psych 312 exam 1
puberty can start as young as ________/__________ or as late as __________
5 (girls)/6 (boys) 13
Transition to adulthood has become delayed, and some have argued that there is a new life stage called: a. emerging adulthood b. middle adolescence c. being a grown-up d. late childhood
a. emerging adulthood
Compared to children and adults, adolescents a. engage in a greater number of risky behaviors in the real world b. perceive fewer risks on laboratory questionnaires c. make more deliberate decisions in the real world d. are less likely to make a cost-benefit analysis of risks
a. engage in a greater number of risky behaviors in the real world
which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys? a. growth of testes and scrotum b. production of sperm c. apperance of facial hair d. growth of penis
a. growth of testes and scrotum
teenagers may become extremely self conscious because they believe that people are talking about them. this is called? a. imaginary audience b. personal fable c. propositional logic d. metacognition
a. imaginary audience
the timing and rate of puberty: a. is highly variable and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors b. can be accelerated through good nutrition and excessive exercise c. is highly predictable d. is determined more by his environmental and family situation than genetics
a. is highly variable and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors
the rapid increase in body fat that adolescent girls experience: a. leads to a majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily b. leads to an increase in healthy eating patterns among adolescent girls. c. increases feelings of body dissatisfaction among Black adolescent girls d. is a major risk factor for obesity among adolescent girls
a. leads to majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily
Research has established that circumcision is associated with: a. negative outcomes for females but not for males b. positive outcomes for both males and females c. negative outcomes for males but not for females d. negative outcomes for both males and females
a. negative outcomes for females but not for males
multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand: a. sarcasm b. imaginary audiences c. formal operations d. concrete examples
a. sarcasm
our exisiting schema does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object/information (ex. a dog has fur, 4 legs, tail like a cat does but we know it is not a cat)
accomidation
________ starts with puberty (all of the physical changes that occur as we pass from childhood to adulthood)
adolescence
kids grow the most during
adolescence
extreme self absorption in adolescents
adolescent egocentrism
rapid increase in height and weight during puberty
adolescent growth spurt
shift from seeing things as absolute to seeing them as relative (rules dont mean much-they're just something that someone said-dont understand why it's a rule)
adolescent relativism
changes how we respond to stress (releases cortisol)
adrenarche
maturation of adrenal glands (right before puberty) signals the beginning of sexual maturation to others
adrenarche
plasticity that remains into adulthood; when we learn new things our brain changes
adult plasticity
legal age for adult status
age of majority
functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI) diffusion tension imaging (DTI) electroencephalography (EEG)
allows us to take pictures of people's brains and compare anatomy and activity
very important in how we regard fear/emotions
amygdala
restricted eating leading to body weight being less than expected
anorexia nervosa
process of taking new information/experiences and incorporating them into our preexisiting schemas (two cats look different but it still has all the qualities we know a cat to have)
assimilation
memories from ones own life, an aspect of long term memory (ex. breaking a bone, first time falling off bike)
autobiographical memory
the ratio of an individual's weight to height, used to gauge when a person is overweight or obese, is called? a. change in body composition b. body mass index c. secular trend d. feedback loops
b. body mass index
While studying for her biology exam, jennifer watches her favorite tv show. What is this an example of? a. selective attention b. divided attention c. short-term memory d. long-term memory
b. divided attention
the first sign of puberty in girls is generally: a. underarm hair b. growth of breasts c. menarche d. acne
b. growth of breasts
A neighborhood where the inhabitants trust eachother and share common values has: a. low levels of violence b. high collective efficacy c. strong access to resources d. high levels of wealth
b. high collective efficacy
Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _______ and the transition into adulthood _____ a. shortened; abbreviated b. lengthened; prolonged c. shortened; more continuous d. lengthened; abbreviated
b. lengthened; prolonged
which of the following is not in the HPG axis? a. hypothalamus b. limbic system c. pituitary gland d. gonads
b. limbic system
when compared to their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are a. less likely to have problems with their parents b. more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as dating c. more likely to have platonic relationships with opposite sex peers d. less likely to be depressed
b. more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as dating
Adolescents develop the ability to think about people, relationships, and social institutions. this ability is called: a. socialization b. social cognition c. abstract reasoning d. metacognition
b. social cognition
minimal amount of energy used while resting (decreases 15% during puberty)
basal metabolic rate
eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of food that is larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time; a sense of lack of control over eating
binge eating disorder
persons weight (kg) divided by their height (m) easiest way to determine if someone is overweight
body mass index (BMI)
compensatory behavior (throwing up, exercising excessively, taking lacsatives) after eating in order to prevent weight gain
bulimia
the maturation of the adrenal glands is called: a.androgen b.estrogen c. adrenarche d. HPG axis
c. adrenarche
Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards? a. functional connectivity system b. response inhibition system c. limbic system d. prefrontal cortex system
c. limbic system
The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is an: a. collective efficacy b. social specification c. social redefinition d. self-image stability
c. social redefinition
at the time of peak height velocity, adolescents grow at about the same rate as: a. newborns b. infants c. toddlers d.elementary school children
c. toddlers
In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults? a. what job they performed b. their marital status c. whether they owned property d. their religious confirmation
c. whether they owned property
children can only focus on one aspect/dimension of a situation
centration
in the US/canada, adolescents place less emphasis on attaining specific roles (workers, spouse, parent) and more emphasis on developing:
certain character traits (responsible, independent, self controlled)
the extent to which a community share common values, and the ability of the community to control the behavior of individuals and groups in the community
collective efficacy
ages 7-11 huge turning point in cognitive development marks the beginning of logical/operational thought can apply rules to physical objects (classification) can successfully complete conservation tasks (thinking in multiple dimensions/apply rules to situations)
concrete operational stage
gradual transition from adolescence to adulthood
continuous transitions
moodiness is not due to increase in hormones, instead it is due to increase in
cortisol levels (higher levels of stress)
Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the _______ justice system: a. child b. status c. criminal d. juvenile
d. juvenile
Dr. O believes that cognitive development happens in distinct stages.Which of these descriptions best fits Dr. O? a.behaviorist b. relativist c. millsian d. piagetian
d. piagetian
Vygotsky would refer to the structuring process used by a teacher to guide a student's thinking as a. laddering b. enabling c. pillaring d. scaffolding
d. scaffolding
over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. this is referred to as the: a. cross-sectional trend b. endocrine trend c. menarche trend d. secular trend
d. secular trend
those who mature early are more likely to
date
logical reasoning where conclusions are drawn from a set of premises, or givens
deductive reasoning
children going to bed/waking up later staying up is made easier through technology
delayed sleep preference (begins during puberty)
early maturing boys are more popular than late maturing boys but have higher rates of __________/__________ and are more likely to engage in deviant behavior
depression/anxiety
malleability of the brain during periods when the brain is being built (adolescence)
developmental plasticity
abrupt transition from adolesence to adulthood modern society makes transition this way
discontinuous transition
focus on multiple stimuli at the same time
divided attention
ethnic/racial minority girls mature...
earlier
onset of _________ disorders is common during adolescence less common in boys than girls
eating
word "teenager" was introduced during
economic prosperity during 40s/50s
children assume that others can see, hear, and feel the same way they do (three mountain task)
egocentrism
ages 18-25 nothing is stable, still figuring out what works best for you child->adolescence->___________-> adult
emerging adulthood
the end of height growth (closing of long bones in body)
epiphysis
when our existing schemas explain what we percieve around us (what youre seeing matches our schema)
equilibrium
cognitive processes that are necessary for cognitive control of behavior (attentional control, response inhibition, working memory)
executive function
cutting or removal of clitoris and often the labia
female genital mutilation
age 11+ develop ability to think about abstract concepts and logically test hypotheses deductive reasoning, abstract thought
formal operational stages
adolescents become better able/more likely to use multiple parts of brain simultaneously
functional connectivity
releases sex hormones
gonads
on average, boys and girls are ___________ compared to the 60s
heavier
passes hormones through the body
hormonal feedback loop
_____________ controls the pituitary gland (controls hormone levels and releases hormones)
hypothalamus
HPG axis
hypothalamus, pituitary glands, gonads- production and regulation of sex hormones that result in the growth and maturation of the reproductive organs
adolescents can plan ahead, see future consequences of their actions, and provide alternative explanations of events ("if-then" thinking)
hypothetical thinking
adolescents imagine their behavior is the focus of everyones attention
imaginary audience
adolescent egocentrism can lead to two problems:
imaginary audience personal fable
puberty is triggered by
increase in kisspeptin
gradual development brain is like computer children are dumber versions of adults (skills improve over time)
information processing theory
we gradually develop cognitive skills; we get better at things over time
information processing view
critical thinking/using what you've learned through life it is both genetic and learned
intelligence
how adolescents feel, and how others feel about them
introspection
metacognition leads to
introspection
believed that we developed more skills and acquire more knowledge and get smarter (with time, our brains mature and we learn things to help us become smarter); intelligence is not "fixed" believed that cognitive development occurs because of biological maturation and interaction with the environment
jean piaget
states that cognitive development is universal among cultures
jean piaget
stimulates kisspeptin release
leptin (fat cells produce this)
stressed the importance of social interaction in cognitive development; understanding the environment that children/adolescents develop in is important for understanding demands for intelligent behavior and opportunities for learning says that cognitive development varies across cultures
lev vygotsky
processing emotions, social info (what you're saying v. what im feeling, social cues, body language), regulate and coordinate thoughts and feelings
limbic system
ability to remember something from a long time ago
long term memory
puberty increases conflict between parents/children; encourages distance between family, promoting
mating outside of family (experimenting with peers)
suppresses kisspeptin release
melatonin
menstruation (period)
menarche
thinking about thinking
metacognition
atkinson and shriffin
model of human memory
:show greater activation of reward centers in brain
obese children
most serious health issue among teenagers in the US
obesity
knowing an object exists, even if it is hidden (windows are closed but we still know there is a world out there)
object permanence
time when adolescents grow most rapidly (grow at same rate as toddlers)
peak height velocity
adolescent's egocentric/false belief that their experiences are unique (the idea that everything they do is unique/special)
personal fable
development in stages development is a result of biological/environmental influences
piagetian theory
cognitive developmental view of intellectual development
piagetian view
brain is super flexible; the brain's capacity to change in response to experience
plasticity
early maturing girls have
poor self image, high rates of depression/anxiety and eating disorders
has the most impactful effect on transition from adolescence to adulthood
poverty
planning ahead, weighing risks/rewards, impulse control improves
prefrontal cortex growth
age 2-7 children are able to develop symbolic representations (schemas) centration and egocentrism
preoperational stage
hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
primary sex characteristics
retrieval part of atkinson/shriffin model of human memory
processing speed
the time it takes a person to perform a mental task (gets better with age)
processing speed
nutrition, health, and family can impact
pubertal timing
marker of the beginning of adolescence
puberty
ratio of muscle to body fat increases during:
puberty
children think in terms of what is happening here and now; adolescents develop the ability to think of
reasonable possibilites "what could happen"
adults remember details from memories in adolescence (learning to drive) better than memories from other years
reminescence bump
adolescents pay more attention to potential _________ than potential risks
rewards
supportive activities provided by a "knowledgable other" to support the learner
scaffolding
a cognitive framework that helps us organize/interpret information (ex. what belongs in a library/what a cat looks like) "building blocks of intelligent behavior"
schemas
3 components of piagets cognitive theory:
schemas, adaptation processes, stages of development
hair growth, body odor
secondary sex characteristics
focus is on one stimulus
selective attention
thinking everything is about you
self absorption
puberty has an impact on:
self esteem, moodiness, sleep, family/peer relationships
seeking out new/intense experiences
sensation seeking
piagets stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational
birth-2 years main achievement is object permanence
sensorimotor stage
early maturing girls are more likely to encounter
sexual harassment
no single factor distinguishes thinking during adolescence/childhood
similarity of piagetian theory and information processing theory
refers to a network of brain regions that are crucial for development of appropriate socialization (increases sensitivity to facial expressions, behavior, social evaluation and others mental states)
social brain
cognitive activities such as thinking about people, relationships, social institutions
social cognition
social norms that guide day-to-day behavior (ex. buying someone a gift for their bday, using manners, saying bless you)
social convention
there is little evidence to support that children learn in:
stages (piaget's theory)
behavior that is problematic because of a person's status as a juvenile
status offense
unneccessary connections of the brain are eliminated over time if not being used through
synaptic pruning
stages of development of secondary sex characteristics
tanner stages (5)
1. growth of testes/scrotum; pubic hair 2. growth spurt, growth of penis/pubic hair
tanner stages for boys
1. early breast development; pubic hair
tanner stages for girls
ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different than our own
theory of mind
adolescents become better at lying once they have:
theory of mind
adolescents can think about problems and approach situations in a much more complex/thoughtful way
thinking in multiple dimensions
ability to remember something for a short amount of time (30 secs)
working (short term) memory
children/adolescents learn best in situations where they encounter tasks that are neither too simple nor too advanced requires a "knowledgable other" social interactions with a skillful tutor that allows the learner to observe/practice their skills
zone of proximal development
