Psych 107 exam 2
Suppose your finger touches something. WHEN do you get the sensation? As soon as the finger reaches the object. As soon as the touch stimulates receptors on the finger. A split second later, after the message travels to the brain. While the action potential is traveling between the finger and the brain.
A split second later, after the message travels to the brain.
You would feel a pinch on your shoulder (very slightly) sooner than a toe pinch. Why? Each sensory neuron in the shoulder area has more than one axon. Action potential from the shoulder travels a shorter distance to the brain. The shoulder has a greater density of touch receptors than the toes do. Neurons in the shoulder have a higher resting potential
Action potential from the shoulder travels a shorter distance to the brain.
What is the advantage of an action potential over electrical conduction in the nervous system? An action potential is faster. An action potential spreads to the entire brain. An action potential does not diminish in strength. An action potential can travel both forward and backward.
An action potential does not diminish in strength.
What effect do new experiences have on neurons? Some dendrites turn into axons. Some axons turn into dendrites. Axons and dendrites withdraw old branches and grow new ones. Axons produce larger and faster action potentials.
Axons and dendrites withdraw old branches and grow new ones.
How does the cerebral cortex control muscle movements? Axons go directly from the cortex to the muscles. Axons go from the cortex to the medulla and spinal cord, which control muscles. Dendrites go directly from the cortex to the muscles. Dendrites go from the cortex to the medulla and spinal cord, which control muscles.
Axons go from the cortex to the medulla and spinal cord, which control muscles.
A man with damage to his corpus callosum stares at a point straight ahead while someone flashes HOUSEBOAT on a screen for a split second. The word HOUSE is on the left half of the screen and BOAT is on the right. He is asked what he saw. What will he probably reply? "house" "boat" "houseboat" "nothing"
Boat
In what way is identifying a suspect from a lineup similar to taking a multiple choice test? Both are a form of an implicit memory test. Both are a form of a recognition memory test. Both are a form of a recall memory test. Police officers, like professors, enjoy asking trick questions just to confuse you.
Both are a form of a recognition memory test.
Does extensive practice at playing stringed music instruments change the brain? If so, how? Axons in the hearing areas of the brain produce faster and larger action potentials. Brain areas responsible for hearing and finger sensations expand in size. Many dendrites in certain brain areas turn into axons. Such practice has no measureable effects on the brain
Brain areas responsible for hearing and finger sensations expand in size.
After split-brain surgery, what can a person NO LONGER do? Describe in words what he/she feels with the left hand Perceive the speed and direction of a moving object Perceive that an object seen is the same thing as an object heard or felt Move the left and right hands at the same time
Describe in words what he/she feels with the left hand
Two- to three-year-old children can sometimes describe an experience from months ago, and sometimes they cannot. Of the following, which is the most important influence on whether they can remember? Was the experimenter the same gender as the child? Was the mother present during both the original experience and the later test? Did the child know the words to describe the experience when it happened? Did the child have older brothers or sisters?
Did the child know the words to describe the experience when it happened?
You plan to spend 10 hours studying before your test next week. What is the best strategy? Study 9 1/2 hours today, and then review for 30 minutes just before the test. Preview the material for 30 minutes today and study 9 1/2 hours just before the test. Distribute the 10 hours in shorter study sessions across many days. Study for 10 hours the night before the test.
Distribute the 10 hours in shorter study sessions across many days.
In which way does the cerebral cortex control the body? Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. Each hemisphere controls its own side of the body. Each hemisphere controls both sides of the body equally. One hemisphere (usually the left) controls both sides, and the other hemisphere controls nothing.
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.
Ebbinghaus forgot materials much faster than most college students do. Why? College students are, on the average, more intelligent. College students have had more practice at memorizing useless information. Ebbinghaus was suffering from greater proactive interference. Ebbinghaus was beginning to develop Alzheimer's disease.
Ebbinghaus was suffering from greater proactive interference.
__________ is a domain that, as surely as math or reading, can be handled with greater or lesser skill, and requires its unique set of competencies. Rational life Emotional life Intellectual life
Emotional life
You study something until you are confident that you will remember it. Then what? You should repeat it for another 10 minutes to be sure. Even if you repeat it now, you underestimate how much you will forget. Once you have learned it, your memory will be stable over time. Your memory will actually improve over time.
Even if you repeat it now, you underestimate how much you will forget.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the brain and experience? Practicing a particular skill expands the entire brain. New experiences exert effects mostly by changing the speed of action potentials. c As muscle size increases, brain size decreases. Experience can increase size and connections of brain areas related to the task.
Experience can increase size and connections of brain areas related to the task.
A mnemonic device is a type of musical instrument. True False
False
Communication between neurons is by the axon. True False
False
Episodic Memory is a type of memory process. True False
False
Procedural memories should always include conscious intervention. True False
False
There is no way to measure brain activity. True False
False
In one experiment an undergraduate spent a year and a half memorizing lists of numbers and recalling them immediately. By the end of the year, how had his memory changed—if at all? He had increased the capacity of his short-term memory not only for numbers (which he had practiced) but also for letters (which he had not practiced). He had improved his ability to use chunking to store more numbers in his short-term memory. The capacity of his short-term memory had decreased from seven to five. His ability to memorize had not changed in any way.
He had improved his ability to use chunking to store more numbers in his short-term memory.
What was Otto Loewi's evidence that neurons communicate by releasing chemicals? He transferred fluid from one frog's heart to alter activity of another frog's hear. He collected fluids at brain synapses and analyzed them chemically. He demonstrated that heroin and marijuana alter brain activity. He blocked all electrical activity in the brain and showed that behavior continued.
He transferred fluid from one frog's heart to alter activity of another frog's heart.
What was Hermann Ebbinghaus's contribution to the study of memory? He was the first to do experiments to measure memory. He located the brain areas most important for memory. He was the first to distinguish between different types of memory. He found ways to uncover hidden or lost memories.
He was the first to do experiments to measure memory.
Which of these was true of the patient H.M.? His memory problems resulted from a stroke that damaged his frontal cortex. He could not remember anything he had learned before the onset of his amnesia. He lost all short-term memory and implicit memory. His main deficit was an inability to form new long-term memories.
His main deficit was an inability to form new long-term memories.
__________ contributes about 20 percent to the factors that determine life success. IQ Grades SAT scores
IQ
A belief in monism predicts which of the following? People who are poor at one mental ability are probably above average at another. Most mental illnesses can be traced to unconscious thoughts and emotions. If you lose part of your brain, you lose part of your mind. Average intelligence will tend to increase from one generation to the next.
If you lose part of your brain, you lose part of your mind.
You read a long list of objects. Later you will try to remember as many as possible. Which of these instructions makes you most likely to remember a large number of them? Repeat each word over and over. Imagine using this item for survival in the wilderness. Count the number of vowels in each word. For each object, think of another object that starts with the same letter.
Imagine using this item for survival in the wilderness.
__________ is the ability to understand other people: what motivates them, how they work, how to work cooperatively with them. Emotional intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Empathy
Interpersonal intelligence
__________ is a capacity to form an accurate, veridical model of oneself and to be able to use that model to operate effectively in life. Empathy Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence
What does the corpus callosum do? It exchanges information between the left and right hemispheres. It regulates hunger, thirst, and sexual motivation. It controls movement of the arms and legs. It compares visual information with simultaneous hearing information.
It exchanges information between the left and right hemispheres.
What does the right hemisphere of the brain do, in most people? It controls language. It controls hunger and thirst. It feels the right half of the body and controls muscles on the right side. It feels the left half of the body and controls muscles on the left side.
It feels the left half of the body and controls muscles on the left side.
Which of the following is characteristic of short-term memory, as opposed to long-term? It maintains material for a certain period of time, regardless of interference. It maintains material for a certain period of time, regardless of rehearsal. It can maintain a huge amount of information. It has a capacity of only a few items.
It has a capacity of only a few items.
What is distinctive of long-term memory, compared to short-term memory? It stores information in terms of sounds instead of meanings. Whenever it adds a new item it has to discard an older item. It has greater capacity to store information. Its information is always available, regardless of interference.
It has greater capacity to store information.
If a drug prevents the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA from attaching to its receptors, what happens to the postsynaptic cell? It increases its production of new GABA molecules. Its dendrites begin to shrink. It produces more action potentials than usual. It creates additional GABA receptors.
It produces more action potentials than usual.
What does the sympathetic nervous system do? It controls the mirror neuron system. It controls the skeletal muscles responsible for walking. It promotes digestion and other vegetative activities. It readies the body for vigorous emergency activity.
It readies the body for vigorous emergency activity.
What happens to the strength of an action potential as it travels along an axon? It remains constant. It gradually weakens. It gradually increases. It may increase or decrease, depending on the activity in other neurons.
It remains constant.
How does L-DOPA affect someone with Parkinson's disease? It cures the disease. It temporarily relieves the symptoms. It makes the symptoms worse. It helps with the movements but increases psychological depression.
It temporarily relieves the symptoms.
Which of the following is true of an action potential? It conveys messages as fast as an electrical wire. Its strength remains the same from start to finish. Its speed and strength decline late in the day, as people grow tired. The mechanism in humans is substantially different from other species.
Its strength remains the same from start to finish.
Which of the following is a widely used treatment for Parkinson's disease? a strict diet that contains little or no phenylalanine L-DOPA, a chemical that the brain converts into dopamine a surgical operation that cuts the corpus callosum massive doses of vitamin B-1 (thiamine)
L-DOPA, a chemical that the brain converts into dopamine
You see someone else's eyes move, but you can't see your own eyes move in a mirror. Why not? Mirrors distort light, making movement seem smaller than it really is. You move your own eyes more slowly when looking at a mirror. It is easier to pay attention to someone else's eyes than your own. Part of the brain becomes inactive during voluntary eye movements.
Part of the brain becomes inactive during voluntary eye movements.
Paul and Pam both got 85% correct on the first test. Pam studied hard for the next two tests while Paul quit studying altogether. Now, strangely, the final exam turns out to be almost identical to the first test. Who will do better on the final exam, and why? Paul, because Pam will be hampered by proactive interference. Paul, because Pam will be hampered by retroactive interference. Pam, because Paul will be hampered by proactive interference. Pam, because Paul will be hampered by retroactive interference.
Paul, because Pam will be hampered by retroactive interference.
Certain clinical psychologists claim they can help people recover repressed memories of early sexual abuse. Why are other psychologists skeptical? People tend to forget their emotionally intense memories quickly. After suggestion, many people report memories of events that never happened. Repressed memories can be accurately recovered only with the use of hypnosis. Repression occurs only after age ten.
People sometimes report remembering an event that never happened.
Psychological research most strongly supports which of the following statements? Someone who has a traumatic experience is likely to repress the memory. People remember words better if they learned them in adulthood than in childhood. People sometimes report remembering an event that never happened. Repeating something many times in a row is the best way to learn it.
People sometimes report remembering an event that never happened.
Which of the following is evidence in favor of the idea of monism? Cultures with written language progress faster than other cultures do. It is difficult to perform two complex tasks at the same time. People who lose part of their brain lose part of their mental ability. Monozygotic ("identical") twins resemble each other in details of behavior.
People who lose part of their brain lose part of their mental ability.
_________ cognition even in the realm of emotion is, in part, due to a quirk in the history of that science. People's love for Psychology's overemphasis on Scientists' disregard for
Psychology's overemphasis on
__________ is recognizing a feeling as it happens — it is a keystone of emotional intelligence. Motivating oneself Self-awareness Managing emotions
Self-awareness
__________ is both distinct from academic abilities and a key part of what makes people do well in the practicalities of life. Social Intelligence Rationality Integrity
Social Intelligence
During an action potential, which ions cross the axon membrane, and in which direction? Sodium ions flow from outside to inside the membrane. Sodium ions flow from inside to outside the membrane. Potassium ions flow from outside to inside the membrane. Calcium ions flow from inside to outside the membrane.
Sodium ions flow from outside to inside the membrane.
Which of these is a reason to spread out studying over time instead of studying all at once? Studying all at once makes you likely to underestimate your memory. Spreading out your study time helps you practice retrieving a memory. It is easier to remember something you learned a few days ago than something you learned more recently. If you study all at once you won't feel confident that you know it.
Spreading out your study time helps you practice retrieving a memory.
In what way do synaptic messages differ from the way computers store information? Synaptic messages spread immediately to the entire brain. Synaptic messages vary among themselves in speed and duration. Synaptic messages operate more rapidly and have briefer effects. Synaptic messages can be neutral as well as excitatory or inhibitory.
Synaptic messages vary among themselves in speed and duration.
__________ is based on the same notion of a single kind of aptitude that determines your future. The SAT test Our ACT test GPA
The SAT test
If a drug prevents sodium from crossing an axon membrane, what happens? An increased number of potassium ions cross instead. The axon increases its rate of consumption of glucose and other fuels. The axon stops transmitting action potentials. The axon transmits action potentials at a greater than usual velocity.
The axon stops transmitting action potentials.
What is the relationship between neurotransmitters and their receptors? The brain has only two neurotransmitters, and each has one type of receptor. The brain has many neurotransmitters, and each has one type of receptor. The brain has many neurotransmitters, and each has several types of receptor. The brain has only one neurotransmitter, but many types of receptor.
The brain has many neurotransmitters, and each has several types of receptor.
Someone blind because of damage to the visual cortex continues feeling wakeful when the sun rises and sleepy at night. How can we explain this tendency? Once someone learns a pattern of waking and sleeping, the habit cannot change. The damaged areas of the visual cortex must have grown back. Another part of the cortex must have taken over visual functions. The eyes continue sending information to other brain areas that control waking.
The eyes continue sending information to other brain areas that control waking.
In certain experiments, people either rehearsed new information or forgot it within 15-20 seconds. However, people don't always forget so quickly. What aspect of the original experiment made it likely that people would forget? The participants were students weary from much previous study that day. The laboratory room was full of distracting stimuli. The experimenter was cold and unfriendly. The material to be remembered was unimportant to them.
The material to be remembered was unimportant to them.
One adult suffered eye damage and another suffered damage to the visual cortex. Although both are blind, what is one way in which they differ? The one with eye damage can still have visual imagery and visual dreams. The one with eye damage still wakes up when the sun rises. The one with damage to the visual cortex will be better at learning Braille. The one with damage to the visual cortex loses all sense of time.
The one with eye damage can still have visual imagery and visual dreams.
After damage to the upper spinal cord, what happens? The person loses many reflexes, but continues to have voluntary muscle control. The person loses voluntary muscle control, but continues to have many reflexes. The person loses both the reflexes and voluntary muscle control. The person loses neither the reflexes nor voluntary muscle control.
The person loses voluntary muscle control, but continues to have many reflexes.
After neurotransmitter molecules detach from their receptor, some of them diffuse away. What happens to the others? They enter the postsynaptic cell, which uses them for fuel. The presynaptic cell takes them back to use them again. They become part of the membrane of the postsynaptic cell. They break down into sodium and potassium.
The presynaptic cell takes them back to use them again.
To perceive sight, sound, and touch as coming from the same object, what is necessary? The stimulations must be either moving or increasing in strength. The stimulations must be perceived unconsciously. The stimulations must be brief. The stimulations must be simultaneous.
The stimulations must be simultaneous.
What is true of "flashbulb" memories of highly emotional events? They are extremely detailed and accurate. They are extremely detailed but not always accurate. They capture only the gist of the event but they are highly accurate. They fade rapidly after the event.
They are extremely detailed but not always accurate.
The research on people who have survived traumatic events leads to what conclusion? People have an especially difficult time remembering emotional events. Traumatic memories are similar to other memories. Traumatic memories are processed in a unique way that leads to dissociation. Hypnosis is the best technique for recovering traumatic memories.
Traumatic memories are similar to other memories.
"Short Term" and "Working" are different names for the same memory component. True False
True
A retrieved memory is a "reconstruction" of that memory. True False
True
Axons travel throughout the inside of the brain. True False
True
Cued Recall is a type of memory test. True False
True
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. True False
True
Episodic memories are memories about yourself. True False
True
In an "Explicit " memory test, the subject is aware of being in a memory test. True False
True
Information coming in from the environment is stored first in Sensory Memory. True False
True
Information in Working memory is information a person is aware of and currently "working" with. True False
True
Long Term Memory holds memories for a lifetime. True False
True
Long Term Memory is extremely large. True False
True
Memories exist in the brain. True False
True
Memory retrieval is accessing a memory. True False
True
Procedural Memory is a "type" of memory. True False
True
The CNS is the brain and spinal cord. True False
True
The cortex is the inner structure of the brain. True False
True
The size and shape of neurons can vary. True False
True
The strength of an action potential stays the same. True False
True
Suppose we suspect someone has abused a child. Which of these is good advice for someone interviewing the child? First let the child compare memories with other witnesses. Give the child a doll and ask him/her to act out what happened with the doll. Wait a few weeks after the event before questioning the child. Use open-ended questions such as "What happened?"
Use open-ended questions such as "What happened?"
__________ ranking children and more time helping them to identify their natural competencies and gifts, and cultivate those. We should spend more time We need to spend equal time We should spend less time
We should spend less time
According to the depth-of-processing principle, why are some memories easier to recall? They stayed in short-term memory longer before transfer to long-term memory. They are stored deeper in the cerebral cortex. We thought about them more during the storage process. We stored them in terms of sound and structure of the word.
We thought about them more during the storage process.
Which of the following statements about the nervous system is NONSENSE? Brain damage can impair facial recognition without impairing other functions. Adult neurons alter their shape in response to experience. We use only about 10% of the brain. Split-brain patients sometimes act as if they have two minds in one head.
We use only about 10% of the brain.
__________ from the classes of the 1940s were followed into middle age, the men with the highest test scores in college were not particularly successful compared to their lower-scoring peers. There were eighty Texas A&M students When ninety-five Harvard students Back when Fifty-five Yale students
When ninety-five Harvard students
If you were "motion blind," what disability would you have? You would find it difficult to see that something is moving. You would find it difficult to see anything while you are moving. You would have blurry vision when you came to a stop after long travel. You would confuse parts of one moving object with parts of another.
You would find it difficult to see that something is moving.
If you spent the next year or two practicing your ability to memorize numbers and recite them immediately, how would your short-term memory probably change? You might be able to memorize as many as 10 digits at a time, but no more than that. The capacity of your short-term memory would increase for numbers, letters, and other types of information. You would eventually grow so confused that you could not memorize any more numbers. You would learn to use chunking to store larger numbers in short-term memory.
You would learn to use chunking to store larger numbers in short-term memory.
If you could simultaneously activate every neuron in your brain, what would happen? You would become more intelligent. Temporarily, you would think more brilliant thoughts and solve more problems. You would suffer convulsions. Nothing would change in your thinking or behavior.
You would suffer convulsions.
What is a neurotransmitter? a machine that measures brain waves a chemical that travels from one neuron to another a drug that produces hallucinations an ionized chemical bound to the nucleus of a cell
a chemical that travels from one neuron to another
A professor tries to memorize the names of all the students in a large class. Of the following, which name will be hardest to remember? the first name on the list, Aaron Aardvark an unusual name, Bimbo Sue Budweiser a common name, Robert Johnson the last name on the list, Zoe Zyzzlewicz
a common name, Robert Johnson
According to the information-processing model of memory, human memory is most analogous to a library classification system. a food processor. an encyclopedia set. a computer.
a computer.
What is a confabulation? a method for remembering long lists of unrelated items the gist of a long-term episodic memory a guess to fill in the gaps in memory the process of converting a short-term memory into a long-term memory
a guess to fill in the gaps in memory
What is a mnemonic device? a machine that measures brain waves a method for increasing speed of reading a method for improving memorization a machine that tests memory
a method for improving memorization
What is meant by the term "infant amnesia"? anterograde amnesia that begins during infancy a tendency for adults to forget early childhood events amnesia caused by traumatic experiences during infancy the experience some parents have when they temporarily forget their infants
a tendency for adults to forget early childhood events
During a voluntary eye movement, people suffer a temporary impairment in which of these? ability to recognize faces ability to see that something is moving color vision ability to localize sounds
ability to see that something is moving
Research in the 1950's suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is one or two items. about seven items. about the same as long-term memory. unlimited.
about seven items.
The all-or-none law applies to sleep vs. wakefulness. the release of neurotransmitters. action potentials along an axon. left-hemisphere vs. right-hemisphere activity.
action potentials along an axon.
Under what circumstances do some people experience "blindsight"? after damage to one eye and not the other after damage to much of the visual cortex after damage to all other parts of the cerebral cortex, sparing the visual cortex after damage to both eyes and the visual cortex
after damage to much of the visual cortex
One of the main symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome is amnesia. inability to read. impairment of voluntary movement. coarse coughing.
amnesia.
If we measure how strongly people react to sudden loud noises, what can we use those measurements to predict? attitudes toward use of police and military power preference for spicy vs. mild foods probable choice of a job hobbies and other interests
attitudes toward use of police and military power
What is the long fiber that conducts impulses from a neuron's cell body toward another cell? soma synapse axon dendrite
axon
The __________ is a single, long, thin, straight fiber with branches near its tip. Some are covered with __________, an insulating sheath that speeds up the transmission of impulses. myelin... axon axon... dendrite axon... myelin dendrite... myelin
axon... myelin
The question of how separate brain areas produce a unified perception of an object is the binding problem. Zeigarnik effect. nature-nurture question. Young-Helmholtz issue.
binding problem.
EEG, MEG, PET, and fMRI are all methods of measuring what? intelligence visual perception emotional maturity brain activity
brain activity
How does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure brain activity? by causing detectable vibrations in various brain areas by detecting radiation emitted by radioactive chemicals in various brain areas by detecting how much oxygen various brain areas have removed from the blood by directly recording the electrical activity of individual neurons
by detecting how much oxygen various brain areas have removed from the blood
Otto Loewi devised a clever experiment that demonstrated neurons communicate by means of electrical charges. by magnetic fields. by mechanical stimulation. by releasing chemicals.
by releasing chemicals.
Which brain area is most responsible for movements that require precise timing? cerebellum. pons. amygdala. thalamus.
cerebellum.
You want to remember a shopping list of 9 items. To aid memory, you group them as 3 fruits, 3 vegetables, and 3 dairy items. This strategy makes use of chunking. flashbulb memory. the von Restorff effect. encoding specificity.
chunking.
One person recognizes faces easily and the other has much trouble. How do they probably differ? eye color (brown, blue, green) distance between the two eyes connections to one brain area speed of action potentials
connections to one brain area
A split-brain patient has surgical damage to which brain structure? visual cortex corpus callosum frontal cortex cerebellum
corpus callosum
What connects the left hemisphere of the brain to the right hemisphere? limbic system corpus callosum medulla oblongata sympathetic nervous system
corpus callosum
Your friend asks, "What's the name of our chemistry lab instructor? I think it starts with a J." This is which type of memory test? implicit memory source amnesia savings cued recall
cued recall
our history professor gives you a list of the initials of all the U.S. presidents and vice presidents and asks you to fill in the names. What kind of memory test is this? free recall cued recall recognition savings
cued recall
An adult who suddenly became blind continues to have visual imagery and visual dreams. What caused the blindness? damage to the eyes damage to the visual cortex damage to both the eyes and the visual cortex damage to neither the eyes nor the visual cortex
damage to the eyes
Recall, cued recall, and recognition all measure which type of memory? declarative procedural implicit state-dependent
declarative
People who suffer from amnesia usually lose some or all of their __________ memories but retain __________ memories that are relatively unimpaired. semantic...episodic episodic...semantic declarative...procedural procedural...declarative
declarative...procedural
The part of a neuron receiving messages is the ____. The part sending messages is the ___ axon ... cell body cell body ... dendrites axon ... dendrites dendrites ... axon
dendrites ... axon
A single neuron can have many dendrites. cell bodies. cones. axons.
dendrites.
The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the __________, and the __________. glia...dendrites action potential...membrane glia...axon dendrites...axon
dendrites...axon
When you are trying to memorize a list of words, the more you think about their meaning, the easier they will be to remember later. This is known as the von Restorff effect. state-dependent memory principle. depth-of-processing principle. method of loci.
depth-of-processing principle.
What is difficult for a split-brain person to do? describe in words what the left hand feels perceive that something heard, seen, and felt is the same object visually perceive the movement of an object walk and talk at the same time
describe in words what the left hand feels
Parietal lobe damage interferes with which aspect of vision? perceiving motion recognizing faces identifying color detecting the location of objects
detecting the location of objects
Parkinson's disease results from a deficiency in which neurotransmitter? serotonin dopamine glutamate GABA
dopamine
Which of the following has been observed in people with a certain kind of brain damage? emotional responses to stimulation on the arm that the person doesn't feel inability to perceive green, despite normal ability to perceive all other colors switch from a heterosexual orientation to a homosexual orientation loss of ability to use or understand adverbs, despite otherwise normal language
emotional responses to stimulation on the arm that the person doesn't feel
When you read the word "pop" on a list, you think of it as breaking a balloon. Later when someone asks what word on the list refers to a kind of drink, you don't think of "pop." Why not? procedural memory serial-order effect anterograde amnesia encoding specificity principle
encoding specificity principle
When you read the word "slice" on a list, you think of it as something you do to a golf ball. Later when someone asks which word on the list means "piece," you don't remember. Why? proactive interference encoding specificity principle depth-of-processing principle state-dependent memory
encoding specificity principle
You memorize a list of paired associates including "RUBBER-BAND." Later someone asks what word on the list refers to music, and you don't think of BAND. Why not? serial-order effect von Restorff effect encoding specificity principle depth-of-processing principle
encoding specificity principle
You read a list of names including Batman and Robin. Later someone asks you which item on the list was the name of a bird, and you fail to think of "robin." Why? encoding specificity principle primacy effect hindsight bias anterograde amnesia
encoding specificity principle
Remembering the details of one of your experiences is which kind of memory? episodic semantic procedural implicit
episodic
Memory of a specific experience such as graduating from high school is known as semantic memory. episodic memory. procedural memory. implicit memory.
episodic memory.
In working memory the component responsible for governing shifts of attention is called phonological loop. executive functioning. visuospatial sketchpad. encoding specificity.
executive functioning.
Cerebral Cortex
extensive, wrinkled outer layer of the forebrain, governs higher brain functions such as thinking, learning and consciousness.
An experimenter reads a series of letters, such as TGWNR, and asks college students to recall it 20 seconds later. They are likely to forget the letters if they try to form a visual image of the letters. blink their eyes frequently during the 20 seconds. fail to rehearse the letters during the 20 seconds. store the letters in a way that makes use of chunking.
fail to rehearse the letters during the 20 seconds.
When the police conduct a suspect lineup, psychologists recommend using a "blind" observer to administer the lineup and, if possible, showing suspects one at a time. What is the advantage of these procedures? fewer identifications of innocent people more identifications of guilty people more rapid identifications more confident identifications
fewer identifications of innocent people
Proactive interference and retroactive interference are mechanisms that contribute to forgetting. infant amnesia. encoding specificity. level of processing.
forgetting.
You don't have a telephone directory and you are trying to remember the phone number of your local pizza parlor. You must rely on recognition. free recall. savings. implicit memory.
free recall.
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the motor cortex, which controls fine movements? frontal temporal occipital parietal
frontal
What is the endocrine system? axons that carry messages back and forth between the brain and spinal cord chemicals that inhibit pain and produce relaxation glands that produce and release hormones neurons active when you do something and when you see others do the same thing
glands that produce and release hormones
hypothalamus
governs eating, drinking, and sex. plays a role in emotions and stress
What is impaired in someone with damage to the temporal lobe of the cortex? control of fine movements hearing sense of rhythm hunger
hearing
After something goes terribly wrong in the economy or foreign policy, many people blame the government for not preventing the problem, even though no one foresaw it. This tendency is an example of what? confabulation repression hindsight bias encoding specificity
hindsight bias
You are watching Jeopardy with your brother and notice that he seems remarkably intelligent. After Alex Trebeck reads each answer, your brother states, "yep, I knew that". However, when you decide to mute the television during the reading of your answers, your brother has a very difficult time producing the correct answer. Your brother's initial response that he knew the correct answer after he heard it is an example of belief perseverance retroactive interference hindsight bias memory reconstruction
hindsight bias
The patient H.M. suffered memory problems after damage to his hip. hippopotamus. hypnotist. hippocampus.
hippocampus.
The study of axons and action potentials enables us to understand how Novocain and other anesthetic drugs block pain. why morphine and heroin are generally addictive. why some people enjoy dairy products more than other people do. why young adults generally have better memories than older people do.
how Novocain and other anesthetic drugs block pain.
The "binding problem" refers to which theoretical question? how the abilities present in other primates evolved into human language how people manage to restrain or inhibit their unwanted impulses how people learn to live together in a peaceful community how we perceive what we see, hear, and feel as a single object
how we perceive what we see, hear, and feel as a single object
In which case are people LEAST likely to remember a traumatic experience? if the event was severely traumatic if the event was repeated several times if their family provided support and encouragement if the event happened in early childhood
if the event happened in early childhood
If you hear the list "candy, sour, sugar, salty, sweet, dessert...," under which condition are you most likely to remember the word "sweet" even though it wasn't on the list? if you have forgotten the other items if you remember the other items, but not very well if you remember the other items well under all conditions equally
if you remember the other items, but not very well
An adult who became blind because of eye damage (with the brain intact) can still do what? use light to reset the biological rhythm of sleep and wakefulness show a startle reflex to a sudden bright light learn to identify colors by touching them imagine visual scenes and experience vision in dreams
imagine visual scenes and experience vision in dreams
One of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease is impairment of initiating voluntary movement. sudden fits of falling asleep in the middle of the day. severe, sudden attacks of anxiety. inability to understand spoken language.
impairment of initiating voluntary movement.
Someone asks you for a word that starts with "el-" and you reply "elementary," using a word you had just heard, even though you don't remember hearing it. What type of memory test is this? cued recall recognition savings implicit
implicit
You try to sketch a picture of your Psychology lecture hall. While you never tried to remember the types of chairs or color of the carpet, your drawing is mostly correct. Your drawing is an example of __________ memory. implicit episodic procedural state-dependent
implicit
Both proactive interference and retroactive interference are examples of mnemonic devices. improve long-term memory. improve short-term memory. increase forgetting.
increase forgetting.
amygdala
involved in fear and the discrimination of objects necessary for organisms survival
hippocampus
involved in memory
What is amnesia? loss of sensation loss of memory loss of motivation loss of emotion
loss of memory
Bahrick's studies on people's ability to remember a foreign language showed that memory tended to improve over time. memory for verbs was greater than for nouns. memory initially declined for the first few years but then became stable. memory for words with a Latin origin were better than those with a Greek origin.
memory initially declined for the first few years but then became stable.
The ability of newborn infants to imitate facial expressions suggests which of these? mirror neurons Lamarckian evolution motion blindness neurotransmitter reuptake
mirror neurons
What neurons are active when you do something and when you watch others do the same thing? inhibitory neurons mirror neurons pyramidal neurons occipital neurons
mirror neurons
What did Freud mean by "repression"? forgetting something because it is unimportant or uninteresting moving an unacceptable memory into the unconscious preventing someone from doing what he/she is capable of doing transferring a memory from short-term to long-term memory
moving an unacceptable memory into the unconscious
The nervous system is made up of two types of cells called __________ and __________. axons... dendrites dendrites...glia gametes ... autosomal cells neurons... glia
neurons... glia
Under what circumstances can a split-brain person feel something and say what it is? only after feeling it with the left hand only after feeling it with the right hand after feeling it with either hand only after feeling it with both hands at the same time
only after feeling it with the right hand
Hindsight bias is the tendency to overestimate how likely some event had seemed, after we know it already happened. dislike the people who dislike us. alter our perceptions and memories to match those of the other people we know. remember pleasant events and forget unpleasant ones.
overestimate how likely some event had seemed, after we know it already happened.
Which lobe of the cortex processes touch sensation and the location of objects in space? frontal temporal parietal occipital
parietal
After damage to the cerebral cortex, a person has an impairment in body perception (touch, etc.) and impaired perception of object locations. Where is the damage probably located? parietal lobe frontal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe
parietal lobe
One unusual feature of implicit memory is that implicit memory grows stronger after the passage of time. people can display implict memory without realizing that they are using memory. implicit memory is absent in infancy and begins to develop after about age five. brain damage is more likely to impair implicit memory than any other memory type.
people can display implict memory without realizing that they are using memory.
If we want to predict people's attitudes toward use of police and military power, which of the following would be best to measure? people's ability to recognize faces how well people can use the left hand to respond to right-side visual signals the speed of action potentials in people's spinal cords people's responses to sudden loud noises
people's responses to sudden loud noises
The ability to "bind" sensations to perceive an object depends on brain areas that do what? perceive the color of objects perceive the location of objects perceive the size of objects perceive the weight of objects
perceive the location of objects
The nerves that carry information from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain, and from the spinal cord and brain to the glands and muscles, are collectively known as the autonomic nervous system. sympathetic nervous system. central nervous system. peripheral nervous system.
peripheral nervous system.
Damage or immaturity of which brain area is linked to impulsive decisions? hypothalamus prefrontal cortex occipital cortex corpus callosum
prefrontal cortex
The tendency to remember the first items on a list is the ____ effect. The tendency to remember the last items is the __________ effect. recency...primacy primacy...recency retrograde...anterograde anterograde...retrograde
primacy...recency
Hermann Ebbinghaus, having previously memorized thousands of lists of nonsense syllables, forgot newly learned lists faster than most other people do. Why? serial-order effect proactive interference retroactive interference depth-of-processing principle
proactive interference
You learn how to operate machine A. Later you learn to operate machine B. You may forget how to operate B faster than does your friend, who learned only B. Why? serial-order effect von Restorff effect retroactive interference proactive interference
proactive interference
When you remember how to tie your shoes, what type of memory is this? factual procedural episodic state dependent
procedural
Which type of memory was least impaired in patient H.M.? procedural episodic explicit declarative
procedural
What do a neuron's dendrites do? receive information from other neurons conduct information toward muscles or other neurons contain the chromosomes synthesize new proteins
receive information from other neurons
In the usual type of suspect lineup that the police use, a risk is that the witness picks the "best available" suspect, who may not be guilty. That risk arises because the suspect lineup uses which type of memory test? cued recall recognition savings implicit
recognition
Which kind of memory test are you taking right now? free recall cued recall recognition savings
recognition
A brain scan records the activity of various brain areas during a memory task. Before we can draw conclusions about those brain areas, what other information do we need? recordings of activity from other body organs during the same task a measurement of how well the person remembers the material much later recordings of brain activity during a comparison task a measurement of the participants' speed of action potentials
recordings of brain activity during a comparison task
The "binding problem" is most related to which of these theoretical issues? relative roles of nature and nurture free will vs. determinism relationship of mind to brain how to overcome prejudice
relationship of mind to brain
thalamus
relays information between lower and higher brain centers
What happens at a synapse? something very synful storage of nutrients for later use release of a chemical that affects another cell increased production of myelin
release of a chemical that affects another cell
cerebellum
rounded structure involved in motor coordination
Which method of testing memory is most likely to detect a very weak memory? free recall cued recall recognition savings
savings
You cannot remember the geography you learned in junior high school. Someone tests whether you can relearn it faster than you learned it the first time. Which type of memory test is this? savings recognition free recall cued recall
savings
You think you have totally forgotten the Spanish vocabulary you learned in elementary school. Suppose we measure how much faster you learn Spanish than someone never exposed to it before. What type of memory test is this? cued recall recognition savings implicit
savings
What type of memory is your memory of your current mailing address? short-term semantic episodic state-dependent
semantic
When you remember how a clock works, what type of memory is that? episodic semantic short-term implicit
semantic
Various parts of the cortex--such as the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes--control different aspects of personality. sensory systems. muscles. emotions.
sensory systems.
Executive functioning (one aspect of working memory) is responsible for what? shifting attention from one task to another storing and rehearsing speech information storing and manipulating visual and spatial information speaking or writing the answer to a memory question
shifting attention from one task to another
"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the capacity of episodic memory. semantic memory. short-term memory. flashbulb memories.
short-term memory
Impaired facial recognition, impaired motion perception, and impaired interpretation of emotional information can all be caused by specific kinds of brain damage. particular kinds of genetic mutations. chemical imbalances in the brain. side-effects of certain drugs.
specific kinds of brain damage.
To improve your probability of performing a learned skill well, or your probability of remembering something in a variety of circumstances, you should avoid emotional arousal at the time of learning. stay awake for as long as possible after learning. study or practice under a variety of conditions. study or practice under consistent, predictable conditions.
study or practice under a variety of conditions.
During danger, the ___ system is more active. When danger passes, the ___ system is more active. sympathetic... sympathetic sympathetic... parasympathetic parasympathetic... sympathetic parasympathetic... parasympathetic
sympathetic... parasympathetic
Which brain area is most important for hearing, the ability to recognize complex patterns (such as faces), language comprehension, and emotion? medulla oblongata temporal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobe
temporal lobe
Which part of a neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synapse? dendrite myelin cell body terminal button
terminal button
If students perform a distracting task while trying to study, whose performance will DECREASE the most? the best students, who have the best working memory the average students the worst students, who have the least working memory all students equally
the best students, who have the best working memory
The central nervous system consists of the brain. the brain and spinal cord. the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that carry messages to and from the periphery. the spinal cord and the nerves that carry messages to and from the periphery.
the brain and spinal cord.
What does the autonomic nervous system control? muscles of the hands and feet vision and hearing reflexes such as the knee-jerk reflex the heart and other organs
the heart and other organs
What is meant by "working memory"? memory that you will retain for a lifetime the information you are working with at the moment memory about how to perform certain types of work memory that is accurate as opposed to faulty
the information you are working with at the moment
A mouse, a dog, and a giraffe get toe pinches at the same time. Which responds fastest? the mouse the dog the giraffe All three respond equally fast.
the mouse
The left hemisphere controls ________ and the right hemisphere controls _________. sensation...movement movement...sensation the right side of the body...the left side of the body the left side of the body...the right side of the body
the right side of the body...the left side of the body
In comparison to other body cells, what is distinctive about neurons? their low metabolic activity. their higher temperature. their ability to synthesize vitamins. their varied shapes.
their varied shapes.
According to the depth-of-processing principle, you remember something better if you repeat it over and over to concentrate mostly on its sound. think about its meaning while we are storing the memory. hold it in short-term memory before transferring it to long-term memory. store it in the deepest layers of the cerebral cortex.
think about its meaning while we are storing the memory.
For what medical purpose have surgeons sometimes cut the corpus callosum? to control aggressive behavior to control epilepsy to reduce blood pressure to relieve the problems caused by a prefrontal lobotomy
to control epilepsy
Glia cells support neurons. True False
true
Gray matter refers to the cortex. True False
true
After damage to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, what is impaired? fine control of muscles vision speech comprehension emotional expression
vision
Which of these functions depends mainly on the left hemisphere, in most people? hunger vision language emotion
vision
The occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex is specialized for vision. body senses, including touch, pain and awareness of body parts. hearing. control of fine movements.
vision.
When are mirror neurons active? when you watch yourself in the mirror during arousal of the sympathetic nervous system when you first do something and then do the opposite when you do something or when you see someone else do the same thing
when you do something or when you see someone else do the same thing
What does fMRI measure? how well people can remember instructions and follow them later people's ability to recognize facial expressions resemblances among people within a family which brain areas are using the most oxygen
which brain areas are using the most oxygen
Under what circumstances do healthy, normal people experience motion blindness? late at night while making voluntary eye movements at the end of a long trip, especially by bicycle after drinking too much alcohol
while making voluntary eye movements
The depth-of-processing principle helps to explain why children remember certain details better than most adults do. why short-term memory has such a limited capacity. why we remember some items better than others. where certain memories are stored in the brain.
why we remember some items better than others.
In the traditional information-processing model, one difference between short-term memory and long-term memory is that you forget many short-term memories almost as soon as your attention is distracted; long-term memories can be available at any time. your short-term memories pertain mostly to meanings, while your long-term memories pertain mostly to sounds. you can store an almost unlimited amount of information in short-term memory but your long-term memory has a limited capacity. you need reminders or retrieval cues to find information stored in short-term memory; you need no such help for long-term memory.
you forget many short-term memories almost as soon as your attention is distracted; long-term memories can be available at any time.