Psych chap 8

Baumrind argued that parents should NOT:

*leave children to make their own rules *Be punitive or aloof

Research has shown some but not the majority of children from divorced families are more likely to have __________.

anxiety drug issues academic problems depression

The ___ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoritative

According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?

Authoritative

According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child

develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females.

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?

division of labor social hierarchy

Forty percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' .

divorce

What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?

doing nothing admonishing or threatening intervening and helping resolve

Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as ___.

empathy

Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with

higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?

initiative versus guilt

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.

nature

The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child .

neglect

According to Baumrind, the ___ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.

neglectful

Children raised by ___ parents generally feel that other aspects of their parents' lives are more important than they are and tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.

neglectful

The psychoanalytic theory proposes that gender typing occurs

unconsciously.

Custodial fathers experience the loss of about _______ of their predivorce income.

10 %

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?

2 1/2

What percentage of same-sex couples are raising children in the United States?

20 %

Custodial mothers experience the loss of about ______ of their predivorce income.

25 to 50 percent

In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

4 types

What percentage of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce?

40%

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ___ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.

Authoritative

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.

Contrasting

What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?

Corporal punishment

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?

Do nothing at all

______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

Empathy

True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

False

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?

Fear

What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?

Gender identity

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?

Gender roles

Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?

Gender schema theory

______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Gender typing

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by neglectful parents?

Independence

Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?

Multiple

The term __ __ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

Perspective taking

What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?

Perspective taking

What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

Self-conscious

All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT

a difficult temperament.

According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?

authoritarian

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

The __ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritarian

Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______.

be punitive or aloof leave children to make their own rules

Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.

before

Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin.

bicultural

When immigrants select elements of US culture to help survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a __ orientation.

bicultural

__ is defined as the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.

co-parenting

The support that parents provide one another in raising a child together is referred to as

coparenting.

Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?

failure to initiate activity. anxiety about comparing themselves with others. weak communication skills. unhappiness and fear.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents?

fear and low self-esteem

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics?

friendliness with peers. self-reliance and achievement orientation. cheerfulness and self-control.

According to Baumrind, children raised by parents never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, the parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

indulgent

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called ___ versus ___.

initiative guilt

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

moral

___ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

moral

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

neglectful

A gender __ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

role

Approximately 20 percent of ______ couples are raising children under the age of 18 in the United States.

same-sex

Freud believed preschool children developed a ______ the opposite-sex parent.

sexual attraction to

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?

social biological theory

Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?

social cognitive

The ______ approach argues that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-relevant behavior.

social cognitive

What are the three proposed social theories of gender?

social cognitive theory. social role theory. psychoanalytic theory.