat any of the junk food sold in the vending machines. By the end of tenth grade, however, Larina was munching on at least one bag of chips a day. Larina's experience best illustrates
e. overconfidence.
The Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship between
e. perceived distance and perceived size.
Iconic memory refers to
e. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.
Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla?
e. pons
Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as
e. priming.
To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use a. naturalistic observation. b. correlational measurement. c. replication. d. the case study. e. random assignment.
e. random assignment.
Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?
e. recall
The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of
e. rehearsal.
The selective permeability of a neural membrane creates a(n) a. dendrite. b. reuptake. c. neural network. d. myelin sheath. e. resting potential.
e. resting potential.
Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of the Netherlands, he quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in the Netherlands. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in
e. retrieval.
The process of getting information out of memory is called
e. retrieval.
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
e. retroactive interference.
After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of 8the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates
e. retroactive interference.
Emotional intelligence is a critical component of
e. social intelligence.
Because intelligence is defined according to the attributes that enable success in a culture, psychologists consider intelligence to be
e. socially constructed.
The nineteenth-century English scientist Sir Francis Galton believed that
e. superior intelligence is biologically inherited.
The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called a. neural networks. b. axons. c. thresholds. d. neurotransmitters. e. synapses.
e. synapses.
Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell?
e. thalamus
Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
e. thalamus
If we see a speaker mouthing day while actually hearing someone else saying may, we may perceive a third syllable bay that blends both inputs. This phenomenon is known as
e. the McGurk effect.
The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates a. the double-blind effect. b. the hindsight bias. c. illusory correlation. d. random assignment. e. the placebo effect.
e. the placebo effect.
Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of
e. top-down processing.
Within a single neuron the action potential a. depends on the movement of charged calcium atoms. b. is generated in the dendrites. c. will be slower if myelin is present. d. crosses the synapse to the adjacent neurons. e. travels in one direction toward the axon terminals.
e. travels in one direction toward the axon terminals.
The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of
e. visual perception.
To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.
e. working
For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
echoic
Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Anika's decision best illustrates the use of
heuristic
In trying to figure out how to copy and paste an item into a document, Arlene could try all possible key combinations or she could check the pull-down menus, a much faster way to solve her problem. Arlene is relying on
heuristics
In the words "helped" and "called," the "ed" ending is a(n)
morpheme
To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ? a. the case study b. the survey c. replication d. experimentation e. naturalistic observation
naturalistic observation
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in a. experimentation. b. survey research. c. correlation. d. replication. e. naturalistic observation.
naturalistic observation.
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are a. dependent variables. b. negatively correlated. c. positively correlated. d. independent variables. e. causally related.
negatively correlated.
The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of a cognition. b observable responses. c introspection. d natural selection. e self-esteem.
observable responses
Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, in order to further her career, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates a. overconfidence. b. the empirical approach. c. illusory correlation. d. random assignment. e. the hindsight bias.
overconfidence
Clinical psychologists are most likely to be involved in: a assessing the linkages between biology and behavior. b the experimental study of motivation and emotion. c providing therapy to troubled people. d the systematic study of how people are influenced by enduring personality traits.
providing therapy to troubled people.
A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective. a evolutionary b psychodynamic c behavioral d social-cultural e cognitive
psychodynamic
To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of a. naturalistic observation. b. replication. c. random assignment. d. correlation. e. random sampling.
random sampling.
An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized?
recognition
According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates a. random sampling. b. overconfidence. c. illusory correlation. d. the hindsight bias. e. an illusion of control.
the hindsight bias
Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion? a. naturalistic observation b. the survey c. the case study d. experimentation e. random assignment
the survey