Psych 327 Quiz 3 Spring 2010

Approximately what percentage of the alleles in male sperm A from a given man are to be found in male sperm B from the same man?

50%

Biological siblings have in common about ___% of their alleles and about ___% of their genes

50; 99

Hamilton's rule describes what concept?

A cost-benefit analysis for whether selection will favor the gene(s) underlying a particular trait

Which of the following is NOT an example of parent-offspring conflict?

A male kills the offspring of a female from another male in order to make her ovulation

Which of the following is an example of supreme parental investment?

A male praying mantis that is killed during copulation

Which of the following statements is true?

All behavior is influenced by both genetic and experimental factors

In theory, which of the following is NOT always true concerning siblings and sibling-sibling rivalry?

An individual should always be predisposed towards helping its siblings because this increases its overall fitness

Which of the following is true with respect to risky behavior?

Animals that are hungry are more likely to vary their behavior

Which of the following situation is most likely to encourage cooperation?

Animals that live in social groups

Why are the breasts of Black and Caucasian women a run-away signal?

Because breast size is not positively correlated with milk production and yet they are very pronounced. They are also costly to grow and maintain

Why CANNOT very small animals be homoiotherms?

Because of their high surface area to mass ratio

Which of the following is NOT a behavior exhibited by prey once they have encountered a predator?

Being quiet

Consider a situation in which two unrelated individuals are stranded in the woods. They each begin gathering firewood and food to share. This best exemplifies which form of cooperation?

Byproduct mutualism

___ evolution refers to similarity of ___; ___ evolution refers to separation of ___

Convergent, traits; divergent, genes

The apple maggot fly once infested the fruit of the native Australian hawthorn. In the 1860s, some maggot flies began to infest apples. They multiplied rapidly because they were able to make use of an abundant food supply. Now there are two distinct species, one that reproduces when the apples are ripe, and another that continues to infest the native hawthorn. They have not evolved different reproductive timing, but also now have distinctive physical characteristics. This is an example of what?

Divergent evolution

Which of the following is NOT an example of a circannual biological rhythm?

Eating

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the naked mole rats in the video segment about group living?

Females often try to sneak reproduce

Why are female ground squirrels more often sentinels than male ground squirrels?

Females share a greater percentage of their alleles with other members of the colony, whereas males are generally outsiders and share little or none of their alleles with the rest of the colony

Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption made by the basic optimal prey choice model?

Foragers have the potential to simultaneously capture one prey while searching for another

Which of the following is NOT true of trait-group selection models?

Groups that have more cheaters do better than groups that have more cooperators because they more readily take advantage of resources

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the size of the hippocampus and the extent to which various bird species store food?

Hippocampal volume and the extent of food stashing are positively correlated

In the example discussed in class concerning risky behavior in laboratory rats, which of the following is NOT true?

Hungry rats preferred the fixed interval schedule to the variable interval schedule

Individual learning and cultural transmission differ in which of the following ways?

Individual learning does not involve the transmission of information across generation, while cultural transmission does

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of having a varied diet?

It allows the animal to focus foraging in one area to minimize the amount of energy expended

Which of the following best describes the marginal value theorem?

It is a mathematical model for predicting how long a forager will spend in a patch of food before moving on to look for new patches

Which of the following best describes risk-sensitive optimal foraging models?

It is a model to predict how variance in food supply affects foraging behavior

Which of the following sentences is most accurate?

Learning can change behaviors within a generation, but natural selection can change the frequency of different predispostions for learning across generations

Which of the following is NOT a method birds use to prevent brood parasitism?

Learning to identify eggs that are not one's own and removing them from the nest

Across many species, which of the following statements about kin recognition matching models is true?

Matching templates probably differ across species, depending on which cues might be most useful in distinguishing kin from non-kin

Tit-for-tat strategy has three defining characteristics. These are:

Niceness, swift retaliation, and forgiveness

Which neurochemical is important for producing pair bonds, maternal bonds, and pro-social behavior?

Oxytocin

Which of the following factors does NOT influence flight initiation distance of prey?

Predator group size

Which of the following is NOT true of the experiment about the Mozart Effect?

Sexual selection pertains to the transmission of genes based on which indiciduals get to mate, whereas natural selection pertains to the transmission of genes based on environmental influences

Choose the most correct statement:

Sexual selection pertains to the transmission of genes based on which individuals get to mate, whereas natural selection pertains to the transmission of genes based on environmental influences

Which of the following is NOT a form of intersexual selection?

Sperm competition

Consider a situation in which Animal A shares 50% of its alleles with Animal B and 25% of its alleles with Animal C. If Animal A shares its food with Animal C, Animal A will receive a benefit that can be quantified as 5 units. However, it suffers a cost of 2 units if it gives food to only one animal and 5 units if it gives food to both animals, because now Animal A has less food. According to Hamilton's rule, what should occur?

The gene(s) that predisposes Animal A to share food with Animal B should be favored by natural selection, but the gene(s) that predispose Animal A to share food with Animal C should NOT be favored by natural selection

Consider a situation in which a predator encounters two types of prey. Prey 1 has the highest profitability and is always taken by the predator. Under which condition should the predator also take the less profitable Prey 2?

The predator with take Prey 2 only if the predator's rate of encounters with Prey 1 is below critical level

Dugatkin discussed the bluegill sunfish to illustrate the relationship between foraging and group size. Which of the following is NOT true?

There is an inverse relationship between foraging group size and group foraging success

What are two forms of antipredator behaviors?

Those that help prey avoid detection by predators, and those that function once a prey encounters a predator

Which of the following best describes Baldwin's principle?

To predict which traits evolution will favor in the future, one should look to see what the species is learning today

Natural selection requires three prerequisites to operate. These include:

Variation of the trait, fitness consequences for the trait, and a mode of inheritance for the predisposition for the trait

In the prisoner's dilemma game, in which of the following conditions will Suspect 1 benefit the most?

When Suspect 1 cheats and Suspect 2 cooperates

Under which condition would you expect a male to engage in true monogamy?

When resources are scare in the area

In social insect colonies in which only the queen lays eggs and males are haploid and females are diploid, which of the following is true?

Workers are more efficient at destroying the eggs laid by their sisters than eggs laid by the queen

Facial symmetry is ___

a sign of "good genes"

According to basic optimal foraging theory...

animals try to optimize the benefits they receive per unit time spent looking for food

Which of the following statements is true? In byproduct mutualism...

both animals experience an immediate benefit

Rats are ___ to learn association between tones and internal malaise

contraprepared

Mate-choice copying is an example of ___

cultural transmission

The size of the spermatophore (spermatosphere) given to a female locust by a male is...

directly related to parental investment

Jeram Brown's "offspring rule" provided a means by which to estimate ___

fitness benefits and costs of assisting kin

Developmental homeostasis refers to ___

genetic compensation for deficiencies in the environment

Infanticide will be favored most strongly when a mother's residual reproductive value is ___

high and current resources are scarce

The peacock's tail ___

is a product of sexual selection

In general, in a polyandrous mating system...

males make the greater parental investment

In general, parental investment by one sex is...

negatively correlated with an individual's baubles and flashiness

When there are few males to go around, this encourages ___

polygynous mating systmes

A rattlesnake shaking its tail is an example of...

signaling to predators

Mate guarding is most commonly exhibited by...

the mate that provides the less parental investment

Initial entrainment refers to ___

the need o exposure to external cues to start an internal clock