Psych 101 exam 4

conscientiousness

A personality trait that reflects a person's tendency to be careful, organized, hardworking, and to follow rules.

Hedonic well-being

Component of well-being that refers to emotional experiences, often including measures of positive (e.g., happiness, contentment) and negative affect (e.g., stress, sadness).

crystallized intelligence

Type of intellectual ability that relies on the application of knowledge, experience, and learned information.

fluid intelligence

Type of intelligence that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically and solve novel problems.

autobiographical narratives

A qualitative research method used to understand characteristics and life themes that an individual considers to uniquely distinguish him- or herself from others.

factor analysis

A statistical technique for grouping similar things together according to how highly they are associated.

effortful control

A temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self- regulation.

Inhibitory Functioning

Ability to focus on a subset of information while suppressing attention to less relevant information.

intra and inter individual differences

Different patterns of development observed within an individual (intra-) or between individuals (inter-).

false

'Jocks' and 'nerds' are examples of cliques. A. True B. False

numerical magnitude

The sizes of numbers.

family stress model

A description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through the effects of economic stress on parents' depressed mood, increased marital problems, and poor parenting.

subjective age

A multidimensional construct that indicates how old (or young) a person feels and into which age group a person categorizes him- or herself

chutes and ladders

A numerical board game that seems to be useful for building numerical knowledge.

authoritative

A parenting style characterized by high (but reasonable) expectations for children's behavior, good communication, warmth and nurturance, and the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children's misbehavior.

a. authoritative

A parenting style that encourages children to be independent but still places limits on their behavior is called a. Authoritative b. Neglectful c. Permissive d. Authoritarian

agreeableness

A personality trait that reflects a person's tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, warm, and caring to others. People low in agreeableness tend to be rude, hostile, and to pursue their own interests over those of others

extraversion

A personality trait that reflects a person's tendency to be sociable, outgoing, active, and assertive.

openness to experience

A personality trait that reflects a person's tendency to seek out and to appreciate new things, including thoughts, feelings, values, and experiences.

neuroticism

A personality trait that reflects the tendency to be interpersonally sensitive and the tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, fear, sadness, and anger.

Phonemic Awareness

Awareness of the component sounds within words.

machiavellianism

Adam has the ability to talk people into agreeing with him whether he is right or wrong. One time, Adam even influenced his boss into promoting him over another employee despite the other employee being more qualified. What trait does Adam's behavior demonstrate? Machiavellianism Authoritarianism Narcissism Alexithymia

E. all of the above

Adolescence is characterized by which of the following changes? A. hormonal changes, including puberty B. increased motivation based on rewards C. increase in other-sex friendships D. A & B E. all of the above

crowds

Adolescent peer groups characterized by shared reputations or images.

identity diffusion

Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any roles or ideologies.

homophily

Adolescents tend to associate with peers who are similar to themselves.

B. false

Aggression and anti-social behavior can start early (in childhood) or late (in adolescence), but those who display this behavior later are more at risk for it to continue into adulthood. A. True B. False

c. Openness

Alex responds well to novelty, such as starting at a new school and is willing to join two new clubs that focus on activities that she has never tried before. Alex would likely score high on which of the following Big Five personality traits? Answers: a. Neuroticism b. Agreeableness c. Openness d. Conscientiousness

b. goodness of fit

Allison has been described by her parents, teachers, and friends as hyperactive. Therefore, her parents try to modify her environment by taking her to the park and signing her up for sports teams in order to fit her temperament. This is an example of which of the following: Answers: a. Effortful control b. Goodness of fit c. Conscience d. Effortful control

true

Although divorce is fairly common and is associated with economic difficulties and altered relationships with parents, it is not typically associated with long-term adjustment problems for children of divorced parents. A. True B. False

self-perceptions of aging

An individual's perceptions of their own aging process; positive perceptions of aging have been shown to be associated with greater longevity and health.

security of attachment

An infant's confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver, especially when he or she is needed. Infants can be securely attached or insecurely attached.

c. concrete operations

Andres is working on a project for his science class. He is making a poster that shows which dinosaurs belong to different time periods. A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operations D. Formal operations

psychometric approach

Approach to studying intelligence that examines performance on tests of intellectual functioning.

A. convoy model of social relations

Becca has recently moved into her son's house in Maryland approximately 1000 miles away from her lifelong home. Even though Becca lives far away from most of her friends now, she still talks to them on the phone often and goes to visit every few months. Because of this, Becca is still closely tied to these friends. This is a demonstration of: A. Convoy Model of Social Relations B. Socioemotional selectivity theory

facets

Broad personality traits can be broken down into narrower facets or aspects of the trait. For example, extraversion has several facets, such as sociability, dominance, risk-taking and so forth.

continuous distributions

Characteristics can go from low to high, with all different intermediate values possible. One does not simply have the trait or not have it, but can possess varying amounts of it.

C. ambivalent

Chelsea is 3 years old. She often hovers around her mom when she is home, bothering her regardless of what she is doing. She gets very upset and cries when her mom leaves, but she also gets quite angry when mom comes back home. What attachment style does Chelsea likely have with her mother? A. Secure B. Avoidant C. Ambivalent D. Disorganized

theory of mind

Children's growing understanding of the mental states that affect people's behavior.

b. depth perception

Clues to the important roles both nature and nurture play in development is seen in infants as they begin to gain the ability to actively perceive the distance from themselves to objects in the environment. This ability is also known as what term? a. Light pattern response b. Depth perception c. Ocular maturation d. Parietal brain activity

A. sensorimotor

Cory is sitting next to the sofa playing with a ball. It rolls under the sofa. He looks at the sofa, then after a few seconds begins to play with another toy. A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete Operational D. Formal operations

a. formal operational

Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget's developmental stages? Answers: a. Formal operational b. Concrete operational c. Sensorimotor d. Preoperational

temperament

Early emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation, which constitutes a foundation for personality development.

C. Object permanence

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter's place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan's behavior? Answers: a. Egocentrism b. Conservation c. Object permanence d. Transformation

D. all of these are reasons for the introduction of emerging adulthood

Emerging adulthood was not always an acknowledged stage of the life span. It was introduced as a result of environmental changes. Which of the following is not a contributing reason for emerging adulthood? A. increase in postsecondary education, like 4-year college B. job instability C. rise in the age of marriage D. all of these are reasons for the introduction of emerging adulthood

personality traits

Enduring dispositions in behavior that show differences across individuals, and which tend to characterize the person across varying types of situations.

personality

Enduring predispositions that characterize a person, such as styles of thought, feelings and behavior.

validity

Evidence related to the interpretation and use of test scores. A particularly important type of evidence is criterion validity, which involves the ability of a test to predict theoretically relevant outcomes. For example, a presumed measure of conscientiousness should be related to academic achievement (such as overall grade point average).

D. Extraversion and neuroticism

Eysenck suggested which two traits dominated all others: A. Extraversion and Agreeableness B. Conscientiousness and Neuroticism C. Openness and Agreeableness D. Extraversion and Neuroticism

true

Factor analysis is a statistical technique for grouping similar things together according to how highly they are associated. A. True B. False

d. suicide

Family adversity, abuse, and parental psychopathology are predictors of _____________ during adolescence. Answers: a. Antisocial behavior b. Academic achievement c. Identity diffusion d. Suicide

Big five

Five, broad general traits that are included in many prominent models of personality. The five traits are neuroticism (those high on this trait are prone to feeling sad, worried, anxious, and dissatisfied with themselves), extraversion (high scorers are friendly, assertive, outgoing, cheerful, and energetic), openness to experience (those high on this trait are tolerant, intellectually curious, imaginative, and artistic), agreeableness (high scorers are polite, considerate, cooperative, honest, and trusting), and conscientiousness (those high on this trait are responsible, cautious, organized, disciplined, and achievement-oriented).

d. gender schemas

Francisco refuses to wear the color yellow because he's convinced, "That color is for girls." Francisco has developed this idea from interacting with his sister whose favorite color is yellow. This example of Francisco's beliefs and expectations about the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness best describes which concept? Answers: a. evolutionary differences b. sexual identity c. publicly constructed conceptions d. gender schemas

differential susceptibility

Genetic factors that make individuals more or less responsive to environmental experiences.

B. preoperational

Ginny's mom is baking cookies. One of the cookies is twice as large as the others. Max, her older brother, gives Ginny the big cookie as he takes two smaller ones. Ginny becomes upset because she gets only one cookie and her brother gets two. A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operations D. Formal operations

quantitative changes

Gradual, incremental change, as in the growth of a pine tree's girth.

cohort

Group of people typically born in the same year or historical period, who share common experiences over time; sometimes called a generation (e.g., Baby Boom Generation).

d. authoritarian

Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his style of parenting known as? Answers: a. permissive b. authoritative c. neglectful d. authoritarian

age identity

How old or young people feel compared to their chronological age; after early adulthood, most people feel younger than their chronological age.

c. concrete operations

If a boy believed that the only variable that affected the distance a ball traveled when thrown was the force with which it was thrown and then conducted a biased "experiment" that proved his assumption which developmental phenomenon according to Piaget is involved? a. Object permanence b. Conservation c. Concrete operations d. Formal operations

B. psychodynamic

If a psychologist believes that a person lacks insight into their feelings and motives (i.e., their behavior is influenced by processes outside of their awareness) that psychologist would be associated with what theoretical orientation for measuring personality? A. Humanistic B. Psychodynamic

successful aging

Includes three components: avoiding disease, maintaining high levels of cognitive and physical functioning, and having an actively engaged lifestyle.

foreclosure

Individuals commit to an identity without exploration of options.

identity achievement

Individuals have explored different options and then made commitments.

global suggestive well being

Individuals' perceptions of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole.

c. Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her emotional intelligence, strength of friendships, and positivity of one's self-concept.

Infants develop a confidence regarding the sensitivity and responsiveness of their caregivers. This security of attachment has been recognized as a cornerstone of social and personality development for which of the following reasons? a. Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her future interaction patterns with siblings, academic intelligence, and stability of self-esteem. b. Assessing attachment relationships gives insight into strengths of marriages and parental guidance. c. Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her emotional intelligence, strength of friendships, and positivity of one's self-concept. d. Assessing attachment relationships gives insight into understanding individual differences related to social status relationships.

heterogeneity

Inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rate of change over time.

c. social referencing

Jane is just learning to ride a tricycle. While riding on the sidewalk the surface changes from smooth concrete to bumpy brick. Jane is unsure if she should continue and looks at her mother who is smiling and urging her forward. This is an example of: Answers: a. encouragement b. scaffolding c. social referencing d. theory of mind

b. effortful control

Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what? Answers: a. conscience development b. effortful control c. genetic predisposition d. communication intelligence

extraversion

Julia spends her time mostly alone at home - reading books, or baking for herself. Her friends try to bring her to parties, but she is never enthusiastic about going and would prefer to something less socially active. Low in what? Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

qualitative changes

Large, fundamental change, as when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly; stage theories such as Piaget's posit that each stage reflects qualitative change relative to previous stages.

generous:selfish

Lexical Hypothesis - Which of these traits do not "go together"? Friendly : Sociable Quiet : Reserved Generous : Selfish Understanding : Tolerant

c. processes within the individual

Life span theories include which of the following characteristics? A. effects of social expectations B. effects of normative timing of events C. processes within the individual D. effects of membership in a cohort

average life expectancy

Mean number of years that 50% of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive. This is typically calculated from birth but is also sometimes re-calculated for people who have already reached a particular age (e.g., 65).

b. sensorimotor

Meika explores her environment by crawling to a new toy and putting it in her mouth. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development model is she demonstrating? Answers: a. Concrete operational b. Sensorimotor c. Preoperational d. Formal operational

d. Decreases, or get worse

Memory recall, processing speed, and inhibitory functioning are all cognitive abilities that ____ in older adulthood. Answers: a. Incline, or get better b. Remain steady c. Decrease and then increase d. Decreases, or get worse

working memory

Memory system that allows for information to be simultaneously stored and utilized or manipulated.

social network

Network of people with whom an individual is closely connected; social networks provide emotional, informational, and material support and offer opportunities for social engagement

b. crystallized

Opal has learned a lot about housing construction in her 20 years as a realtor. Recalling facts about siding and insulation would be an example of Opal's _____ intelligence Answers: a. componential b. crystallized c. fluid d. creative

gender schemas

Organized beliefs and expectations about maleness and femaleness that guide children's thinking about gender.

psychological control

Parents' manipulation of and intrusion into adolescents' emotional and cognitive world through invalidating adolescents' feelings and pressuring them to think in particular ways.

conscientiousness

Patricia is putting all her time and effort into studying for her exams, her goal it to get a perfect score. She has made a step by step strategy on how to study. Even when friends ask her to hangout - she sticks with her plan. High in what? Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

a. self esteem

Peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. Peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and _____________ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and victimization. Answers: a. self-esteem b. friendship c. aggression d. social skills

preoperational reasoning stage

Period within Piagetian theory from age 2 to 7 years, in which children can represent objects through drawing and language but cannot solve logical reasoning problems, such as the conservation problems.

sensorimotor stage

Period within Piagetian theory from birth to age 2 years, during which children come to represent the enduring reality of objects.

false

Personality is not viewed as continuous distributions. A. True B. False

false

Personality refers to the core attribute of a person, and trait refers to the overall conglomerate of a person. A. True B. False

C) Discontinuous and qualitative

Piaget's stage theory can be described as which of the following? Answers: a. Continuous and qualitative b. Continuous and quantitative c. Discontinuous and qualitative d. Discontinuous and quantitative

A. true

Piaget's stages suggest that cognitive development is more likely to be discontinuous than continuous. A. True B. False

concrete operational stage

Piagetian stage between ages 7 and 12 when children can think logically about concrete situations but not engage in systematic scientific reasoning.

formal operations stage

Piagetian stage starting at age 12 years and continuing for the rest of life, in which adolescents may gain the reasoning powers of educated adults.

a. numerical magnitudes

Playing Chutes and Ladders gives children opportunity to be exposed to spatial, kinesthetic, verbal, and time-based cues on the size of numbers. Understanding the properties that indicate the size of numbers is also known as what? a. Numerical magnitudes b. Hypothesized mathematics c. Numerical varieties d. Multisensory activity

conservation problems

Problems pioneered by Piaget in which physical transformation of an object or set of objects changes a perceptually salient dimension but not the quantity that is being asked about.

longitudinal studies

Research method that collects information from individuals at multiple time points over time, allowing researchers to track cohort differences in age-related change to determine cumulative effects of different life experiences.

cross-sectional studies

Research method that provides information about age group differences; age differences are confounded with cohort differences and effects related to history and time of study.

b. fluid intelligence will decline and crystallized intelligence will remain steady.

Research on cognitive abilities in late adulthood suggests that as we age, Answers: a. both fluid and crystallized intelligence will decline. b. fluid intelligence will decline and crystallized intelligence will remain steady. c. crystallized intelligence will decline and fluid intelligence will remain steady. d. both fluid and crystallized intelligence will remain steady.

High stakes testing

Settings in which test scores are used to make important decisions about individuals. For example, test scores may be used to determine which individuals are admitted into a college or graduate school, or who should be hired for a job. Tests also are used in forensic settings to help determine whether a person is competent to stand trial or fits the legal definition of sanity.

emerging adulthood

Sheldon is a 25 year-old, unmarried man who is not really sure what he wants to do with his life. In what stage of development is Sheldon? Answers: emerging adulthood adolescence age of instability adulthood

B. false

Socioemotional selectivity theory suggested that older people no longer need to be selective in their emotional relationships since all of these relationships are already established. A. True B. False

moratorium

State in which adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made identity commitments.

HEXACO model

The HEXACO model is an alternative to the Five-Factor Model. The HEXACO model includes six traits, five of which are variants of the traits included in the Big Five (Emotionality [E], Extraversion [X], Agreeableness [A], Conscientiousness [C], and Openness [O]). The sixth

object permanence task

The Piagetian task in which infants below about 9 months of age fail to search for an object that is removed from their sight and, if not allowed to search immediately for the object, act as if they do not know that it continues to exist.

depth perception

The ability to actively perceive the distance from oneself of objects in the environment.

conscience

The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct.

reliability

The consistency of test scores across repeated assessments. For example, test-retest reliability examines the extent to which scores change over time.

nurture

The environments, starting with the womb, that influence all aspects of children's development.

c. letter of recommendation effect

The general tendency for informants in personality studies to rate others in an unrealistically positive manner is known as the _______________. A. honeymoon effect B. reference group effect C. letter of recommendation effect

letter of recommendation effect

The general tendency for informants in personality studies to rate others in an unrealistically positive manner. This tendency is due a pervasive bias in personality assessment: In the large majority of published studies, informants are individuals who like the person they are rating (e.g., they often are friends or family members) and, therefore, are motivated to depict them in a socially desirable way. The term reflects a similar tendency for academic letters of recommendation to be overly positive and to present the referent in an unrealistically desirable manner

nature

The genes that children bring with them to life and that influence all aspects of their development.

A. Alexithymia

The inability to recognize and label emotions in oneself and others is know as ______________. A. Alexithymia B. Machiavellianism

goodness of fit

The match or synchrony between a child's temperament and characteristics of parental care that contributes to positive or negative personality development. A good "fit" means that parents have accommodated to the child's temperamental attributes, and this contributes to positive personality growth and better adjustment.

Person-situation debate

The person-situation debate is a historical debate about the relative power of personality traits as compared to situational influences on behavior. The situationist critique, which started the person-situation debate, suggested that people overestimate the extent to which personality traits are consistent across situations.

social referencing

The process by which one individual consults another's emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to circumstances that are ambiguous or uncertain.

d. genetics to environment

The relation of nature to nurture is the same as the relation of _______. a. cognition to emotion b. emotion to cognition c. environment to genetics d. genetics to environment

a. social context

The relationships that provide a child with security, guidance, and knowledge are an example of which of the following perspectives that shape development in childhood? Answers: a. Social context b. Biological maturation c. Representation of self and social world d. All are correct

deviant peer contagion

The spread of problem behaviors within groups of adolescents.

honeymoon effect

The tendency for newly married individuals to rate their spouses in an unrealistically positive manner. This represents a specific manifestation of the letter of recommendation effect when applied to ratings made by current romantic partners. Moreover, it illustrates the very important role played by relationship satisfaction in ratings made by romantic partners: As marital satisfaction declines (i.e., when the "honeymoon is over"), this effect disappears.

self-enhancement bias

The tendency for people to see and/or present themselves in an overly favorable way. This tendency can take two basic forms: defensiveness (when individuals actually believe they are better than they really are) and impression management (when people intentionally distort their responses to try to convince others that they are better than they really are). Informants also can show enhancement biases. The general form of this bias has been called the letter- of-recommendation effect, which is the tendency of informants who like the person they are rating (e.g., friends, relatives, romantic partners) to describe them in an overly favorable way. In the case of newlyweds, this tendency has been termed the honeymoon effect.

sibling contrast effect

The tendency of parents to use their perceptions of all of their children as a frame of reference for rating the characteristics of each of them. For example, suppose that a mother has three children; two of these children are very sociable and outgoing, whereas the third is relatively average in sociability. Because of operation of this effect, the mother will rate this third child as less sociable and outgoing than he/she actually is. More generally, this effect causes parents to exaggerate the true extent of differences between their children. This effect represents a specific manifestation of the more general reference group effect when applied to ratings made by parents.

reference group effect

The tendency of people to base their self-concept on comparisons with others. For example, if your friends tend to be very smart and successful, you may come to see yourself as less intelligent and successful than you actually are. Informants also are prone to these types of effects. For instance, the sibling contrast effect refers to the tendency of parents to exaggerate the true extent of differences between their children.

projective hypothesis

The theory that when people are confronted with ambiguous stimuli (that is, stimuli that can be interpreted in more than one way), their responses will be influenced by their unconscious thoughts, needs, wishes, and impulses. This, in turn, is based on the Freudian notion of projection, which is the idea that people attribute their own undesirable/unacceptable characteristics to other people or objects.

processing speed

The time it takes individuals to perform cognitive operations (e.g., process information, react to a signal, switch attention from one task to another, find a specific target object in a complex picture).

information processing theories

Theories that focus on describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth over time.

sociocultural theory

Theory founded in large part by Lev Vygotsky that emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children's development.

life span theories

Theory of development that emphasizes the patterning of lifelong within- and between-person differences in the shape, level, and rate of change trajectories.

life course theories

Theory of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age-related life events and social roles; additionally considers the lifelong cumulative effects of membership in specific cohorts and sociocultural subgroups and exposure to historical events.

sodoemotional selectivity theory

Theory proposed to explain the reduction of social partners in older adulthood; posits that older adults focus on meeting emotional over information-gathering goals, and adaptively select social partners who meet this need.

Piaget's Theory

Theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

convoy model of social relations

Theory that proposes that the frequency, types, and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age. These social exchanges impact the health and well-being of the givers and receivers in the convoy.

implicit motives

These are goals that are important to a person, but that he/she cannot consciously express. Because the individual cannot verbalize these goals directly, they cannot be easily assessed via self-report. However, they can be measured using projective devices such as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

independent

Two characteristics or traits are separate from one another-- a person can be high on one and low on the other, or vice-versa. Some correlated traits are relatively independent in that although there is a tendency for a person high on one to also be high on the other, this is not always the case.

recall

Type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information without the help of external cues.

recognition

Type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information with the assistance of cues.

b. Psychometric

Using standardized intelligence tests and validated measures to assess cognitive ability and intelligence is known as the _____________ approach. Answers: a. Psychoanalytic b. Psychometric c. Psychosocial d. Biopsychosocial

continuous development

Ways in which development occurs in a gradual incremental manner, rather than through sudden jumps.

true

We say that assessments are objective when responses are scored in a standardized, predetermined way. A. True B. False

d. Our biological endowment, along with our social and physical environments, interact to determine developmental outcomes

What resolution have developmental psychologists come to when it comes to the nature vs. nurture debate? Answers: a. Our biological endowments have a much larger effect on our growth and behavior than our current environment b. Our social and physical worlds cannot match the developmental factors preset by our heritable characteristics c. Our environments and genes are still under investigation to resolve the debate of which is more influential in our development d. Our biological endowment, along with our social and physical environments, interact to determine developmental outcomes

ability

Which is not a criteria of a personality trait? Stability Ability Individual Difference Consistency

E.

Which of the following does not decrease with age? A. recall of information B. processing speed C. recognition D. crystallized intelligence E. C & D

d. poor conflict management

Which of the following is NOT a challenge associated with peer relationships during childhood? Answers: a. Bullying b. Peer victimization c. Conformity pressures d. Poor conflict management

B. thinking abstractly, logically, and scientifically all happen separately, according to Piaget

Which of the following is not a potential problem with Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Individuals need formal education to progress through the formal operations stage B. Thinking abstractly, logically, and scientifically all happen separately, according to Piaget C. Life experiences play a role in cognitive development, which Piaget does not account for D. At times, Piaget's stages underestimate children's abilities E. Cognitive abilities are more continuous than Piaget initially thought

d. Parents' distal supervision becomes more important, as adolescents spend more time away from home

Which of the following is true of the parent-child relationship during adolescence? Answers: a. Parents exhibit only control, rather than warmth toward their adolescent b. Parental supervision becomes less important, as adolescents spend more time away from home c. There are no changes in the parent-child relationship during adolescence d. Parents' distal supervision becomes more important, as adolescents spend more time away from home

b. The dopamine system develops before the prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following statements best describes brain changes during adolescence and may be related to risky behavior? Answers: a. The limbic system goes through a "growth spurt". b. The dopamine system develops before the prefrontal cortex. c. There is uniform growth through all brain structures. d. The myelin surrounding the synapses thins.

B. Myers-Briggs Type test

Which test does not measure nonconscious features? A. Rorschach Inkblot Test B. Myers-Briggs Type Test C. Implicit- Association Test D. Thematic Apperception Test

c. Psychodynamic

Which theoretical model measures nonconscious features to understand personality? A. Psychoanalysis B. Humanistic C. Psychodynamic

D. formal operations

Yvonne is taking calculus and physics; she enjoys classes that require systematic problem solving and abstract thought. A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operations D. Formal operations

b. Academic achievement

____, predicted by parental engagement with adolescents, intrinsic motivation, and school quality, is a marker of positive adjustment during adolescence. Answers: a. Decreased rate of suicide b. Academic achievement c. Antisocial behavior d. Social development

B

___________ involves the emotional component of well-being, while ________ involves an individual's overall perception of his/her life. A. global subjective well-being; hedonic well-being B. hedonic well-being; global subjective well-being

b. validity, reliability

____________ refers to when a test measures what it is supposed to measure and ____________ refers to when scores are consistent across repeated measures. A. reliability, validity B. validity, reliability

c. sociocultural theory

__________________ emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture, influence children's development. Answers: a. Piaget's stage theory b. Information processing theory c. Sociocultural theory d. Conservation operations theory

five-factor-model

a widely accepted model of personality traits. Advocates of the model believe that much of the variability in people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can be summarized with five broad traits. These five traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

lexical hypothesis

the idea that the most important differences between people will be encoded in the language that we use to describe people. Therefore, if we want to know which personality traits are most important, we can look to the language that people use to describe themselves and others.