Psych Chapter 7
Difference between classical and operant conditioning #3
(most important) In classical conditioning the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus independent of the individuals behavior. The individual does not have to do anything for the conditioned stimulus or unconditioned stimulus to be presented. In operant conditioning the reinforcing consequence occurs only if the response being conditioned has just been emitted.
Appropriate uses for punishment
- No physical punishment - Punish appropriate behavior immediately - Must positively reinforce appropriate behavior immediately - Make clear what behavior they are being punished for immediately - Do not back down once you have began to punish
Dangers of punishment
- Punishment is reinforcing to punisher - Has generalized inhibiting effect on individual - Learn to dislike person who inflicts pain - What we think is punishment does not always punish the behavior
Consistency in positive reinforcement
must provide positive reinforcement after every response for learning to take place
Extinction
occurs when a learned response stops occurring because the aspects of the environment that originally caused the learning changes
Timing in positive reinforcement
The greater the delay between response and reinforcer the slower the learning
Punishment
A negative consequence that reduces frequency of a behavior
Learning
A relative permeant change in behavior brought through experience or interactions with environment
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
An unlearned inborn reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
Counterconditoning
Can be used to reverse a fear, or undo a fear caused by classical conditioning
Difference between classical and operant conditioning #1
Classical conditioning involves association of two stimuli where operant conditioning involves association between a response and a resulting consequence.
Difference between classical and operant conditioning #2
Classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors where operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors
Law of effect
Created by Thorndike. States that consequences of a response determine whether the response will be repeated in the future.
Spontaneous recovery
Occurs after a long period of extinction from the conditioned stimulus. The fear shows up again.
Positive reinforcement
Is when the consequence of a behavior leads to an increased chance it will reoccur.
Secondary reinforcers
Learned through classical conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Learning by association. Learning based on repeated association of two stimuli (Pavlovian Conditioning). A from of learning where a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is followed by a stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR)
Operant Conditioning
Learning trough consequences of our behavior. When our behavior operates on the outside world it produces consequences for us.
The two types of positive reinforcement
Primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers
Fixed interval (#3 schedule for positive reinforcement)
Schedule of reinforcement is not based on number of responses but on passage of time. used when first response that occurs after a predetermined period of time is reinforced.
Stimulus generalization
States that people do not always discriminate between stimuli that are similar to one another
Shaping
The method of succesive approximations. the target respinse out of behaviors that successively approximate it. (BF Skinner rat box)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
The object that will eventually elicit a response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
The stimulus that can elicit the inborn response without any learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
When a response is elicited by conditioned stimulus
Disinhibition
When fear response comes back for awhile
Escape conditioning
When the behavior causes the negative event to stop. The individual escapes from something negative.
Avoidance conditioning
When the behavior has the consequence of causing something negative not to happen
Stimulus discrimination
When we discriminate between appropriate and inappropriate occasion for a response
Variable interval (#4 schedule for positive reinforcement)
first response made after a variable amount of time is reinforced.
Primary reinforcers
innately reinforcing and do not have to be acquired through learning
Fixed ratio (#1 schedule for positive reinforcement)
the reinforcer is given only a specified number of responses
Variable ratio (#2 schedule for positive reinforcement)
the reinforcer is obtained only after a variable number of responses have been made
Negative reinforcement
when a behavior is reinforced because something negative is removed by the behavior