PSYCH 7A CH 15

The final candidates for a job are a man with a highly symmetrical face and a man with facial scars. Which belief is most likely to be held by the interviewers? A) The man with facial scars is likely to be less healthy. B) The man with facial scars will have better social skills. C) The man with a symmetrical face is likely to be less professional. D) The two applicants are equally healthy and skilled.

A) The man with facial scars is likely to be less healthy.

Rick and Jana feel strongly attracted to each other, admire one another, and feel emotionally close, but both feel unprepared to settle down. Their relationship best fits the definition of _______ love. A) romantic B) companionate C) empty D) fatuous

A) romantic

A high school teacher was shocked when a Korean-American student got a C on a math test. The reaction reflects A) stereotyping. B) discrimination. C) prejudice. D) stereotype threat.

A) stereotyping.

A woman hardly speaks on a blind date because her date's frowns make her think he is unfriendly. He keeps frowning because her lack of conversation makes him think she is a snob. This is an example of A) the fundamental attribution error. B) deindividuation. C) the actor-observer bias. D) cognitive dissonance.

A) the fundamental attribution error.

A board member at a toy company disagrees with a plan to switch to lower-quality plastic that may contain toxins. She is most likely to vote in favor of the plan anyway if A) the other board members are unanimously in favor. B) voting is done by secret ballot. C) she is from the United States but other board members are from Japan. D) there has been angry debate during the meeting.

A) the other board members are unanimously in favor.

Research on the effects of video game violence suggests that A) violent games make people less likely to empathize with victims. B) violent games help people burn aggressive urges off harmlessly. C) there is no relationship between violent games and aggression. D) video violence makes people more repulsed by violence in real life.

A) violent games make people less likely to empathize with victims.

Emma supported vaccination until she role-played a character with anti-vaccination beliefs in her acting class. Which theory best explains why she decided not to get a flu shot this year? A) Chameleon effect B) Cognitive dissonance C) Effort justification D) Attribution theory

B) Cognitive dissonance

How does compliance change when people don't feel directly responsibility for the outcome of their actions? A) Emotional distance makes it easier for people to refuse unethical orders. B) People are more likely to follow orders. C) Men are less likely to follow orders but women's compliance is unchanged. D) Indirect responsibility makes soldiers more likely to follow orders but civilians less likely to follow orders.

B) People are more likely to follow orders.

Which statement best describes the relationship between marital age and marital happiness? A) People who marry at 18 have happier marriages than those who marry at 25. B) People who marry at 25 have happier marriages than those who marry at 18. C) People married before the age of 35 are equally likely to be happy. D) There is no relationship between marital age and marital happiness.

B) People who marry at 25 have happier marriages than those who marry at 18.

What is the impact of pornography? A) In the lab, viewing pornography increases positive attitudes toward women. B) Sex crimes decrease as pornography becomes more available. C) There is no known relationship between pornography and rates of sex crimes. D) Pornography spurs men to act out violent fantasies.

B) Sex crimes decrease as pornography becomes more available.

Your blind date subtly mimics your posture and Southern accent. What effect is this likely to have on your opinion of your date, assuming that you are not consciously aware that you are being teased? A) Your opinion will be unchanged. B) You will like your date more than you would have otherwise. C) You are more likely to dislike your date but will be unable to articulate why this is so. D) You will become more self-conscious and feel anxious around your date.

B) You will like your date more than you would have otherwise.

An angry father insists his teenage son wrecked the car because he is always careless. This explanation is an example of A) the actor-observer bias. B) a dispositional attribution. C) impression management. D) individualism.

B) a dispositional attribution.

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that attitudes are changed when A) persuasive arguments provide new information. B) acting in a way that contradicts your beliefs creates discomfort. C) recognizing the impact of situational factors provides new perspective. D) disagreeing with the group becomes too uncomfortable to tolerate.

B) acting in a way that contradicts your beliefs creates discomfort.

Research on discrimination suggests that A) black men are more likely to receive the death penalty, but only because their crimes are more violent. B) black men are punished more harshly for crimes if their victims are white. C) there is no advantage to having a white-sounding name. D) people with black-sounding names get apartments easily because landlords fear being accused of racism.

B) black men are punished more harshly for crimes if their victims are white

Guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment were prepared for the role by A) receiving information about character flaws of the "prisoners." B) getting uniforms and sunglasses. C) observing prison guards in actual prisons. D) reading about common strategies for punishing prisoner misbehavior.

B) getting uniforms and sunglasses.

Compliance with orders is more likely if A) the person giving the orders is of equal status with the person receiving orders. B) the person giving the orders is physically present. C) someone else has already refused to follow the order. D) the person receiving the orders is female.

B) the person giving the orders is physically present.

You get an A on an algebra exam and attribute it to your strong math skills. Later in the semester you get a D on an exam in the same class. This time you attribute it to your instructor not having explained the concept well enough. This is an example of A) effort justification. B) the self-serving bias. C) collectivism. D) the actor-observer bias.

B) the self-serving bias.

Although the American population is genetically similar to the Canadian population, A) fewer Americans are in prison. B) Canadians watch more violent television. C) Americans are six times as likely to be killed by firearms. D) Canadians have higher rates of instrumental aggression.

C) Americans are six times as likely to be killed by firearms.

In which of the following settings would a person having a heart attack be most likely to get help? A) A crowded subway B) A city street at lunchtime C) An office with only a few employees D) A well-attended library

C) An office with only a few employees

Just before a physics test, the professor remarks that in his experience girls have a tough time grasping advanced physics concepts. How would you expect this statement to impact the women's grades? A) There will be no impact, because the women taking the test studied before hearing his comment. B) There will be no impact, because physics problems have objectively right and wrong answers. C) The women will get lower grades than they would have without the comment. D) The women will try harder to prove him wrong, leading to better grades.

C) The women will get lower grades than they would have without the comment.

Reproductively sterile worker bees devote their lives to caring for their mother, the queen bee, the only bee to lay eggs. This is an example of A) deindividuation. B) diffusion of responsibility. C) altruism. D) self-handicapping.

C) altruism

The purpose of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is to A) measure the strength of the actor-observer bias. B) assess risk for diffusion of responsibility. C) detect unconscious prejudices. D) detect unconscious cognitive dissonance.

C) detect unconscious prejudices.

An experiment revealed that most college students failed to help a person they heard having a seizure when they believed others also heard it. This is best explained by A) the failure of people in individualistic cultures to express empathy. B) the fact that reciprocal altruism does not apply with strangers. C) diffusion of responsibility. D) deindividuation.

C) diffusion of responsibility.

Atrocities were committed by German soldiers in concentration camps mostly because they A) enjoyed hurting people. B) were unaware of harm being done. C) followed orders from officers they viewed as legitimate authority figures. D) exceeded the authority given to them.

C) followed orders from officers they viewed as legitimate authority figures.

People from individualistic cultures are more likely than people from collectivistic cultures to A) exhibit groupthink. B) demonstrate altruism. C) make dispositional attributions. D) resist social loafing

C) make dispositional attributions.

Preferences for attractive faces A) appear to be purely social constructions. B) do not arise until middle childhood. C) may have evolved because symmetrical faces suggest good health. D) affect dating choices but not hiring decisions.

C) may have evolved because symmetrical faces suggest good health.

The Milgram shock experiments surprised psychologists because A) teachers clearly enjoyed delivering shocks. B) learners accepted shocks so obediently. C) the majority of teachers delivered harmful shocks. D) the majority of teachers defied direct instructions.

C) the majority of teachers delivered harmful shocks.

A first-time marathoner who was worried that she wouldn't finish intentionally over-trains in the days before the race. On race day, her muscles are sore before she even starts. Social psychologists would suggest she did this A) because she didn't understand it would make finishing harder. B) to create diffusion of responsibility. C) to protect her self-esteem by creating an excuse for dropping out. D) to avoid being accused of social loafing.

C) to protect her self-esteem by creating an excuse for dropping out.

Which quote best reflects the actor-observer bias? A) "I'm lazy and so are most people." B) "I'm lazy, but you're a victim of circumstance." C) "I don't work as hard as the A-students." D) "I'm a victim of circumstance, but you're just lazy."

D) "I'm a victim of circumstance, but you're just lazy."

The Stanford Prison Experiment ended because A) it became clear that college students do not act like prisoners. B) "guards" got bored and refused to continue. C) several modifications failed to help "guards" see "prisoners" as anything other than classmates. D) "guards" were mistreating "prisoners."

D) "guards" were mistreating "prisoners."

Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between marriage and happiness? A) Marrying will make you happier, no matter whom you choose as a spouse. B) People who live together without marrying are as happy as married couples. C) Getting married at a young age leads to greater happiness. D) In general, married people are happier than unmarried people.

D) In general, married people are happier than unmarried people.

Jamie and Chris have been together for a decade and plan to move across the country together. Though they describe their initial infatuation as long gone, they spend a great deal of time together on shared interests, clearly admire each other, and are comfortable expressing their deepest feelings. This relationship fits the definition of _______ love. A) romantic B) fatuous C) consummate D) companionate

D) companionate

Meredith tends to be shy and quiet. But when her college basketball team wins a big game, she finds herself screaming and dancing on the quad with hundreds of her classmates. This atypical behavior illustrates A) groupthink. B) diffusion of responsibility. C) the chameleon effect. D) deindividuation.

D) deindividuation.

The main finding of Milgram's shock experiment is that A) only uneducated people fail to question orders. B) Americans are far less likely than Germans to obey authority. C) today's youth are more disrespectful and disobedient. D) many people obey unreasonable or unethical orders.

D) many people obey unreasonable or unethical orders.

. A salesperson at the mall gets you to try free samples of lotion and perfume. Though you were not shopping for either of those things, you leave the mall with a large bottle of lotion. The salesperson made good use of A) the bystander effect. B) altruistic norms. C) the door-in-the-face technique. D) the foot-in-the-door technique.

D) the foot-in-the-door technique.

Increased testosterone secretion is related to all of the following except A) winning an athletic competition. B) high levels of social dominance. C) winning a chess match. D) watching your team lose a game.

D) watching your team lose a game.

Which of the following quotes best reflects the self-serving bias? a. "I aced the paper because I'm a very good writer." b. "I aced the paper because the teacher is an easy grader." c. "I got a rotten grade because I'm a poor writer." d. "I got a rotten grade because I've got motivational issues."

a. "I aced the paper because I'm a very good writer."

Of the following statements, which most accurately describes the American prison system? a. Americans imprison a higher proportion of their population than any other nation. b. In recent decades, the United States has increased school funding and decreased prison funding. c. Americans tend to see rehabilitation as the primary purpose of imprisonment. d. The United States imprisons far fewer people than Libya or Saudi Arabia.

a. Americans imprison a higher proportion of their population than any other nation.

A boss tells employees he will be cutting salaries by 20 percent. When employees protest, he says he will cut salaries by only 5 percent. This is an example of the _______ technique and employees are likely to _______ the 5 percent salary cut. a. door-in-the-face; accept b. foot-in-the-door; refuse to accept c. foot-in-the-door; accept d. door-in-the-face; refuse to accept

a. door-in-the-face; accept

According to cognitive dissonance research, if you wanted to reduce your roommate's support for the death penalty, the best approach would be to have him or her a. help you write a speech condemning the death penalty. b. read evidence that the death penalty is more expensive than life in prison. c. hang flyers for a rally against the death penalty, then paying $200 for the help. d. watch a documentary about the history of the death penalty.

a. help you write a speech condemning the death penalty.

The key finding of research on obedience to authority is that a. it is surprisingly easy to get perfectly ordinary people to harm others. b. many people enjoy harming others. c. people value freedom and independence over obedience. d. women are far more obedient to authority than men.

a. it is surprisingly easy to get perfectly ordinary people to harm others.

In coral reefs, small "cleaner" fish eat parasites clinging to large fish. These large fish protect the cleaner fish from predators. This is an example of a. reciprocal altruism. b. inclusive fitness. c. natural selection. d. social facilitation.

a. reciprocal altruism

Which setting is most likely to lead someone to act more aggressively than usual? a. Being the only Red Sox fan in a crowd of Yankees fans b. Being in uniform at night in a large crowd c. Being the only person in a group who disagrees with the majority opinion d. Being in a rowdy group of people who know you well

b. Being in uniform at night in a large crowd

Emma supported vaccination until she role-played a character with anti-vaccination beliefs in her acting class. Which theory best explains why she decided not to get a flu shot this year? a. Chameleon effect b. Cognitive dissonance c. Effort justification d. Attribution theory

b. Cognitive dissonance

An applicant for a management position has big eyes and a youthful face. How will this affect the hiring committee's impression? a. Appearance will have no impact because they know her work history. b. They will see her as less competent. c. They will prefer her to candidates with more mature faces. d. Facial characteristics will have no impact, as long as she wears professional attire.

b. They will see her as less competent.

Choose the pair that produces the slowest reaction time for white college students on the Implicit Association Test (IAT). a. Black person → anger b. White person → cancer c. White person → joy d. Black person → crime

b. White person → cancer

According to the triangular theory of love, fatuous love involves a. intimacy plus passion. b. passion plus commitment. c. passion alone. d. intimacy alone.

b. passion plus commitment

When the Milgram obedience study was repeated with "teachers" who refused to administer shocks, a. participants felt personally responsible, making them more compliant. b. very few participants agreed to continue giving shocks. c. there was no influence on participant obedience. d. participants showed less empathy for the learner.

b. very few participants agreed to continue giving shocks.

Jake's co-worker carelessly broke an expensive piece of equipment. Which of the following circumstances would make Jake most likely to agree to hide the evidence? a. The request comes from Jake's incompetent boss, who is out of town and cannot do it himself. b. Another co-worker has already refused, making Jake the only person available to help. c. Other people in Jake's department have already agreed to the plan. d. The request comes from someone Jake directly supervises.

c. Other people in Jake's department have already agreed to the plan.

According to Daniel Kahneman's research on our feelings about gain and loss, which strategy would be most effective for getting people to pay rent on time? a. People who pay on time will get a $10 gift card. b. People who pay on time five times in a row will be allowed one late pay without penalty. c. People who pay late will be charged a $20 late fee. d. People who pay late will receive a written warning.

c. People who pay late will be charged a $20 late fee.

Esther has been married for fifty years. She is no longer physically attracted to her spouse. She does not share her most personal thoughts and feelings with him. According to the triangular theory of love, Esther's relationship would be best described as _______ love. a. companionate b. fatuous c. empty d. consummate

c. empty

Compared to people from individualistic cultures, people from collectivist cultures a. show higher rates of social loafing. b. show less altruism. c. make more situational attributions. d. show more reactive aggression.

c. make more situational attributions

Calvin did not like the way someone looked at him during the football game, so he shoved him. This is an example of _______ aggression. a. instrumental b. controlled c. reactive d. androgen

c. reactive

Women told that men make superior engineers do not do as well in engineering classes as women told that both men and women make good engineers. This is an example of a. discrimination. b. cognitive dissonance. c. stereotype threat. d. impression management.

c. stereotype threat

A teacher making the fundamental attribution error would attribute a student's poor test grade to a. her failure to teach the material clearly. b. parental conflict in the student's home. c. the student's lack of motivation. d. the difficulty of the test material.

c. the student's lack of motivation.

Which statement best illustrates teamthink? a. "Clearly we're all on board with this and there's no need for a formal vote." b. "We've been over that point; it is a non-issue." c. "It isn't a big deal; other companies run the same legal risks." d. "What are the ethical implications of this decision?"

d. "What are the ethical implications of this decision?"

As you trip on a crowded staircase, you have just enough time to decide which direction to fall. To reduce the likelihood of reactive aggression, you try to land on a. Jack, who reacts strongly to loud noises. b. Ted, who uses steroids for body building. c. Amber, who blurts out impulsively in class. d. Marci, who remains calm while watching horror movies.

d. Marci, who remains calm while watching horror movies.

The person least likely to conform to the majority opinion would be someone who disagrees with a. all others in a group of twenty. b. all others in a group of five. c. both of the others in a group of three. d. all but one other person in a group of ten.

d. all but one other person in a group of ten.

Environmental explanations for aggression are least able to account for a. instrumental aggression. b. reactive aggression. c. higher arrest rates for African American men than for Caucasian men. d. greater similarity among identical twins than fraternal twins in level of aggression.

d. greater similarity among identical twins than fraternal twins in level of aggression.

The Stanford Prison Experiment revealed that a. few college students are vulnerable to artificially created social roles. b. only individuals with personality problems are vulnerable to social roles. c. trained professionals are less susceptible to social roles than college students. d. ordinary college students will quickly become cruel to innocent people.

d. ordinary college students will quickly become cruel to innocent people.

The most accurate explanation for the failure of neighbors to help Kitty Genovese is that a. altruism applies to family members, not strangers. b. they failed to understand that help was required. c. they were unaware that there was a problem. d. they assumed someone else would intervene.

d. they assumed someone else would intervene.