psych 343 final

Negative punishment

when a certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future.

whereas punishment procedures are used to

decrease behavior

Positive punishment

presenting an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future.

Punishment

a process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior which decreases the future frequency of that behavior.

example of positive reinforcement

-student comes in early to class, we give praise, they continue to come on time A mother gives her son praise (reinforcing stimulus) for doing homework (behavior).

example of negative punishment

A child kicks a peer (behavior), and is removed from his/her favorite activity (reinforcing stimulus removed)

example of positive punishment

A child picks his nose during class (behavior) and the teacher reprimands him (aversive stimulus) in front of his classmates. A child touches a hot stove (behavior) and feels pain (aversive stimulus).

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative consequence.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement is used to help increase the probability that a specific behavior will occur in the future by delivering or removing a stimulus immediately after a behavior

negative reinforcement vs negative punishment

With negative reinforcement, you are increasing a behavior, whereas with punishment, you are decreasing a behavior.

Positive punishment involves

adding an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is emitted to decrease future responses.

For positive reinforcement, think of it as

adding something positive in order to increase a response.

extinction burst example

in an elevator you continuously press the buttons when the door wouldn't close

With punishment, always remember that the end result

is to try to decrease the undesired behavior

negative reinforcement example

take aspirin for headache --> headache goes away --> use of aspirin in future more likely for headache pain Bob does the dishes (behavior) in order to stop his mother's nagging (aversive stimulus).

Negative punishment includes

taking away a certain reinforcing item after the undesired behavior happens in order to decrease future responses.

For negative reinforcement, think of it as

taking something negative away in order to increase a response.

When thinking about reinforcement, always remember

that the end result is to try to increase the behavior,

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Positive Reinforcement

works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future.