Psych Chapter 7

Difference between classical and operant conditioning #3

(most important) In classical conditioning the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus independent of the individuals behavior. The individual does not have to do anything for the conditioned stimulus or unconditioned stimulus to be presented. In operant conditioning the reinforcing consequence occurs only if the response being conditioned has just been emitted.

Appropriate uses for punishment

- No physical punishment - Punish appropriate behavior immediately - Must positively reinforce appropriate behavior immediately - Make clear what behavior they are being punished for immediately - Do not back down once you have began to punish

Dangers of punishment

- Punishment is reinforcing to punisher - Has generalized inhibiting effect on individual - Learn to dislike person who inflicts pain - What we think is punishment does not always punish the behavior

Consistency in positive reinforcement

must provide positive reinforcement after every response for learning to take place

Extinction

occurs when a learned response stops occurring because the aspects of the environment that originally caused the learning changes

Timing in positive reinforcement

The greater the delay between response and reinforcer the slower the learning

Punishment

A negative consequence that reduces frequency of a behavior

Learning

A relative permeant change in behavior brought through experience or interactions with environment

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An unlearned inborn reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

Counterconditoning

Can be used to reverse a fear, or undo a fear caused by classical conditioning

Difference between classical and operant conditioning #1

Classical conditioning involves association of two stimuli where operant conditioning involves association between a response and a resulting consequence.

Difference between classical and operant conditioning #2

Classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors where operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors

Law of effect

Created by Thorndike. States that consequences of a response determine whether the response will be repeated in the future.

Spontaneous recovery

Occurs after a long period of extinction from the conditioned stimulus. The fear shows up again.

Positive reinforcement

Is when the consequence of a behavior leads to an increased chance it will reoccur.

Secondary reinforcers

Learned through classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Learning by association. Learning based on repeated association of two stimuli (Pavlovian Conditioning). A from of learning where a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is followed by a stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR)

Operant Conditioning

Learning trough consequences of our behavior. When our behavior operates on the outside world it produces consequences for us.

The two types of positive reinforcement

Primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers

Fixed interval (#3 schedule for positive reinforcement)

Schedule of reinforcement is not based on number of responses but on passage of time. used when first response that occurs after a predetermined period of time is reinforced.

Stimulus generalization

States that people do not always discriminate between stimuli that are similar to one another

Shaping

The method of succesive approximations. the target respinse out of behaviors that successively approximate it. (BF Skinner rat box)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

The object that will eventually elicit a response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

The stimulus that can elicit the inborn response without any learning

Conditioned Response (CR)

When a response is elicited by conditioned stimulus

Disinhibition

When fear response comes back for awhile

Escape conditioning

When the behavior causes the negative event to stop. The individual escapes from something negative.

Avoidance conditioning

When the behavior has the consequence of causing something negative not to happen

Stimulus discrimination

When we discriminate between appropriate and inappropriate occasion for a response

Variable interval (#4 schedule for positive reinforcement)

first response made after a variable amount of time is reinforced.

Primary reinforcers

innately reinforcing and do not have to be acquired through learning

Fixed ratio (#1 schedule for positive reinforcement)

the reinforcer is given only a specified number of responses

Variable ratio (#2 schedule for positive reinforcement)

the reinforcer is obtained only after a variable number of responses have been made

Negative reinforcement

when a behavior is reinforced because something negative is removed by the behavior