PSYCH 3113: Exam 2 - important

amacrine cells and horizontal cells

"side-to-side" connections between rods and cones, bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Complex cells

-Located in either V1 or V2 -Have large receptive field that can not be mapped into fixed excitatory or inhibitory zones -Responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation and most strongly to a moving stimulus

Ganglion cells of primates fall into 3 categories

1. Parvocellular neurons 2. magnocellular neurons 3. koniocellular neurons

Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.

Amacrine cells

Primary visual cortex (V1)

Brain region located in the occipital cortex (toward the back of the head) responsible for processing basic visual information like the detection, thickness, and orientation of simple lines, color, and small-scale motion.

Simple cells

Cells in V1 that respond to line, or gradient, oriented in particular direction Fixed excitatory and inhibitory cells

Characteristics of receptive fields

Cells of the lateral geniculate have a receptive field similar to those of ganglion cells: -An excitatory or inhibitory central portion and a surrounding ring of the opposite effect

If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells?

Collateral sprouting

Amacrine cells refine the input to ____ cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.

Ganglion cells

The most common cause of a stroke

Ischemia from an obstruction of an artery

The optic nerve sends most of its information to the _____ of the _____

Lateral geniculate nucleus - OF THE - Thalamus

Necrosis vs. Apoptosis

Necrosis is multiple cells, cell swelling. Apoptosis is single cell, cell shrinking, apoptotic bodies. Causes inflammation

____ steer new axonal branches and synapses in the right direction.

Neurotrophins

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?

Receptor cells > bipolar cells > ganglion cells

Sizes of the receptive fields

Simple < Complex < End-Stopped

T/F: Eye processing light: photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells

TRUE

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.

Thalamus

Primary visual cortex (ie V1)

The area responsible for the first stage of visual processing

Blindsight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to

apoptosis

Enzymes serve as ____.

biological catalysts that REGULATE chemical reactions in the body

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____.

bipolar cells that receive input from cones

A magnetoencephalography study of professional musicians listening to pure tones showed that the musicians had ____

brain responses that were twice as strong as non-musicians

An example of a sex-linked trait is ____.

color vision deficiency

Diaschisis refers to the ____

decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged

magnocellular cells

detect motion have high temporal resolution Have larger cell bodies and visual fields

What is the process called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon?

differentiation

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____.

dorsal stream parietal cortex - (where pathway)

In foveal vision, ____.

each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

koniocellular neurons

ganglion cells located throughout the retina

One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to ____.

have the amputee learn to use an artificial limb

Chemicals known as ____ and ____ guide neuron migration.

immunoglobulins; chemokines

Necrosis

is cell death caused by an injury or a toxic substance

neurotrophins increase

neurotrophins increase the regrowth of damaged axons

Professor Utz is giving a talk about how the eye processes light. He tells the class that once the bipolar cells receive input from ______, they send the message on to ______.

photoreceptors; ganglion cells photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells

chemokines and immunoglobulins

play a vital role in cell migration through venules from blood into tissue

Color constancy is the ability to ____

recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

most common form of color vision deficiency and has trouble distinguishing ____ from _____. Correct!

red from green

V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.

repeating stripes on a flag

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.

retinex

Parvocellular neurons

small cell bodies with small receptive fields in or near the fovea ***highly sensitive to detect light and color

For natural selection to generate evolutionary change in a population ____.

the differences must have a hereditary basis

Collateral sprouting

the process by which axons of some healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells, grow new branches

Chemicals in the amphibian tectum guide the growth of axons from the retina to their correct location in the tectum by ____.

using a chemical gradient

The visual pathway of the brain in the temporal cortex

ventral stream ventral stream = what cortex

ventral stream

visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the inferior temporal cortex Ventral stream = what pathway Ventral stream: located in the TEMPORAL cortex

dorsal stream is the

where pathway -located in parietal cortex -visual path in the parietal Cortex = where