psych 312 exam 1

puberty can start as young as ________/__________ or as late as __________

5 (girls)/6 (boys) 13

Transition to adulthood has become delayed, and some have argued that there is a new life stage called: a. emerging adulthood b. middle adolescence c. being a grown-up d. late childhood

a. emerging adulthood

Compared to children and adults, adolescents a. engage in a greater number of risky behaviors in the real world b. perceive fewer risks on laboratory questionnaires c. make more deliberate decisions in the real world d. are less likely to make a cost-benefit analysis of risks

a. engage in a greater number of risky behaviors in the real world

which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys? a. growth of testes and scrotum b. production of sperm c. apperance of facial hair d. growth of penis

a. growth of testes and scrotum

teenagers may become extremely self conscious because they believe that people are talking about them. this is called? a. imaginary audience b. personal fable c. propositional logic d. metacognition

a. imaginary audience

the timing and rate of puberty: a. is highly variable and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors b. can be accelerated through good nutrition and excessive exercise c. is highly predictable d. is determined more by his environmental and family situation than genetics

a. is highly variable and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors

the rapid increase in body fat that adolescent girls experience: a. leads to a majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily b. leads to an increase in healthy eating patterns among adolescent girls. c. increases feelings of body dissatisfaction among Black adolescent girls d. is a major risk factor for obesity among adolescent girls

a. leads to majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily

Research has established that circumcision is associated with: a. negative outcomes for females but not for males b. positive outcomes for both males and females c. negative outcomes for males but not for females d. negative outcomes for both males and females

a. negative outcomes for females but not for males

multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand: a. sarcasm b. imaginary audiences c. formal operations d. concrete examples

a. sarcasm

our exisiting schema does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object/information (ex. a dog has fur, 4 legs, tail like a cat does but we know it is not a cat)

accomidation

________ starts with puberty (all of the physical changes that occur as we pass from childhood to adulthood)

adolescence

kids grow the most during

adolescence

extreme self absorption in adolescents

adolescent egocentrism

rapid increase in height and weight during puberty

adolescent growth spurt

shift from seeing things as absolute to seeing them as relative (rules dont mean much-they're just something that someone said-dont understand why it's a rule)

adolescent relativism

changes how we respond to stress (releases cortisol)

adrenarche

maturation of adrenal glands (right before puberty) signals the beginning of sexual maturation to others

adrenarche

plasticity that remains into adulthood; when we learn new things our brain changes

adult plasticity

legal age for adult status

age of majority

functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI) diffusion tension imaging (DTI) electroencephalography (EEG)

allows us to take pictures of people's brains and compare anatomy and activity

very important in how we regard fear/emotions

amygdala

restricted eating leading to body weight being less than expected

anorexia nervosa

process of taking new information/experiences and incorporating them into our preexisiting schemas (two cats look different but it still has all the qualities we know a cat to have)

assimilation

memories from ones own life, an aspect of long term memory (ex. breaking a bone, first time falling off bike)

autobiographical memory

the ratio of an individual's weight to height, used to gauge when a person is overweight or obese, is called? a. change in body composition b. body mass index c. secular trend d. feedback loops

b. body mass index

While studying for her biology exam, jennifer watches her favorite tv show. What is this an example of? a. selective attention b. divided attention c. short-term memory d. long-term memory

b. divided attention

the first sign of puberty in girls is generally: a. underarm hair b. growth of breasts c. menarche d. acne

b. growth of breasts

A neighborhood where the inhabitants trust eachother and share common values has: a. low levels of violence b. high collective efficacy c. strong access to resources d. high levels of wealth

b. high collective efficacy

Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _______ and the transition into adulthood _____ a. shortened; abbreviated b. lengthened; prolonged c. shortened; more continuous d. lengthened; abbreviated

b. lengthened; prolonged

which of the following is not in the HPG axis? a. hypothalamus b. limbic system c. pituitary gland d. gonads

b. limbic system

when compared to their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are a. less likely to have problems with their parents b. more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as dating c. more likely to have platonic relationships with opposite sex peers d. less likely to be depressed

b. more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as dating

Adolescents develop the ability to think about people, relationships, and social institutions. this ability is called: a. socialization b. social cognition c. abstract reasoning d. metacognition

b. social cognition

minimal amount of energy used while resting (decreases 15% during puberty)

basal metabolic rate

eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of food that is larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time; a sense of lack of control over eating

binge eating disorder

persons weight (kg) divided by their height (m) easiest way to determine if someone is overweight

body mass index (BMI)

compensatory behavior (throwing up, exercising excessively, taking lacsatives) after eating in order to prevent weight gain

bulimia

the maturation of the adrenal glands is called: a.androgen b.estrogen c. adrenarche d. HPG axis

c. adrenarche

Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards? a. functional connectivity system b. response inhibition system c. limbic system d. prefrontal cortex system

c. limbic system

The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is an: a. collective efficacy b. social specification c. social redefinition d. self-image stability

c. social redefinition

at the time of peak height velocity, adolescents grow at about the same rate as: a. newborns b. infants c. toddlers d.elementary school children

c. toddlers

In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults? a. what job they performed b. their marital status c. whether they owned property d. their religious confirmation

c. whether they owned property

children can only focus on one aspect/dimension of a situation

centration

in the US/canada, adolescents place less emphasis on attaining specific roles (workers, spouse, parent) and more emphasis on developing:

certain character traits (responsible, independent, self controlled)

the extent to which a community share common values, and the ability of the community to control the behavior of individuals and groups in the community

collective efficacy

ages 7-11 huge turning point in cognitive development marks the beginning of logical/operational thought can apply rules to physical objects (classification) can successfully complete conservation tasks (thinking in multiple dimensions/apply rules to situations)

concrete operational stage

gradual transition from adolescence to adulthood

continuous transitions

moodiness is not due to increase in hormones, instead it is due to increase in

cortisol levels (higher levels of stress)

Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the _______ justice system: a. child b. status c. criminal d. juvenile

d. juvenile

Dr. O believes that cognitive development happens in distinct stages.Which of these descriptions best fits Dr. O? a.behaviorist b. relativist c. millsian d. piagetian

d. piagetian

Vygotsky would refer to the structuring process used by a teacher to guide a student's thinking as a. laddering b. enabling c. pillaring d. scaffolding

d. scaffolding

over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. this is referred to as the: a. cross-sectional trend b. endocrine trend c. menarche trend d. secular trend

d. secular trend

those who mature early are more likely to

date

logical reasoning where conclusions are drawn from a set of premises, or givens

deductive reasoning

children going to bed/waking up later staying up is made easier through technology

delayed sleep preference (begins during puberty)

early maturing boys are more popular than late maturing boys but have higher rates of __________/__________ and are more likely to engage in deviant behavior

depression/anxiety

malleability of the brain during periods when the brain is being built (adolescence)

developmental plasticity

abrupt transition from adolesence to adulthood modern society makes transition this way

discontinuous transition

focus on multiple stimuli at the same time

divided attention

ethnic/racial minority girls mature...

earlier

onset of _________ disorders is common during adolescence less common in boys than girls

eating

word "teenager" was introduced during

economic prosperity during 40s/50s

children assume that others can see, hear, and feel the same way they do (three mountain task)

egocentrism

ages 18-25 nothing is stable, still figuring out what works best for you child->adolescence->___________-> adult

emerging adulthood

the end of height growth (closing of long bones in body)

epiphysis

when our existing schemas explain what we percieve around us (what youre seeing matches our schema)

equilibrium

cognitive processes that are necessary for cognitive control of behavior (attentional control, response inhibition, working memory)

executive function

cutting or removal of clitoris and often the labia

female genital mutilation

age 11+ develop ability to think about abstract concepts and logically test hypotheses deductive reasoning, abstract thought

formal operational stages

adolescents become better able/more likely to use multiple parts of brain simultaneously

functional connectivity

releases sex hormones

gonads

on average, boys and girls are ___________ compared to the 60s

heavier

passes hormones through the body

hormonal feedback loop

_____________ controls the pituitary gland (controls hormone levels and releases hormones)

hypothalamus

HPG axis

hypothalamus, pituitary glands, gonads- production and regulation of sex hormones that result in the growth and maturation of the reproductive organs

adolescents can plan ahead, see future consequences of their actions, and provide alternative explanations of events ("if-then" thinking)

hypothetical thinking

adolescents imagine their behavior is the focus of everyones attention

imaginary audience

adolescent egocentrism can lead to two problems:

imaginary audience personal fable

puberty is triggered by

increase in kisspeptin

gradual development brain is like computer children are dumber versions of adults (skills improve over time)

information processing theory

we gradually develop cognitive skills; we get better at things over time

information processing view

critical thinking/using what you've learned through life it is both genetic and learned

intelligence

how adolescents feel, and how others feel about them

introspection

metacognition leads to

introspection

believed that we developed more skills and acquire more knowledge and get smarter (with time, our brains mature and we learn things to help us become smarter); intelligence is not "fixed" believed that cognitive development occurs because of biological maturation and interaction with the environment

jean piaget

states that cognitive development is universal among cultures

jean piaget

stimulates kisspeptin release

leptin (fat cells produce this)

stressed the importance of social interaction in cognitive development; understanding the environment that children/adolescents develop in is important for understanding demands for intelligent behavior and opportunities for learning says that cognitive development varies across cultures

lev vygotsky

processing emotions, social info (what you're saying v. what im feeling, social cues, body language), regulate and coordinate thoughts and feelings

limbic system

ability to remember something from a long time ago

long term memory

puberty increases conflict between parents/children; encourages distance between family, promoting

mating outside of family (experimenting with peers)

suppresses kisspeptin release

melatonin

menstruation (period)

menarche

thinking about thinking

metacognition

atkinson and shriffin

model of human memory

:show greater activation of reward centers in brain

obese children

most serious health issue among teenagers in the US

obesity

knowing an object exists, even if it is hidden (windows are closed but we still know there is a world out there)

object permanence

time when adolescents grow most rapidly (grow at same rate as toddlers)

peak height velocity

adolescent's egocentric/false belief that their experiences are unique (the idea that everything they do is unique/special)

personal fable

development in stages development is a result of biological/environmental influences

piagetian theory

cognitive developmental view of intellectual development

piagetian view

brain is super flexible; the brain's capacity to change in response to experience

plasticity

early maturing girls have

poor self image, high rates of depression/anxiety and eating disorders

has the most impactful effect on transition from adolescence to adulthood

poverty

planning ahead, weighing risks/rewards, impulse control improves

prefrontal cortex growth

age 2-7 children are able to develop symbolic representations (schemas) centration and egocentrism

preoperational stage

hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

primary sex characteristics

retrieval part of atkinson/shriffin model of human memory

processing speed

the time it takes a person to perform a mental task (gets better with age)

processing speed

nutrition, health, and family can impact

pubertal timing

marker of the beginning of adolescence

puberty

ratio of muscle to body fat increases during:

puberty

children think in terms of what is happening here and now; adolescents develop the ability to think of

reasonable possibilites "what could happen"

adults remember details from memories in adolescence (learning to drive) better than memories from other years

reminescence bump

adolescents pay more attention to potential _________ than potential risks

rewards

supportive activities provided by a "knowledgable other" to support the learner

scaffolding

a cognitive framework that helps us organize/interpret information (ex. what belongs in a library/what a cat looks like) "building blocks of intelligent behavior"

schemas

3 components of piagets cognitive theory:

schemas, adaptation processes, stages of development

hair growth, body odor

secondary sex characteristics

focus is on one stimulus

selective attention

thinking everything is about you

self absorption

puberty has an impact on:

self esteem, moodiness, sleep, family/peer relationships

seeking out new/intense experiences

sensation seeking

piagets stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

birth-2 years main achievement is object permanence

sensorimotor stage

early maturing girls are more likely to encounter

sexual harassment

no single factor distinguishes thinking during adolescence/childhood

similarity of piagetian theory and information processing theory

refers to a network of brain regions that are crucial for development of appropriate socialization (increases sensitivity to facial expressions, behavior, social evaluation and others mental states)

social brain

cognitive activities such as thinking about people, relationships, social institutions

social cognition

social norms that guide day-to-day behavior (ex. buying someone a gift for their bday, using manners, saying bless you)

social convention

there is little evidence to support that children learn in:

stages (piaget's theory)

behavior that is problematic because of a person's status as a juvenile

status offense

unneccessary connections of the brain are eliminated over time if not being used through

synaptic pruning

stages of development of secondary sex characteristics

tanner stages (5)

1. growth of testes/scrotum; pubic hair 2. growth spurt, growth of penis/pubic hair

tanner stages for boys

1. early breast development; pubic hair

tanner stages for girls

ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different than our own

theory of mind

adolescents become better at lying once they have:

theory of mind

adolescents can think about problems and approach situations in a much more complex/thoughtful way

thinking in multiple dimensions

ability to remember something for a short amount of time (30 secs)

working (short term) memory

children/adolescents learn best in situations where they encounter tasks that are neither too simple nor too advanced requires a "knowledgable other" social interactions with a skillful tutor that allows the learner to observe/practice their skills

zone of proximal development