Psych Chapters 1-14 Study Guides

Signal Detection Theory

The theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimuli among back ground noise- some are more keen to it. depends on other factors like motivation and expectations. Some people get signal earlier (chef/firefighter smoke earlier)

SUPEREGO

The voice or moral compass of personality- develops after age five- weak and strong super egos develop Operates on our own moral principle

Erikson Identity Confusion

Theory Psycho-Social Development Handout is your notes Main Theory Erikson deals with Identity Confusion- not knowing who you are as you enter adulthood

Research Methods

There is a need for a scientific approach and data to psychology Why: Problems with memory, bias, hindsight bias, perception Need scientific attitude, critical thinking and provable theories

Agonist

chemical molecule may be similar to a NT to mimics its response ◦ Ex: These produce a high by amplifying NT: heroin, crystal meth - you get high - mimics euphoria ◦ Poisons: Flood ACH causes painful contractions, convulsions like spider venom

Psychoactive Drugs

chemicals that change perceptions and moods This change occurs at the neural synapse in the brain

Cognition

Thinking, knowing, remembering When we think- we make concepts In those concepts- we make prototypes- mental image of category

Replication/Importance

This statement needs to be able to allow others to replicate or repeat with different participants under same circumstances Replication equals reliability Any survey needs to be able to be replicated(duplicated under same conditions) Accuracy, validity

Replication- why is it important?

This statement needs to be able to allow others to replicate or repeat with different participants under same circumstances . Replication equals reliability . Any survey needs to be able to be replicated (duplicated under same conditions). Accuracy, validity. Repeating. Replication = reliability

Simple Random Sampling

To draw conclusions about an entire population. Uses chance/computer. Eliminates/minimizes bias. Advantages: unbiased, good representation of population. Disadvantages: time consuming, inconvenient

Question wording

Too confusing or misleading, leads to bias. Ex: ask2 questions essentially saying same thing but wording a bit different (changes response)

Vision (13)

Transduce, wavelength, intensity, pupil, retina, lens, cones, rods, fovea, blind spot, optic nerve, retinal disparity

Clinical

Treat disorders

Ways to solve problems (3)

Trial and error, algorithm, heuristic

Positive Correlation

Two factors rise or fall together POS EX: The more sexual content teens see the more likely they are to engage in it

Positive Correlation

Two factors rise or fall together. POS EX: The more sexual content teens see the more likely they are to engage in it. Two variables go up or down together. More hours studying, the higher your GPA. Less a student reads, the lower the GPA

Hyperthymesia

Type of amnesia. ability to remember extensive autobiographical detail

Endorphins

Type of neurotransmitter that has to do with positive/feel good feelings. Relief of pain, feel good

Depressants

Type of psychoactive drug. Depress. calm neural activity Ex: alcohol, tranquilizers, opiates Slows neural processing(slur, stagger) Slows sympathetic nervous system Memory disruption- "blackouts" Believe it has to do with REM sleep and memory storage- hippocampus (Long Term )Brain shrinkage( prevalent in females) know this from brain scans

Opiates

Type of psychoactive drug. Ex: heroin, codeine, morphine - injected or taken otherwise Slows neural processing Depress body systems Short pleasure and release from pain- powerfully addicting Tolerance ensues- need more and more Death/OD

Barbiturates

Type of psychoactive drug. Example: tranquilizers(pills) Often given for anxiety, sleep (xanax)disorders, highly addictive- physical and psychological Impaired memory Death-OD/Accidents

Kinesthesis Sense

Type of touch sense. the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. Individual body parts (arm, leg, etc)

Night Terrors

Typically children Not fully awake NREM Hard to come up with stats- reporting

Psycho Dynamic

Unconscious Drives/Conflicts influence behavior Role of early life He was abused as a child, that is why he acts that way Freud: force behind this theory

Psycho Dynamic Approach

Unconscious Drives/Conflicts influence behavior. Role of early life . He was abused as a child, that is why he acts that way. Freud: force behind this theory. ‣ Role the unconscious ‣ Freud

Latent Content (Freud)

Unconscious drives/symbolic-

Latent Content

Unconscious drives/symbolic. Hidden symbolic content. Freud

Freud

Unconscious, psychodynamic. Psycho Dynamic. Unconscious Drives/Conflicts influence behavior. Role of early life. He was abused as a child, that is why he acts that way

Types of sampling error (3)

Undercoverage, nonresponse, question wording

Prejudice

Unjustifiable negative attitude towards a group

Maslow

Unlike Freud, he studies healthy successful people/ personality Freud studies those having problems/maladaptive behaviors Maslow felt if we achieve esteem we will seek self actualization and be healthy creative and moral beings Studies famous people people to look at self actualization

Statistically significant

Unlikely to occur by random chance. Association in data that does imply causation. In our difference in Y hat are bigger than expected due to chance variation in random assignment. If chance is operating, treatment effects are larger than expected. Observed effect is so large it would rarely occur by chance

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Comparison

Use a design that compares two or more treatments

Random assignment

Use chance to assign experimental units to treatments. (calc, table, hat method). Balances out the effects of other variables

Random Assignment

Used in an experiment and you have to randomly assign the experimental group. Used in an experiment

Tolman/Cognitive learning

Uses mental representation of your environment ¡Rats in maze may use this and later learning is evident ¡Freshman on the first day of high school

Energy senses

Vision and hearing

What we encode-types (3)

Visual- images, pictures- mental image Acoustic- auditory images Semantics- the meanings, the context of a situation

Somatic System

Voluntary control skeletal muscles

Two types of samples that lead to bias

Voluntary response sample and convenience

Wechsler

WAIS: adapted verbal and and non verbal test for adults widely used test today He used it to place lower income NYC residents in job training- example: what they might do well at - math, honesty, social skills, verbal skills

Nicotine

WHO Tobacco kills 5.4 million people 50% more likely to die a premature death Begins in adolescence- if you make it out of that period- you generally do not smoke. Get a "hit" of nicotine in 7 seconds Triggers release neurotransmitters- curb hunger, boost energy calm anxiety and pain Extremely addicting Long term health, appearance and premature death

Flashbulb Memory

clear memory of an emotional event

Defense Mechanisms (8)

Ways to redirect anxiety and destroy reality Psychological distortions of the mind Protects the mind from what it cannot deal with These get the most positive reactions of Freud's theories You don't realize any of these while they are happening 1. Repression 2. Reaction Formation 3. Projection 4. Regression 5. Rationalization 6. Displacement 7. Denial 8. Sublimation

Social Learning Theory

We acquire gender identity from observing and imitating

Closure Cue

We fill in gaps to create a whole object

Rationalization

We generate self justifying explanations to explain or rationalize our behavior or how we feel I drink because my friends drink Its not a blame game but rationalizes why we do it Everyone cheats the IRS, etc...

Proximity Cue

We group nearby figures together

Similarity Cue

We group similar figures together

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. —We have to be right no matter what is presented to us Think about politics

Social Facilitation

We have stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others-we do better when others are present ‣ Ex; Track times-example-run against the clock or against others- when do you run faster?

Serial Position

We often remember the first and last items in the list

Serial Position

We often remember the first and last items in the list. Remember first and last items on a list

Continuity Cue

We perceive smooth and continuous patterns

Regression

We retreat to a more relaxed phase of our life Thumb sucking- mechanism to help us deal with reality Regress back to childhood- helplessness, crying

Hue

color we experience

Lack of Attachment

What happens when attachment does not take place? Why: Abandonment, Abuse Issues Reactive Attachment Disorder

Lack of Attachment

What happens when attachment does not take place? Why: Abandonment, Abuse Issues Reactive Attachment Disorder Permanently changes brain cognition and emotion

Hunger- role of hypothalamus

What produces hunger? ◦ 1. Contractions of stomach ◦ 2. Blood sugar glucose-Boyd monitors it-you won't feel it-but when it drops stimulates hunger ◦ 3. Brain-hypothalamus controls neural activity hunger and of feeling full ◦ 4. Monitors level of appetite hormones ‣ Leptin is a hormone, made by fat cells, that decreases your appetite. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases appetite ‣ Orexin is another appetite hormone

Double blind

When people measuring the response and subjects are blind

Subjects

When the experimental units are humans

Interneurons

Where the info from the brain is processed

Blind Spot

Where the nerve leaves the eyes and there are no receptor cells(no rods or cones) one in each eye- basically looking at something with both eyes makes up for it

DSM 5

Who classifies and why? (DSM 5) Changes with times and society Ex: homosexuality is deleted decades ago Asperger's is deleted most recently Classifying helps to treat, record, and deal with health insurance

Subjects of Milgram

Who is being tested?- 40 people polled/used Subjects- All males- paid 4.50$ each Roles: The "teacher" - The one who is giving the shocks. They are giving the word test to the "learner" The learner is supposedly learning word pairs and testing memory Learners take word test- get shock if they are wrong. Shocks increase from 15 to 330 Volts(dangerous) and to 450 volts max labeled XXX. This is what is labeled on the machine The "learner" (guys being shocked)" know what is going on, and so does the psychologist(directing the test) The shocks are fake. This is a test of how long or will the teacher will continue to shock

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Dreaming Theories (4)

Why do we dream? 1. Satisfy wishes(Freud) Satisfy unacceptable feeling/wishes Latent content: Unconscious drives/symbolic- 2. File memories/processing memory 3. Preserve neural pathways 4.Cognitive growth

Functionalist

Williams James Connects functions and emotions Focus on mental and behavioral processes, how the mind functions Teacher-Writer Harvard-authors first psych textbook He admitted the first female student Mary Calkins-all the men quit-she took the class alone She finished all the work-out scored males-Harvard refused to give her degree Offered her Radcliffe degree-she refused 1st female president of the APA Washburn-receives the first PHD from Harvard

Functionalism- James

Williams James . First textbook, functionalist. Connects functions and emotions. Focus on mental and behavioral processes, how the mind functions. Teacher-Writer Harvard-authors first psych textbook . He admitted the first female student Mary Calkins-all the men quit-she took the class alone . She finished all the work-out scored males-Harvard refused to give her degree . Offered her Radcliffe degree-she refused 1st female president of the APA . Washburn-receives the first PHD from Harvard

Seasonal Affective Depression

Winter Depression Look at less sunlight because stats in Florida are much lower Look at use of artificial light to help solve

Tolerance

With repeated exposure effects lessens. Need more of the chemical for the same effect-

Bottom Up Processing

Working from the bottom up. You analyze first with the sensory receptors and work up to the brain to process. In a painting, we detect the lines, colors, and angles before we interpret what is in the picture

Hawthorne Effect

You are getting better because you are being observed Reacting because observed

How placebo effect can be avoided

You blind 1 or both sides of experiment (testers, subjects)

Self Serving Bias

You want see yourself favorable Self- serving it serves your self Anything that goes your way is because of you If not, its not your fault

Theories of color (2)

Young Helmholtz Three Color Theory and Opponent Process Theory

Cocktail Party Effect

Your ability to attend to or process one voice among many- we can tune out what we don't want to attend to. Example selective attention. Always a voice

Cocktail Party Effect

Your ability to attend to or process one voice among many- we can tune out what we don't want to attend to. Example selective attention. Always a voice. Being able to pay attention to one voice at a time. In a loud setting. Only voices

Adaption

Your senses adapting. I was doing my HW and got used to the loud music next door

Pre Natal and Newborn Order

ZEF (zygote, embryo, fetus)

Stanford Prison

Zimbardo Experiment ◦ Used role playing to see if actions would change, if they would play roles

ZEF

Zygote Embryo Fetus

Obstacles to Learning (3)

confirmation bias, fixation, functional fixedness

Parasympathetic

conserves bodily energy and calms the body down, puts the bodily systems back in rhythm (2nd) Automatic functions body

Reliable

consistent scores, take it twice should not vary heavily generally same data in scores

Generalized Anxiety

continually tense and uneasy- unexplainable Worry, agitated, sleep deprived, cannot identify or deal with the cause Mellows by age 50, huge number of undiagnosed, 66% women, 1-5 % people suffer See increase in neglected or abused children

separation anxiety

a baby's anxiety at being separated from their caregiver

Farsightedness

a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina

Intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. (p. 237

Extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

Personality Disorder: Histrionic Personality

a long-standing pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality. histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they are not. While often lively, interesting and sometimes may engage in sexually seductive or provocative behavior to draw attention to themselves. 6%female 3%male What we know: early childhood development

Algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Step by step way that will always solve the problem

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of grain-of-rice-sized, 20,000-cell clusters in the hypothalamus

Correlation

-A measurement of the extent to which two factors vary(change) together and how one predicts the other -The strength and the direction of how they vary -how they relate

Experiment

-A research method where one or more factors is manipulated by the experimenter -Tries to prove cause and effect -Only method that can do that

self-fulfilling prophecy

a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true ÷I am going to get a 4 or 5 on this test

Personality Disorder: Dependent Personality

a psychiatric condition marked by an overreliance on other people to meet one's emotional and physical needs. What we know: Chronic illness and Separation issues are factors 2-3%

ID

a reservoir or holding of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives Operated on the pleasure principle of immediate gratification Early child hood is the ID- all about my short term pleasure

Heuristics

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

3 Parenting Styles- Baumrind

1. Authoritarian 2. Permissive 3. Authoritative

Stages of Piaget-Formal Operations

12- Adult Reasoning and abstract thinking takes place Hypothetical situations are understood Piaget believed in schemas: people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences.

Anal

18-36 months- Control bodily habits, control body

Pre Conventional

1st Stage-Kohlberg Up to age 9 Self interest is main goal Why: Obey for incentive: reward or fear of punishment

Factor

A combination of several explanatory variables --> treatment

Level

A specific value of the factor(s)

Post-conventional

Adolescent-Adulthood Morality and Ethical reasoning develop Why: Obey rules because you feel they are just or maybe you don't obey rules because they are unjust

Modern Approaches to Psych (8)

Also called levels of analysis-different ways to analyze behavior Can be differing and or complementary/overlapping views Biological, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, self-cultural, biopsychological

Insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. Kohler proved this with chimpanzee experiment Quick way to solve a problem

Sympathetic nervous system

Arousal, expressing energy (1st) ◦ Heart and breathing increasing. Get ready for emergency . Automatic functions body. Prepares the body for emergency

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

What does critical thinking examine?

Assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Double Blind

BOTH the participants and the staff do not know who is in the experimental group

Oral

Birth to 18 months- Sucking, biting, chewing

Dendrite

Bushy, fibers, short, receive info (DR). Part of neuron

schemas

Concepts or mental molds we pour our experiences in

Steps When Designing an Experiment

Control, replication, make sure groups are treated in the same exact manner by controlling other variables. Subjects should be blind to minimize the placebo effect

Anxiety Disorder (5)

Distressing and persistent anxiety exists 1. Generalized anxiety 2. Panic Attack 3. Phobic 4. OCD 5. PTSD

Humanistic Theory

Free will determined by experience of that human Self concept Self esteem Free will/control

Hypothalamus

Hunger, temperature, thirst, pleasure center, sleep, hormones

Bandura Bobo Doll- Observational Learning

Learning by observational and modeling ¡Family, parents, media big tools of observational learning

Cochlea

Middle ear goes through three bones to cochlea. Cochlea vibrates- hair cells produce impulse. Most important

Hypothesis of Milgram

Milgram polled his psych students- they thought 1- 2 %would give max shock

Dopamine- Parkinson's/Schizophrenia

Movement, attention, learning ◦ Problems: excess-links schizophrenia too little: Parkinson Disease

Pons

Part of brain stem, above medulla-movement, sleep

Mrs. Brown often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading rumors. It is rather obvious to those who know her that she is revealing her own inclinations in that area

Projection

Sensory cortex

Registers and processes sensory information

Hallucinations

Sensory images without stimulation

Chemical sense

Smell and taste

Schools of Thought (3)

Structuralism Functionalist Behaviorism

Subliminal Message

Subliminal: below ones absolute threshold. Subliminal Advertising/Messages ?? Where have you heard of that? NOT REAL. Not evil

Permissive

Submit to child demands , use little punishment

Dependent Variable of Milgram

The Behavior - dependent upon the shocks/experimenter- They are measuring the behavior, how long will they go on

Imprinting

The attachment process

Object Permanence

The idea that things continue to exist even after they re out of our sight. Goes with Piaget stage 1 (sensorimotor)

Discrimination

ability to tell the difference between two stimulus

Discrimination

ability to tell the difference between two stimulus. Tell the difference

Absolute thresholds

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a specific stimuli at least 50% time. Minimum level to register senses. 50% of the time

Validity

actually measures the goal (content and predictability)

Gender Roles

The norms of expectations of the genders How they act socially

Experimental units

The smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied

TAT

Thematic Apperception Tests- TAT show vague or ambiguous pictures and have those taking test make up a story about them. Picture story

Jean Piaget

Theorist of Life Span Development 1920's and later research He felt the maturing brain built schemas We use our schemas by assimilation We interpret and adjust as needed

Piaget and His Theory- know each level and age and event of that age- you need to know them in order (4)

Theorist of Life Span Development 1920's and later research He felt the maturing brain built schemas We use our schemas by assimilation We interpret and adjust as needed 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operations 4. Formal Operations

Norepinephrine

alertness, arousal ◦ Problems: undersupply can depress mood

Purpose of Correlations

To predict behavior

Fraternal

Two eggs, two sperms. Dizygotic, separate fertilized egg, similar in DNA as siblings, same or different gender

Vestibular Sense

Type of touch sense. Sense of body movement including balance. Balance and movement (whole body)

Accessing Traits

Use personality inventories-objective approach Minnesota Inventory of Traits- was used to identify maladaptive behaviors/traits/tendencies by series questions Traits are inheritable and persist over time Show sample questions 90 min exam T/F questions only

Sensory Memory

We record sensory memory- that immediate sensory information

Retinal Disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

Heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. Shortcut to solve a problem that's error prone

Sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. —We want to be right

Intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

Punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. (p. 234) Shock collar, bark collar, detention maybe

Punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. (p. 234) Shock collar, bark collar, detention maybe

Phi phenomena

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. (p. 156)

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. This is the brain basis for behavior. Brain connection for memory.

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Habituates

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it. ¡Getting used to something- noise smell

Savant Syndrome

decreased mental ability coupled with advanced or special skill in another area 4 out of five savants are male 50% of savants are diagnosed autistic Less than 1%

Hypnagogic

hallucinations in early stage of sleep, no stimuli

Manifest Content (Freud)

inc previous days experiences, people(common dream)

Manifest Content

inc previous days experiences, people(common dream). Story line of the dream. Freud

Ethnocentrism

judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

Homeostasis

maintenance of a balanced internal state. goal of drive reduction. Body balanced. Staying the same

Median

midpoint 80 81 82 83 84 85 - always write the numbers in a line, watch vocab- if it calls for the same number twice write it twice

Serotonin

mood, sleep, arousal (alertness) ◦ Problems: low = depression

Action Potential

neural impulse travels on the axons brief electrical charge

Occipital

rear head visual fields. vision

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Sound Localization

refers to a listener's ability to identify to the location or origin of sound

Generalization

respond to items similar to the stimuli

Extinction

response disappears

Spontaneous Recovery

response happens again with no new training- i.e. spontaneous. Response recovered suddenly (drug dogs). A human or animal will spontaneously recover a behavior they were trained to do

Endorphins

stops pain, euphoria-happiness

Control

the group you are controlling- generally do not care about the results but you have to report them or use them as a comparison

Sympathetic

arousal, expressing energy (1st) ◦ Heart and breathing increasing Automatic functions body

Parietal

top head to back sensory input

Neurons

• Neurons are like batteries and generate electricity • Brain is electro-chemical

Visual Acuity

•Sharpness of Vision

Psychosurgery

•Surgery to alleviate mental illness •Lobotomy- created Moniz, used widely Freeman •Today: •Split Brain example to stop seizures

Cognitive- Token Economy

•Teaching new ways to adapt behavior •Use token economy- reward system too •Get prizes for desired behavior •Ex Jail uses this approach : more freedom, more phone calls,

Opponent Process Theory

•The theory that opposing retina processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision

Psychotherapy

•Trained therapists dealing with alleviating the effects of mental illness •Deal with problems directly in therapy with patients •Can be combined with medical treatment •Origins in Freud •Treat with therapy

MRI

‣ Magnetic Resonance Imaging ‣ Magnetic field ‣ Detailed picture soft tissue ‣ Ex: Damage, tumor ‣ fMRI • Brain function MRI ◦ Look at a specific function (such as having trouble talking)

MRI

‣ Magnetic Resonance Imaging ‣ Magnetic field ‣ Detailed picture soft tissue ‣ Ex: Damage, tumor ‣ fMRI • Brain function MRI ◦ Look at a specific function (such as having trouble talking). Looks at tissue/tissue damage. Looks for cancerous tissue

Ach - Acetylcholine

◦ Best understood NT-learning and memory ◦ Ach is a chemical messenger at every junction between the motor neurons and skeletal muscle ◦ When Ach released - muscles contract ◦ When blocked (like in anesthesia) muscles don't contract and paralysis takes place ◦ Plays a role in Alzheimer's Disease (memory) ◦ Review: muscle, learning memory ◦ Problems: Alzheimer's lowers Ach-memory and later muscle problems in Alzheimer's

Obesity

◦ CDC 66% Americans overweight ◦ BMI-medical definition ◦ Fat is needed: storage, puberty, reproduction • Obesity Risks ◦ Diabetes ◦ Heart and stroke problems ◦ Social effects obesity: discrimination, obese people tend to make less money, risks of depression

Bulimia Nervosa

◦ Cycle binging and purging ◦ 90% women/adolescence ◦ More average weight ◦ Control weight ◦ Family weight problems ◦ With both: laxatives, suppressants can be used. Extreme exercises ◦ Can overlap with anorexia

Apnea

''No breath' Stop breathing during sleep 100x night Loud snoring/fatigue 1-20 people

Sleep Apnea

''No breath.' Stop breathing during sleep. 100x night. Loud snoring/fatigue. 1-20 people

IQ Formula

(Mental Age/Chronological Age) X 100 = IQ

Survey/problems/random sample/population

-A less in depth sampling of individuals estimation -This sampling should be representative of the population -Example: Themes for prom from 400 students out of 800 should indicate a high school sampling- you shouldn't have to survey all students -Random Sampling is required for an effective survey- you cant choose who gets survey -Problems: Wording surveys= vocab, perception --Perception of subject --Truthfulness -Any survey needs to be able to be replicated(duplicated under same conditions) replication equals reliability -Need large number of samples to represent the population -Need a random sampling of a certain population- adults and their feelings about a certain subject like in the job approval poll

Experiment

-Cause and effect. A research method where one or more factors is manipulated by the experimenter -Tries to prove cause and effect -Only method that can do that. Randomly assign participants to experimental or control group by chance- you cant choose or it would sway the results

Aptitude

capacity to learn a new skill or do well- SAT

Motor Neurons

carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles to make these movements

Axons

carry message, longer fibers, pass the message to the glands and muscles (AS)

Sensory Neurons

carry messages from body tissue and organs to brain and spinal cord where the message is processed

Illusory Correlation

-Perceived but non existent correlation --many parents conceive(get pregnant) just as they are about to adopt a child ---these have no provable correlation

Illusory correlation

-Perceived but non existent correlation --many parents conceive(get pregnant) just as they are about to adopt a child ---these have no provable correlation. It looks like it could be right but it isn't correct

Survey

-Series of questions on a subject. A less in depth sampling of individuals estimation -This sampling should be representative of the population -Example: Themes for prom from 400 students out of 800 should indicate a high school sampling- you shouldn't have to survey all students -Random Sampling is required for an effective survey- you cant choose who gets survey -Problems: Wording surveys= vocab, perception --Perception of subject --Truthfulness -Any survey needs to be able to be replicated(duplicated under same conditions) replication equals reliability -Need large number of samples to represent the population -Need a random sampling of a certain population- adults and their feelings about a certain subject like in the job approval poll

Explain the Mehl and Penebaker study

-Wanted to find out what intro psychology students were saying and doing during their everyday lives -Equipped 52 students from U of Texas with belt-worn tape recorders -For up to 4 days recorders captured 30 sec of the students' waking hours every 12.5 min, researchers could eavesdrop on 10,000 0 sec life slices -28% of the time talking to someone -9% of the time at computer

Scatterplot

-Way to show correlations- relationships and how they vary --graphed cluster of dots which represents the values of 2 variables --A scatterplot has two factors in it -Review charts, graphs- --Scatterplot /scattergram --Bar graph

Humanistic

belief in growth potential of humans, humans are good ethical creatures. Role healthy growth in humans

Jung

belief in the unconscious and also in humanity's "collective unconsciousness" shared memory

Temporal

between ears, auditory fields

Temporal

between ears, auditory fields. Hearing and language

Hindsight Bias

bias after an event that you knew it was going to occur Phenomena that Disrupt Critical Thinking Ex: People said after 2nd twin tower fell knew it was going to happen

circadian rhythm

biological clock

Panic Attack Disorder (Type of Anxiety)

1-2 % society episodes of intense fear with physical symptoms- some have triggers some do not Shortness breath, trembling, choking sensations, - like heart attack Usually minutes long Women- 50% more likely

Narcolepsy

1-2000-3000 'Numb-seizure' Overwhelming sleepiness at any time Seconds- Less than few minutes, can include loss of muscle tone Any time/inopportune times Low hypocretin

Antagonists

block the NT release ◦ Botulism - food borne poison blocks Ach can cause paralysis - muscles cannot move ◦ Botox: what does it do? ◦ Dart guns that shoot and paralyze large animals in vet medicine block ACh so they can't move

Types of Reinforcement

1. Continuous- every time 2. Partial- part of the time- occasional 3. Fixed ratio- response after a fixed(same) amount of time ex: every 30th time 4.Variable Ratio: unpredictable amount time Slot machine 5.fixed interval: reinforce first time after a fixed amount time- if a slot was fixed 6. Variable interval: reinforce schedule of unpredictable times

Cluster sampling

1. Divide population into groups based on location. 2. Use SRS to choose cluster(s). 3. Use every individual in that cluster. Time efficient and convenient but may have possible bias and may not be as representative. Advantages: practical/efficient. Disadvantages: possibility of bias if cluster is not as varied

Stratified Random Sampling

1. Divide population into similar groups. 2. Perform SRS in each group. 3. Combine individual to make one sample. Advantages: when you deal with large populations. Disadvantages: may be time consuming

Marcia- Review Case Study (4)

1. Identity Diffusion 2. Identity Foreclosure 3. Identity Moratorium 4. Identity Achievement

Ethics (4)

1. Informed consent- have to agree, no secret experiments 2. Protect from harm or discomfort- guard against these 3. Confidential agreements- must agree 4.Fully debrief and follow up- after, tell results, discuss Universities typically follow- but what about private businesses? Think alcohol, tobacco, Vic Secret for teens- how do they obtain their info on how to predict behavior- they may not be ethical

3 Main Issues Developmental Psychology

1. Nature versus Nurture- is it genes or environment? 2. Continuity and Stages: Is development on a gradual and continuous plane or stage ? 3. Stability and Change- Do early traits persist through life?

3 Areas of Developmental Psychology

1. Nature versus Nurture- is it genes or environment? 2. Continuity and Stages: Is development on a gradual and continuous plane or stage? 3. Stability and Change- Do early traits persist through life?

Kohlberg Morality: Theory Morality of Three Stages

1. Pre Conventional 2. Conventional 3. Post-conventional

Personality Disorder: Borderline

1.6 % population Most people who have BPD suffer from: Problems with regulating emotions and thoughts Impulsive and reckless behavior, Bouts of mood issues Unstable relationships with others Genes Family history unstable relationships Chaos in developmental stages of life

Functions of Sleep (5)

1.Protection- evolutionary view 2.Recuperate and repair brain tissue 3.Making/storing memories 4.Creative thinking 5.Growth process/growth hormone released

Formal Operations

12- Adult Reasoning and abstract thinking takes place Hypothetical situations are understood Piaget believed in schemas: people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences.

Descartes

1595 AD How mind and body communicate Nerve paths/brain paths Importance of memory Some incorrect views: animal spirits

John Locke

1632 in preparation for a discussion Blank slate-tabula rasa Origins of Empiricism Knowledge originates in experience and science Should rely on observation

Binet

1800's Paris - hired to find a test or tests or some procedure for assessing students for school by the government- basically : who is remedial came up with mental age First guy to come up with IQ test for schools in France

Wundt

1879 German Philosopher Created an apparatus to measure time lag in reflexes (heard a noise, hit a lever) Goal: measure a mental process Created first lab for psych staffed by students

DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder)

2 or More identities exist with no conscious registry or memory of the other Commonly have 3-12 identities Controversial -some believe and others do not that it truly exists Less than 1% population Causes: deal with stress and anxiety or painful memories Used to be called Multiple Personality Disorder

Emotion Problems

2 types emotion problems Flat Affect: emotionless Inappropriate emotion for time- laughter at something traumatic

Stages of Piaget-Preoperational

2-7 Too young to understand mental operations, begin pretend play 2 Concepts: Conversation and Egocentrism

Legal Insanity

2. Legal Responsibly and Insanity What Makes you insane at trial? Must know right from wrong and be able to assist in your defense. Decided by the courts- judge if you can use this defense decided by jury verdict It is tried often- does not work typically Cases: Not guilty by Insanity Ex: Andrea Yatesfound guilty at first trial- appealed Found not guilty by reason insanity Yes, she was insane but what about legal responsibility Decided by the courts/then jury

Subjects of Stanford

24 people chosen out of 70-75. They answered ad to take part in psychology experiment. The 24 were assigned different roles They were given survey/questionnaires before being chosen They are all the subjects and experimental group Those assigned "prisoners" were arrested at their home by Palo Alto police(the police knew it was an experiment) To start of the psychology of being a prisoner and not in control of their lives Both guards and prisoners are subjects- they are both being teste BOTH EXPERIMENTAL GROUP They are both the experimental group- those being tested and observed, taped, notes taken, visitors in and out

Conventional

2nd Stage-Kohlberg 9- thru adolescence and up to many ages Care about others is seen Why: Obey rules because they are the rules and care of other people Care of society norms

Phallic

3-6 years-Pleasure of genital area- incestual feelings

Aristotle

384 BC student of Plato Used data and observation Actual experience is important Use provable data to prove a theory-important as psychology is a science

Adolescence

4 Transition from childhood into adulthood Begins: onset puberty 11 girls, 13 boys Puberty: Period of sexual maturation Hall: First Psychologist to study adolescence

Genes/DNA/Chromosomes - numbers, size

46 chromosomes/ 23 pairs • 23 from biological father • 23 from biological mother • Chromosomes are comprised of DNA • Genes part of the DNA molecule

Chromosomes

46 chromosomes/ 23 pairs • 23 from biological father • 23 from biological mother • Chromosomes are comprised of DNA • Genes part of the DNA molecule

Socrates/Plato

469 BC earliest philosophers Posed questions as: How does mind work? Importance of the mind How does body relate to mind? What about experience? Believed body and mind are/were separate *important*

Latency

6 to Puberty- Dormant sexual feelings

Results of Milgram

65% of men continued in the original experiment. It was only men tested.

Stages of Piaget-Concrete Operations

7-12 Gain mental ability Math ability, enjoy others, see POV of others, ideas are still rigid

NREM

75-80% sleep Stages 1-4 Movement can take place, sleepwalking and talking

NREM

75-80% sleep Stages 1-4 Movement can take place, sleepwalking and talking

Meth

8 hour high euphoria Triggers rerelease of dopamine Men release more dopamine- they have a higher rate of addiction for meth based drugs. Long term: Reduce dopamine Reduces functioning Seizure Insomnia Crystal meth- crystalized form meth, chemically made- smoked

Separation Anxiety

A baby's anxiety at being separated from their caregiver

ADHD (symptoms, similarities)

A disorder appearing by age 7 three key symptoms Extreme inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity (stop notes) After 1987, those being treated quadrupled What else do you know? Boys or girls What are the drugs? What else are they used for? Looking at find a tests to diagnose Genetic connection

sleep spindles

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity (sleep stage 2)

Dendrite

bushy, fibers, short, receive info (DR)

Conditioned Response

A learned response like the dogs salivating to the bell

Bias

A method of study that consistently over or under estimates the value you are trying to know. On AP test you need to indicate direction of bias (over or under)

Motivation

A need or desire that directs and energizes behavior. Drive for a need or desire

Response bias

A nonsampling error that occurs when someone gives an incorrect response. Someone responds the way they think they should, instead of how they actually think or feel

Curiosity

A passion to explore and understand without misleading or being misled; empirical approach

Personality

A person's pattern of thinking feeling and acting Two main approaches that have the most impact on the study of personality are: psychoanalytical and humanistic

Higher order conditoning

A project where the conditioned stimulus in one experience could be paired with a second(weaker) stimulus and that stimulus could elicit the same response Ex: light- bell- salivation Eventually the light could elicit or bring about salivation

Reactive Attachment Disorder

A rare condition in which infants and young children don't establish healthy bonds with parents or caregivers.

Placebo Effect

A result caused just by expectations Reacting because of expectations Ex: taking pain meds makes my headache go away even if the pill was fake

Treatment

A special condition applied to individuals in an experiment

Mnemonic Device

Acronyms or memory devices. How we memorize

Mnemonic devices

Acronyms or memory devices. How we memorize

Skinner-Operant Conditioning

Action- Consequence sequence A controlled situation Reinforcement is used Positive reinforcement strengthen response Negative Reinforcement- decreases response Creates operant chamber or "Skinner Box" A research box where animal presses bar for release of food and water Shaping is used ¡Reinforces animal to desired action

Experiment

Actively do something to people, animals, or objects in order to measure their response. Imposing treatments to measure a response. Ex: tutor 1 semester, no tutor next. Grade change?

Terman Stanford/Binet

Adapted the test of Binet/wanted widespread American testing This became known as the Stanford Binet Test

Post Partum Depression

After birth child

Conditioned (Learned)

After conditioning Sound(bell)- Salivation Is the CS(bell) Conditioned Stimuli CR- (salivation) Conditioned Response

Conditioned stimulus

After conditioning. Sound(bell)- Salivation . Is the CS(bell) Conditioned Stimuli. CR- (salivation) Conditioned Response. Learned. CS= food dish--bell (dog doesn't connect these two automatically)

Gender Differences

Aggression -Men admit to more physical aggression -Violent crime rates show more male violence -overwhelmingly Social Power and Social Connectedness -Men are perceived as more powerful socially -Women are perceived to want more and closer social connectedness -They have done many studies on social networking and texting to reinforce this

Amygdala

Aggression/Fear Center

6 Approaches to psychology- All Six (but there's 7?)

Also called levels of analysis-different ways to analyze behavior . Can be differing and or complementary/overlapping views Biological, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, socio-cultural

Hallucinogens

Alters perceptions and mood. Hallucination: perceptions and images Example: LSD, MDMA, Marijuana

Instinct Theory

by genetically predisposed behavior (evolutionary perspective). ◦ Influence Darwin ◦ Instinctive behavior that lasts through a species ◦ Use of genetic information ◦ Automatic, irresistible ‣ Example: mother care for her young, sucking baby ‣ Criticism: no emotion, no higher thoughts ‣ We behave by instinct

1920's-Today

American psychologists lead the way Moves into scientific study of observable behavior Humanistic Psych-belief in growth potential of humans,humans are good ethical creatures

Limbic System (4)

Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, pituitary gland

Humility

An awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives

Eating Disorders (4)

Anorexia, Bulimia, Binging Disorder, Obesity

Clive Wearing Case

Anterograde-of or denoting a type of amnesia involving inability to remember any new information, damage hippocampus. —Retrograde and Anterograde amnesia- —Maintains some implicit and procedural memory

Clive Wearing

Anterograde-of or denoting a type of amnesia involving inability to remember any new information, damage hippocampus. —Retrograde and Anterograde amnesia- —Maintains some implicit and procedural memory. No new memories. Lost old memories

Adrenal gland

by kidneys secrets adrenaline for high stress situations

Stranger Anxiety

Anxiety and fear upon meeting strangers or losing sight caregiver

stranger anxiety

Anxiety and fear upon meeting strangers or losing sight caregiver

Sympathetic System- there will be hypotheticals

Arousal, expressing energy (1st) ◦ Heart and breathing increasing. Get ready for emergency Automatic functions body

Delta Waves

Asleep. Occurs between transition from sleep stage 3 to 4. Slow waves during sleep

Counseling

Assist people with well being- can be academic, college, etc.

Pre Natal Factors (3)

At every stage genetic and environmental factors affect the growth of the embryo 1. Genetic- chromosomal- like Down Syndrome(extra copy chromosome 21) 2. Environmental- nutrition or teratogens- chemicals or virus that can harm the baby like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 3. Environmental influences- alcohol and nutrients are delivered to fetus via the placenta as well as anything else

Prenatal

At every stage genetic and environmental factors affect the growth of the embryo Genetic- chromosomal- like Down Syndrome(extra copy chromosome 21) Environmental- nutrition or teratogens- chemicals or virus that can harm the baby like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Environmental influences- alcohol and nutrients are delivered to fetus via the placenta as well as anything else

Motor cortex

At rear frontal lobe. Voluntary movement (not reflexes)

Attachment

Attachment to the parent remains strong throughout infancy Called a survival impulse

Projection

Attribute the dangerous impulses(feelings) to others Like a blame game I treat him that way because he treats me that way Makes your behavior seem more acceptable to you by this reason I dislike him because he dislikes me

Auditory (4)

Audition, parts of the ear (eardrum, cochlea, 3 bones of the ear)

Echoic

Auditory events

Echoic Memory

Auditory events

Alpha waves

Awake. Right before sleep- awake

Consciousness

Awarenes of ourselves and our environment We do know that some things are processed on the unconscious level(memory, perception) That's dual processing(chapter 3)

Consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and our environment. We do know that some things are processed on the unconscious level(memory, perception) That's dual processing(chapter 3)

Inattentional Blindness

Because of inattention, we are "blind" to a stimuli that is visible. Inattention. Going to miss stimuli that is visual. Because of intention we don't notice a stimuli, we are blind to a stimuli we should see. Ex: texting and driving

Intentional Blindness

Because of inattention, we are "blind" to a stimuli that is visible. Inattention. Going to miss stimuli that is visual. Ex: texting and driving

Hippocampus Role

Begins hippocampus: stores new memories Fed to other regions brain for long term memory Cerebellum, and temporal lobe store implicit and procedural memory

Psychology

Behavior and mental processes Behavior-anything we do-observe and record Mental process-anything the mind can do even a reflex like blinking

Thorndike-Law of Effect

Behavior increases with positive consequences and decreases with negative consequences

Law of Effect- Thorndike

Behavior increases with positive consequences and decreases with negative consequences. Behavior would increase with postive, decrease with punishment

Industrial

Behavioral in workplace Ex: Talk about motivation, how they thrive

Watson

Behaviorist. Behavioral. Study of observable behavior and its effect on learning . You learn to fear a dog

Spearman- Factor Analysis- g factor

Belief in One General Intelligence he developed factor analysis: a statistical procedure to identify clusters(groups) of related items The "g" Factor is a common skill set that will help humans excel- related to academics- like a general intelligence Cluster example: verbal skills, spatial, reasoning ability- do well on all of them

Rogers

Believed people were basically good- humanistic approach People nurture our positive growth Genuine Accepting Empathetic

Bi Polar Disorder

Bi Polar Disorder- Mood Fluctuate between episodes of depressions and mania Mania: hyperactivity, agitated state, very impulsive behavior Hypomania: wildly agitated state Versions: Bi Polar 1- more serious/can have psychotic episodes Bi-Polar Two- only episodic 3% men and women equally

Mental Age

Binet Measures the mental capabilities of an individual- had them perform various tasks The average would be a child with a chronological age of nine and a mental age of nine

Gestalt and Gestalt Cues- all cues (6)

Binocular, minocular, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure

Gestalt and cues (6)

Binocular, minocular, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure

Therapies

Bio Medical, Eclectic, Psychotherapy

Bio Psychosocial Model Disorders

Bio causes- example- brain chemicals Psychosocial causes: stress, life changing events The idea that they work together

Gender

Biological components of being male or female Chromosomes at fertilization

Stages of Piaget-Sensorimotor

Birth to 2 See world through the senses and actions Object Permanence sets in- the idea that things continue to exist even after they re out of our sight

Antagonists and what it does- may be examples within

Block the NT release ◦ Botulism - food borne poison blocks Ach can cause paralysis - muscles cannot move ◦ Botox: what does it do? ◦ Dart guns that shoot and paralyze large animals in vet medicine block ACh so they can't move

antagonists

Block the NT release ◦ Botulism - food borne poison blocks Ach can cause paralysis - muscles cannot move ◦ Botox: what does it do? ◦ Dart guns that shoot and paralyze large animals in vet medicine block ACh so they can't move. Chemical that blocks a neurotransmitter. Anesthesia makes you not move during surgery

Ethics of Stanford/Milgram

Both Milgram and Stanford prison would be considered unethical by today's standards per the APA

Authoritative

Both demanding and responsive set and enforce rules, open discussion- This theory shows higher levels self esteem in adults

Experimental group of Stanford

Both prisoners and guards behavior are being tested- Both the Experimental Group- Observing and recording how each behave

CNS

Brain and Spinal cord

Newborn

Brain cells almost all formed Nervous System is immature- that's why as a species we don't walk crawl immediately System needs to mature This process is called maturation

Top Down

Brain immediately interprets. From the top down. You analyze first with higher brain processing and interpret. Example: We interpret what is in the painting

Parallel Processing

Brain works doing many items at once

Stability

By about age 4-7 intelligence scores are stable to adulthood barring brain injury, illness

Adrenal Gland- Adrenaline- epinephrine

By kidneys secrets adrenaline for high stress situations

Medical Model of Disorders

By the 1800's going away from demons and other supernatural causes to a medical model and bio causes (Causes of Mental Disorders in General)

Independent Variable

COMES FIRST the variable set up by the experimenter, stands alone, does not change( comes first)

Independent Variable

COMES FIRST the variable set up by the experimenter, stands alone, does not change( comes first). Set up by the experimenter. One that goes first

Sternberg

Came up with IQ formula 3 intelligence theory Analytical (academic: related to school grades) Creativity (solving problems, new situations) Practical: (every day solutions- common sense)

Addiction

Can't be controlled. Compulsive craving for a substance despite the negative effects Odds of becoming addicted Marijuana- 9% Alcohol-15% Heroin- 23% Tobacco- 32%

Motor Neurons

Carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles to make these movements

Axon

Carry message, longer fibers, pass the message to the glands and muscles (AS). Send message. Part of the neuron.

Axon

Carry message, longer fibers, pass the message to the glands and muscles (AS). Send message. Part of the neuron. Sends the message, long fibers, covered by myelin sheath

Sensory Neurons

Carry messages from body tissue and organs to brain and spinal cord where the message is processed

Factors of Stanford

Cells- 6 by 9, isolation cell, guards commons, three to cell Data Collected- Taped and Observation Subjects did not know each other Plan for 14 days - stopped after six because of the abuse Uniforms, sunglasses, smocks

Difference between a sample and census

Census collects data from every individual in the population. A sample is a part of the population we collect data from

In simple random sampling, who chooses to respond and is there bias?

Chance/computer, no

Sublimation

Channel impulses into something socially acceptable or creative Freud said Da Vinci's Madonna painting were because he did not have a good relationship with his mother Exercise to deal with your anger Create art to deal with your feelings

Parameter

Characteristic of population

Statistic

Characteristic of sample

Agonists and what it does- may be examples within

Chemical molecule may be similar to a NT to mimics its response ◦ Ex: These produce a high by amplifying NT: heroin (mimics dopamine), crystal meth - you get high - mimics euphoria ◦ Poisons: Flood ACH causes painful contractions, convulsions like spider venom

Agonists

Chemical that mimics or does the same as a neurotransmitter. Chemical molecule may be similar to a NT to mimics its response ◦ Ex: These produce a high by amplifying NT: heroin (mimics dopamine), crystal meth - you get high - mimics euphoria ◦ Poisons: Flood ACH causes painful contractions, convulsions like spider venom

Teratogens

Chemicals or virus that can harm the baby like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Proximal Development

Children learn best by interacting with others. Thought of by Vygotsky

John Bowlby

Coined term separation anxiety

Stern

Comes up with formula for IQ

Matched pairs design

Common random block design that compares only 2 treatments. Uses chance for random assignment.

4 Principles of Experimental Design

Comparison, random assignment, control, replication

Somatoform (2)

Complaints that are medically unexplained but take a somatic or bodily form Appears to be no physical cause Ex: blurry vision, vomiting, pain(most common) 1. Conversion Disorder 2. Hypochondrias

Pre Natal Development

Conception and Zygote 10 days later zygote attaches to wall of mother's uterus The cells now become the embryo 2 weeks to 2 months 9 weeks after conception called fetus *You need the order ZEF*

Schemas

Concepts or mental molds we pour our experiences in. Thought of by Jean Piaget

Confounding Variable

Confusing May change data and need to be removed (not planned)

The Big Five in Traits-what they are

Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neurotic State- stability or instability emotionally Openness Extraversion (CANOE) Traits are stable over time Interactive Approaches- shows importance cognition and social effects

Dissociative Disorder

Conscious awareness of patient is gone Becomes disassociated from the conscious and all previous memories Causes: Possibly to deal with painful memories More common than one would think at rates up to 10 % Fugue: extended and complicated amnesia- a more rare side effect

Parasympathetic System

Conserves bodily energy and calms the body down, puts the bodily systems back in rhythm (2nd) Automatic functions body. Calming

Para sympathetic nervous system

Conserves bodily energy and calms the body down, puts the bodily systems back in rhythm (2nd) Automatic functions body. Calming. Puts you back in balance

Randomized block design

Considers each variety separately.

Constancy- Stability

Constant perceptions make it meaningful to us. Brain wants to be constant Emotion, Mood, Drugs, Motivation and Disease can alter perceptions •Color: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

Conversion Disorder

Conversion Disorder- very rare Anxiety and stress are converted to a physical symptom Ex: blindness, inability to swallow, paralysis The psych ailment is converted to the physical ailment(conversion) (somatoform disorder) This is a reaction to stress

Key To Attachment (2)

Critical period and imprinting

Key to Attachment is

Critical period and imprinting

Gilligan

Critiques Kohlberg and morality because lack of females

Needed for Scientific Approach (3)

Curiosity Skepticism Humility

Denial

Deny the problem event exists People are in denial about alcoholism, or that they are dying Too difficult to deal with

Rods

Detect black and white, necessary for peripheral and night vision- 120 million cells. •Activate bipolar cells then ganglion cells

Types brain scans (4)

Different scans and ways to view brain damage/brain activity EEG, CT Scan, PET Scan, MRI

Low Extremes of Intelligence

Disability(low mental ability) Mild 50-70 6th grade level mental ability, some independence 70 is a legal guideline/used to be a military guideline Moderate 35-50 2nd grade level, able to do some tasks, may read Severe 20-35 may talk, unable to be trained or to learn many concepts Profound- 20 constant supervision 2002 SC decided a mentally disabled person could not be executed- use the below 70 as a guide How would they get that score? Could someone fake it? Today, likely to do all they can to mainstream children into a general classroom setting

Mood Disorders (5)

Disorder of mood- Mood- emotional state Extreme fluctuations of emotions 1. Major Depressive Disorder 2. Post Partum 3. Seasonal Affective 4. Bi Polar

Even a top baseball player will sometimes strike out on and say pitch. When this happens, his next action may be to throw his bat or kick the water cooler with all his might

Displacement

Mrs. James can't understand why her husband has been so grumpy and irritable for the past week. It certainly isn't her fault that he didn't receive the anticipated promotion at the factory

Displacement

Displacement

Divert impulses toward another person or object. Divert the anger at your boss to your wife when you get home Like venting You are not actually pissed at your mom but you take it out on her

Blocking

Dividing subjects into similar groups based off of how variable might affect y hat. Common variables between subjects (effect y hat)

Fraternal Twins

Dizygotic, separate fertilized egg, similar in DNA as siblings, same or different gender

Completely randomized design

Doesn't account for differences between subjects

Inference

Draw conclusions about the population based on data from the sample. Sample= portion of population. Inferences from convenience/voluntary response sample are misleading

Oedipus and Electra Complex

During Phallic stage boys sexual desire towards mother and rival father for affection Girls- Parallel Electra complex Children deal with these desires by identifying with their rival parent and the Superego(morality) gains strength Unresolved stages could lead to mental disorders and maladaptive behavior Oedipus- male sexual desire toward mother Electra-female sexual desire toward father

Parts of the ear (3)

Eardrum, cochlea, 3 bones of ear

Structuralism

Early school (belief system) of psychology Titchener-student of Wundt Discover the element or structure of what of the mind is Engage in self elective introspection-looking inward Introspection is a massive amount of detail and memory is flawed These schools and belief systems are in decline and or rejected

Confounding

Effects of a variable on a response variable cannot be distinguished. Can't distinguish between effects of 2 variables on response. Two or more variables that effect y hat (response) and their effects can't be distinguished. Ex: stats test/app due same day and can't tell which causes stress. Poor sleep habits/eating habits --> which led to weight gain?

Withdrawal

Effects when the chemical is withdrawn from the body - physical symptoms

Mayer, Salovey, Caruso

Emotional Intelligence test perceive, understand, use and manage emotion

Biological

Emphasis on biology and neuro science genetics Medical, brain chemicals, hormonal, chemicals in body

Biological Approach

Emphasis on biology and neuro science genetics. Medical, brain chemicals, hormonal, chemicals in body. uffering depression, looking at brain chemicals. Angry bc brain tumor

3 Part Process

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Order of Brain events

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Menopause

End of women's cycle- can no longer reproduce Significant reduction estrogen

Population

Entire group of individuals that we want info about

Cocaine

Euphoria to crash Used by snorting or smoking After 15 minutes drug wears off causes crash of depression, Effects- Emotional disturbance, convulsions OD/Death- cardiac and respiratory failure

Sleep

Every 90 minutes or so we have a sleep cycle of 5 stages We know this by EEG testing Right before sleep- awake- slow alpha waves, relaxed, before we slip into real sleep- maybe 7 minutes

Human Sleep Cycle

Every 90 minutes or so we have a sleep cycle of 5 stages . We know this by EEG testing . Right before sleep- awake- slow alpha waves, relaxed, before we slip into real sleep- maybe 7 minutes

Stimulants

Excite neural activity/ boosts alertness and arousal Amphetamines- cocaine, ecstasy Methamphetamine- chemically related to amphetamine Ex: speed, crystal meth, cocaine, crack

Traits-what they are, stability of traits (4)

Explain people by their traits and characteristics. You are that way the entirety of your life 1. Biological 2. Behavioral 3. Social Cognitive 4. Humanistic

Biological Theory

Explain personality by biology and medicine

Theory

Explanation using set principles- general concept; an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Theory

Explanation using set principles- general concept; an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. General set of ideas. Females are better than math

Phineas Gage

Explosion occurred that damaged his frontal lobe (tamping rod). The importance of the frontal lobe is impulse control, personality, and critical thinking. Immediately after the accident, Gage remained conscious and began to write in his workbook. After the incident, Gage's personality changed drastically. He used to be regarded as efficient and capable. Afterwards, Gage acted childish and obstinate. In addition, he was fitful, irreverent, indulged in profanity, and impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicted with his desires. Gage was once viewed as a great and helpful worker. He now acted like a child and was fired from his job. He possessed the intellectual capacity of a child but the animal passions of a strong man. Eventually, Gage developed epilepsy and he died in status epilepticus.

Reaction Formation

Express the opposite of what you are feeling Hate your mother is unacceptable so you express the opposite Hate someone whom you may love- express the opposite The Superego is at work because that feeling is inappropriate You act the opposite of how you feel You say you are okay because you don't want to talk about or you don't think you should

Marcia Case - see handout (4)

Extension of Erikson Foreclosure Moratorium Diffusion Identity

Depression

Facts Behavioral and cognitive changes exist Widespread depending on culture Women twice as more likely to suffer(except bi-polar is even) Therapy speeds recovery Stressful events predate depression Depression is striking earlier- younger children Runs in families-more likely to suffer Overlap anxiety disorders

Change Blindness

Failure to notice changes in the environment. Change in environment, don't notice because focusing

Zygote

Fertilized egg for about two weeks

Cones

Fine detail and color- 6 million

Wundt

First lab, sensory stimuli, heard something pressed lever 1879 German Philosopher . Created an apparatus to measure time lag in reflexes (heard a noise, hit a lever) Goal: measure a mental process. Created first lab for psych staffed by students

Menarche

First period

Vygotsky

Followed up on Piaget Believed in the theory of Proximal Development Children learn best by interacting with others Peer/Role Model Importance

Vygotsky

Followed up on Piaget Believed in the theory of Proximal Development Peer/Role Model Importance

Unconditioned

Food in Mouth: unconditioned stimuli( US) Salivation in response to food- Unconditioned response( UR) Neutral stimuli- a stimuli before conditioning has occurred

Unconditioned stimulus

Food in Mouth: unconditioned stimuli(US). Salivation in response to food- Unconditioned response( UR) . Neutral stimuli- a stimuli before conditioning has occurred. Unlearned or automatic. US= actual food in mouth (dog didn't learn that)

Neurogenesis

Form new neurons. Related to brain plasticity

Personality Disorder: Anti Social

Formerly sociopath, psychopath(violence)- 1% Typically male, behavior begins before age 15, lack of conscience, morality, and guilt Manipulative, take no responsibility Not all criminals are Anti-Social Personalities because they care and have sympathy for someone- their family-children, etc.. Problems in diagnosis of non criminals Why would they ever seek help? They usually are arrested or caught for something and then diagnosed Low autonomic arousal Lower level stress hormones Low anxiety Low serotonin SOME- reduced frontal lobe activity Poverty and instability in early life

Psycho Sexual Development (in order)

Freud believed that development began during the first few years. OAPLG Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Psychoanalysis

Freud method of uncovering the unconscious minds as a way to treat mental disorders- type of therapy

Top Down Processing

From the top down. You analyze first with higher brain processing and interpret. Example: We interpret what is in the painting

4 lobes and their function

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Lobes Brain and role of each

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Observational study

Gathers data on individuals as they are. Measuring variables of interest without attempting to influence responses. Watching/observing individual to measure a variable without influencing response. Ex: family dinner--> better grades?

Gender Development

Gender At about seven weeks after conception- sex characteristics form- The chromosomes include a gene that triggers hormonal developmental and the development of the testes Male, female, intersex Intersex

Intelligence Studies

Genes are important to intelligence- identical twins studies are extremely similar Environment is important as well Nature and Nurture working together Twins = nature

Biological Causes of Depression

Genetic Causes- shown by running in families At least 2-10% more likely if in first degree family Low brain activity- "depressed brain" Low serotonin- neurotransmitter Low norepinephrine- low neurotransmitter Smaller frontal lobes/ In some scans/studies, this is shown Mood stabilizers that stabilize chemicals seem to work well

FRQ: Genie Nature Nurture Language

Genie was a human child who lived away from human contact from a very young age. Her father held her captive for eleven years. After Genie was found by the authorities, her father committed suicide. Her mother was arrested and not charged. Genie ended up living in Children's Hospital Los Angeles. When she came, she had no social skills and was not potty trained. The doctors and researchers took this opportunity to study the effects of nature versus nurture. They wanted to determine if, at age 13 years old, Genie could learn language. Their question was: do you learn language from your environment or genes? Genie was able to learn over a hundred new words during her stay at Children's Hospital and when she lived with her therapist. However, as Genie grew older and lived in a home for mentally challenged adults, she lost her language abilities. From this, researchers concluded that Genie was too old and past the critical period for learning language skills.

Foot in the Door

Getting people to agree to you by starting with small things Foot-in-the-door (FITD) technique is a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request.

High Extremes of Intelligence

Gifted program, GATE, Mensa Can be correlated to higher socio-economic conditions but many times see someone without higher level education score very high Shows the nature element 110-119 Bright 120-129 Superior 150 Above: Gifted

Long Term

Goes into Long term; storehouse of memory: skills, experience, knowledge for later retrieval. stored, no limit

Long term

Goes into Long term; storehouse of memory: skills, experience, knowledge for later retrieval. stored, no limit

HM Case

Had anterograde amnesia because his hippocampus was taken out. Hippocampus removed. Never formed a new memory, lost old memories

Body Contact

Harry Harlow and Attachment 1950's U of Wisconsin Shortly after birth separated rhesus monkeys from their mothers Raised them in solitary cages with a blanket- when the blanket was taken to be laundered monkeys became visibly upset Harry Harlow Experiment Separated the monkeys One monkey had wire mother with bottle attached with food Other one was cloth covered Who would the monkeys prefer? Overwhelming preferred the Cloth Mother

Harlow Monkey Study (Body Contact)

Harry Harlow and Attachment 1950's U of Wisconsin Shortly after birth separated rhesus monkeys from their mothers Raised them in solitary cages with a blanket- when the blanket was taken to be laundered monkeys became visibly upset Harry Harlow Experiment Separated the monkeys One monkey had wire mother with bottle attached with food Other one was cloth covered Who would the monkeys prefer? Overwhelming preferred the Cloth Mother

4 Theories Motivation

How are we motivated....Instinct theory, drive reduction, arousal, hierarchy needs

Educational

How psych processes effect learning Ex: studying Autism, how to help student sight Autism who are struggling in school

Socio-Cultural

How situation of culture effects learning and behavior Religion makes certain rules for us

Self-cultural/socio cultural

How situation of culture effects learning and behavior Religion makes certain rules for us. Looking at society and culture. Gang life

Automatic Processing

How we encode. Automatic, unconscious encoding of time and space and frequency and well learned info

Chunking

How we memorize. Breaking into pieces- this is almost unconscious

Hypochondriac

Hypochondriasis Interpret every physical ailment as a dreaded disease despite information from doctors- it is irrational Headache: brain tumor despite medical advice (somatoform) The symptoms are real- patients are not lying for attention Causes Is the body more sensitive? Distressing childhood illness connection Unusually begins by adolescence Treat underlying mental health issue then the physical will rectify

Critical Period Language

Hypothesis that language needs to be acquired before onset puberty or it will not be acquired What situations could test this? How would you not be exposed to language?

Critical Period Language

Hypothesis that language needs to be acquired before onset puberty or it will not be acquired What situations could test this? How would you not be exposed to language? Genie Case Study and Feral Children

Freud 3 Part Structure

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

Twins- types

Identical, fraternal, conjoined

Types twins

Identical, fraternal, conjoined

Identification with the Aggressor

Identify with those that have mistreated us as a way to deal with these events Children identify with abusing parent Long term abuse victims use this as a coping mechanism

GID (Gender Identity Disorder)

Identifying with the gender opposite your biological gender May live as a transsexual- live as the other gender This is not sexual orientation- sexual preference

Alzheimer's/Ach

If deficient in Ach leads to Alzheimer's

Social Development

Immediate bond with caregivers across species About 8 months- stranger anxiety develops

Sleep debt-deprivation

Impair memory Impaired immune system Impaired concentration and communication Driver fatigue More susceptible to obesity( because of hormones)

Sleep Debt

Impair memory. Impaired immune system . Impaired concentration and communication. Driver fatigue. More susceptible to obesity( because of hormones). Sleep deprivation

Aphasia

Impaired language/usually after stroke/tumor (includes Brocas and Wernicke's)

Aphasia

Impaired language/usually after stroke/tumor (includes Brocas and Wernicke's). Difficulty in language

Personality Disorders (5)

Impaired social function and relationships without consistent delusions or hallucinations Usually these begin early adulthood those signs may be evident earlier 1. Antisocial 2. Borderline 3. Dependent Personality 4. Narcissist 5. Histrionic

Replication

Impose each treatment on enough experimental units so the effects of the treatments. Repeat so have enough data

Grammar

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Case Studies/Problems

In depth study of one individual or theory like Nature v Nurture theory or a certain person Problems: interviews are often used and memory is faulty, biased, or untruthful

Case Study

In depth study of one individual or theory like Nature v Nurture theory or a certain person. Problems: interviews are often used and memory is faulty, biased, or untruthful. In depth of one subject. What's wrong: only about one subject--too specific, not true for the rest of society

Prosopagnosia "face blindness"

Inability to recognize faces. Congenital (you are born with it) Abnormal gene or damage.virus to the occipital/temporal area

Basic Research

Increase scientific base of psychology by doing research

Social Cognitive Theory

Interaction the traits and the environment. Society cultural interacting

In convenient random sampling, who chooses to respond and is there bias?

Interviewer, yes

Introspection- Titchener

Introspection-look inward. Associated with school of structurialism. Early school (belief system) of psychology. Titchener-student of Wundt . Discover the element or structure of what of the mind is. Engage in self elective introspection-looking inward . Introspection is a massive amount of detail and memory is flawed . These schools and belief systems are in decline and or rejected

Phobic Disorder (AnxietyO

Irrational fear Incapacitating fear Some have specific triggers- the animal Others of social situations have general triggers Usually will lead life away from that phobia 3-5% society

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov Focus: how organisms respond to stimuli Pavlov- medical degree studies digestive system His psychological focus-classical conditioning Automatic

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov . Focus: how organisms respond to stimuli . Pavlov- medical degree studies digestive system . His psychological focus-classical conditioning . Automatic

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov. Focus: how organisms respond to stimuli. Pavlov- medical degree studies digestive system . His psychological focus-classical conditioning . Automatic

Synapse

Junction. Nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells through this junction/connection of axon and dendrite

Collective Unconscious

Jung: belief in the unconscious and also in humanity's "collective unconsciousness" shared memory

Control

Keep as many other variables the same for all groups. Control group

Children

Language moves from simple to productive Babbling, one word, two word, telegraphic speech(two word sentences) complete sentences

Bell Curve

Large numbers data typically form a symmetrical bell shape curve This is typical so it is called the normal curve(most score fall near the mean) TEXT PAGE 40 Significance- reliable data- The stat has significance

Latent learning

Learning is not apparent until there is an incentive Tolman- studied latent learning

Latent learning

Learning is not apparent until there is an incentive . Tolman- studied latent learning. Learning that is not evident until later

Memory

Learning that has persisted over time. auditory events

Memory

Learning that has persisted over time. auditory events. Permanent change in learning

Sampling without replacement

Leaving name out

Brocas Area

Left frontal lobe. Problems speaking words. Specific damage to this area is in the struggle to speak words - they know what they want to say (saying word) To Read Aloud: Register visual info: relayed to angular gyrus: sent to Broca's area: creates pronounces words

Brocas Aphasia

Left frontal lobe. Problems speaking words. Specific damage to this area is in the struggle to speak words - they know what they want to say (saying word) To Read Aloud: Register visual info: relayed to angular gyrus: sent to Broca's area: creates pronounces words. Difficult saying words. Can't form the word. The patient after the stroke only able to say a few words and had difficulty with speech. Left side of brain-left frontal

Wernicke's Area

Left temporal area, disrupts understanding, language (understanding the word, saying things just fine but make no sense) To Read Aloud: Register visual info: relayed to angular gyrus: understood in Wernicke's area

Wernicke's Aphasia

Left temporal area, disrupts understanding, language (understanding the word, saying things just fine but make no sense) To Read Aloud: Register visual info: relayed to angular gyrus: understood in Wernicke's area. Difficulty understanding. Actual English words but don't make sense together. Left temporal

Lens

Lens focuses on the light

Cognitive Dissonance/Discomfort

Leon Festinger When our actions and attitude do not match we feel tension or cognitive dissonance( cognitive discomfort)

During Puberty

Limbic System( fear. aggression) and Frontal Lobe are continuing to develop in these years The Teen Brain and impulse control studies show and prove this

Associative Learning

Linking two evens that occur together This process is called conditioning- the process of learning associations

Associative Learning

Linking two evens that occur together . This process is called conditioning- the process of learning associations

Watson-Little Albert Experiment

Little Albert was a baby used to see if fear could be conditioned. A small rat was presented to Albert followed by a loud painful noise- after 7-8 times he was conditioned to fear the rat because of association. He generalized

Watson and Little Albert

Little Albert was a baby used to see if fear could be conditioned. A small rat was presented to Albert followed by a loud painful noise- after 7-8 times he was conditioned to fear the rat because of association. He generalized. Conditioned him to the fear the rat

Lorenz and Imprinting

Lorenz studies to see if duckling would follow first object Used wheels, balls, balloons, humans Duckling followed the first object in their critical period

Psychiatry

MD-treatment/medication Only a couple of states allow psychologists to prescribe

Ecstasy

MDMA Mainly taken pill form Both stimulant and hallucinogenic Triggers dopamine release Effects: dehydration, increased blood pressure, death/OD Suppresses immune system, memory and sleep

Social/ Psychological Causes of Depression

Major Stressors predate the depression Increasingly negative perspective Problems with cycle of depression- sometimes better and relapse- shame Family stressors and cultural stressors

Strange Situations Experiment

Mary Ainsworth Studies infants with secure attachments and insecure attachments in setting of strange situations

Hierarchy Needs

Maslow Hierarchy: by : some needs being more important than others. ◦ Abraham Maslow ◦ Some needs take precedence of others ◦ We behave in a hierarchy of needs ◦ Pyramid

Correlational Coefficient

Measurement or a stat that shows the strength between two variables. Statistical index of the relationship between two items (the statistical data between the two) . The strength and direction of the relationship

Median

Middle number. midpoint 80 81 82 83 84 85 - always write the numbers in a line, watch vocab- if it calls for the same number twice write it twice

MMPI

Minnesota. was used to identify maladaptive behaviors/traits/tendencies by series questions

Memory Devices

Mnemonic devices Acronyms or memory devices —Chunking Breaking into pieces- this is almost unconscious

mood-congruent memory

Mood Related Memory. the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood —If you are in a terrible mood - that affects your memory and how you recall something

Serotonin- role and deficiency

Mood, sleep, arousal (alertness) ◦ Problems: low = depression

Brain and Intelligence

More active frontal and parietal lobes -larger brain areas correlate or connect to intelligence more synapses(found in autopsies) Nature theory is significant in inelligence Large frontal lobe, parietal lobes, more synapses, bigger brain

Intelligence and Nature

More complex traits like aggressiveness, intelligence are also influence by the genes

Later Adulthood

More prone to short term illness Neurons begin to die Memory declines with age Some depression sets in Changes in intelligence Crystallized- our entire knowledge increases Fluid- ability to reason decreases after age 85

Caffeine

Most widely used psychoactive Typical dose lasts 3 hours after heavy doses- then withdrawal begins - fatigue and headaches

dopamine

Movement, attention, learning ◦ Problems: excess-links schizophrenia too little: Parkinson Disease. Movement, too much = schizophrenia, too little = Parkinson's

Multiple Sclerosis

Myelin Sheath Breakdown Causes: lesion appear on the myelin sheath that insulates the axon

ALS - Lou Gehrig's Disease

Myelin Sheath Breakdown Causes: death motor neurons, genetic

Multiple Sclerosis

Myelin Sheath Breakdown Causes: lesion appear on the myelin sheath that insulates the axon

Control Group/Independent Variable (Stanford)

NONE No group was controlled- only experimental group. Called a study today Because true scientific variables did not exist. Visitors kept asking what the independent variable was A Lord of the Flies situation They were just observing behavior.

Stanford

NOT REALLY AN EXPERIMENT Funding from Naval Research about prisoners and guards Setting- 1971 Psych Dept of Stanford turned into jail setting Lab Setting Philip Zimbardo- Author study and played the role of the warden

NREM vs REM

NREM 1-4 Stages Alpha Waves - Stage 1 2 Delta- Waves Stage 3 4 Stage 5- REM (after stages 1-4) REM gets longer as night wears on

Personality Disorder: Narcissist Personality

Narcissistic personality have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for admiration and a lack of empathy for others. Unstable relationships, problems with early life parenting 6%, more males

Neo Freudian (Maslow, Rogers, Jung, and their beliefs, how they criticize Freud)

Neo-Freudian- AFTER FREUD FREUD BELIEVED THE EGO USED DEFENSE MECHANISMS Jung: belief in the unconscious and also in humanity's "collective unconsciousness" shared memory Adler-Horney Belief in the importance of child hood as social stages but not as sexual stages Critique of Freud's view of women and sexual abuse Critique Freud Only dealt with reasons for existing problems not in development of healthy personality Over emphasis on sexual stages View of women as weak

Neuron

Nerve cell, basic building block of nervous system, neurons are like batteries and generate electricity , brain is electro-chemical

synapse

Nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells through this junction/connection of axon and dendrite

Synapse

Nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells through this junction/connection of axon and dendrite

Action potential

Neural impulse travels on the axons, brief electrical charge. Movement, neural transmission, Depolarization creates action potential

Hippocampus

New memories. Part of the brain that is involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing. It is a limbic system structure that is particularly important in forming new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound, to memories.

Does correlation mean causation?

No. Observational study has other factors that cannot be accounted for (confounding variables)

How is nonresponse different from voluntary response?

Nonresponse is when people can't be contacted or refuse to answer and occurs after sample selected not an option. Voluntary response is when individuals choose to participate and every subject decided to participate

Skepticism

Not gullible or cynical

Mode

Number that occurs most. most frequently occurring score in a distribution( a list of scores) 343536373

Milgram

Obedience

Types of Exams Today (2)

Objective Test: same for everyone/ accepted one correct answer Subjective: depends on who is grading/ essays are subjective( Would you like to choose who graded the research paper?)

Pavlov

Observed the salivation process of dogs Pavlov and his asst. tried to imagine what the dogs were thinking, debated it and then designed an experiment to prove it Isolated dog, had tool designed to measure saliva First presented food- then a bell -to signal the arrival of food with that stimuli After several times, dog salivated at the sound Later experiments used light, touch, buzzer. Legacy: Classical Basic Learning Principles Possibly incomplete principles Objective study of learning process Use today: drug users and aversion to situation Phobias and learning

OCD

Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors- OCD- anxiety Like hand washing till hands raw or counting 2-3 % people starting in late teens- mellows as we age- equal among males and females Effective functioning of life is impossible

Delta waves

Occurs between transition from sleep stage 3 to 4. Slow waves during sleep

Nonresponse

Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate. Cannot be contacted/refuses to cooperate. Individuals already chosen in the sample cannot be contacted/refuses to participate. Ex: phone survey--doesn't answer

Undercoverage

Occurs when some members of the population cannot be chosen in a sample. Some groups of a population are left out of sample choosing (unintentionally). Ex: subject not there when choosing sample, car breaks down when going to meet people, school survey--absent that day

Critique Freud

Only dealt with reasons for existing problems not in development of healthy personality Over emphasis on sexual stages View of women as weak

Egocentrism

Only see their POV. Goes with Piaget stage 2 (preoperational)

Thurstone

Opposed the g factor- gave 56 tests and identified 7 cluster of skills not one related cluster He did not believe in one single intelligence Who did amazing one one section of the SAT or ACT but not on another?

What does a scientific theory do?

Organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Circadian rhythm

Our bodies roughly synchronize with the 24 hour day through the biological clock §Ex: Body temp goes up in am, peaks, then goes down slight in afternoon(when we would love a nap) §And more decrease at night Some things like bright light at night can tweak this

Circadian Rhythm

Our bodies roughly synchronize with the 24 hour day through the biological clock §Ex: Body temp goes up in am, peaks, then goes down slight in afternoon(when we would love a nap) §And more decrease at night . Some things like bright light at night can tweak this

Paraphilia Disorder(sexual)

Paraphilias as "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors generally involving (1) nonhuman objects, (2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or (3) children or other non consenting persons that occur over a period of 6 months.. % difficult to reach, why?

Authoritarian

Parents impose rules and expect obedience

Psychopharmacology

Part of bio medical. •Study of the effects of meds •Drugs have to be approved -FDA •Use of clinical trials, double blinds experiments •Review each

Pons

Part of brain stem, above medulla-movement, sleep. Alertness. Sleep chemicals

Medulla

Part of brain stem, heartbeat, breathing/immediate death if its destroyed

Reticular Formation

Part of brain stem, netlike part, between ears, relays information, functions arousal-sleep awake

Reticular formation

Part of brain stem, netlike part, between ears, relays information, functions arousal-sleep awake. Sleep cycle

Sample

Part of the population where we actually get our info

Abnormal Behavior

Patterns of thoughts, or behaviors that are deviant, distressful and dysfunctional. Vary by society and time period

Pituitary- Human Growth- one cause dwarfism/ cause gigantism

Pea sized under hypothalamus in the brain, master gland, responsible for growth

Projective

People apply their feelings to situations Helps study inner feelings

Voluntary Response Sample

People decide to join the sample. It is not a good method because it can lead to bias. Attracts people who feel strongly about an issue. Individuals choose to participate. Ex: American Idol voting show

Locus Control

People who develop an internal locus of control believe that they are responsible for their own success. Those with an external locus of control believe that external forces, like luck, determine their outcomes. Internal- Its you (your responsibility) External- Its outside you

In voluntary response, who chooses to respond and is there bias?

People, yes

Learning

Permanent change in behavior

Behavioral Theory

Personality by observing behavior- the environment

Temperament

Persons characteristic emotional reactions and sensitivity See these traits continue thru childhood/adulthood An anxious child may be an anxious adult

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Physical and cognitive development is delayed due to pregnant mothers heaving drinking

Mid Adulthood

Physical characteristics tend to decline Female- Menopause sets in- reduction estrogen Men- slight reduction in hormones and sperm counts

Maslow Hierarchy Needs

Physical, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

Dependence

Physical- actual brain addiction, cravings Psychological- part of way of life, emotions, stress reducer

Appearance/Similarity

Plays a significant role in attraction ¡Role culture: eye of the beholder ¡Similarity: sharing of attitude and beliefs increases attractiveness ¡More likely to like someone similar to you- NOT opposites attract

PTSD

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder- PTSD-Anxiety Haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, anxiety, lack of sleep related of a traumatic experience- anxiety Causes: Conditioning, learned fear, observational learning, natural selection(to protect ourselves we have these fears) evolutionary view Genes and neurotransmitters- bio view Elevated activity in brain

Sexual Maturation

Primary Sex characteristics like the reproduction organs mature - they were already there Secondary ones begin to develop like hair and breasts This is because of the release of hormones of puberty Androgen- male term Estrogen- female term

Reinforcers

Primary reinforcer- serves a bio need Secondary reinforce- serves a secondary need

Why do we need provable data for the study of psychology?

Problems with memory, bias, hindsight bias, and perception

Short Term

Process into Short Term Memory - memory of brief items- must rehearse it. items briefly, limited

Conception

Process of sperm fertilizing egg

Encoding

Processing of getting information into the memory system (brain)

The individual who actually likes to have others do things for him may be quick to criticize other people for being dependent and lazy

Projection

The majority group of a culture may blame all the various wills of causticity on a small minority group. This is a process termed "scapegoating" and is a factor in racial and religious prejudice

Projection

Personality Tests

Projective, TAT, Inkblot, MMPI

Attractiveness

Proximity- repeated exposure to stimuli makes them attractive Mere Exposure Effect- repeated exposure to novel or new stimuli increases the liking of them

Psych Sub Fields (11)

Psycho Metrics, Basic Research, Developmental, Educational, Personality, Social, Industrial, Counseling, Clinical, Psychiatry, Psychology

Genital

Puberty- on -Maturations sexual feelings

Sampling with replacement

Putting name/participant back, possibility of overestimate bias

Conservation

Quantity remains same despite changes in shape

Conservation

Quantity remains same despite changes in shape. Goes with Piaget stage 2 (preoperational)

REM

REM- Rapid Eye movement 20- 25% sleep Eyes jerk around in their sockets REM- Sometimes called Stage Five or just REM Usually form of paralysis, dreaming takes place. Brain waves almost resemble awake stages- know from EEG That's why they believe we dream then Takes about an hour to get into REM unless sleep deficit or alcohol/drug use Most restful required sleep About 25 percent of your entire sleep experience a night About 4-5 periods of it through 8 hours

REM

REM- Rapid Eye movement. Dream, paralyzed, most important. 20- 25% sleep. Eyes jerk around in their sockets. REM- Sometimes called Stage Five or just REM Usually form of paralysis, dreaming takes place. Brain waves almost resemble awake stages- know from EEG . That's why they believe we dream then. Takes about an hour to get into REM unless sleep deficit or alcohol/drug use . Most restful required sleep. About 25 percent of your entire sleep experience a night . About 4-5 periods of it through 8 hours

Phineas Gage- what happened and connection to this class

Railroad spike, different person, frontal lobe. Explosion occurred that damaged his frontal lobe (tamping rod). The importance of the frontal lobe is impulse control, personality, and critical thinking. Immediately after the accident, Gage remained conscious and began to write in his workbook. After the incident, Gage's personality changed drastically. He used to be regarded as efficient and capable. Afterwards, Gage acted childish and obstinate. In addition, he was fitful, irreverent, indulged in profanity, and impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicted with his desires. Gage was once viewed as a great and helpful worker. He now acted like a child and was fired from his job. He possessed the intellectual capacity of a child but the animal passions of a strong man. Eventually, Gage developed epilepsy and he died in status epilepticus.

Who is in an experiment?Participants/Subjects

Randomly assign participants to experimental or control group by chance- you cant choose or it would sway the results

James Riley has suffered heavy financial losses recently while playing the stock market. Upon trading his big luxury car for an old small car, Jim informed his associates that he bought the cheaper car to of his part in the battle against air pollution

Rationalization

The habitual drinker may insist that he really doesn't care much for the taste of alcohol but feels that he is obliged to drink with friends "just to be sociable"

Rationalization

Reuptake

Reabsorption by the sending neuron. The neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

A boy will sometimes react against the strong attraction that he feels towards girls by becoming a confirmed "woman hater"

Reaction Formation

The mother of an unwanted child may feel guilty not welcoming her child. As a result, she may try to prove her love by becoming overindulgent and overprotective of the child

Reaction Formation

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Reactive attachment disorder is a rare condition in which infants and young children don't establish healthy bonds with parents or caregivers. Permanently changes brain cognition and emotion

Dendrite

Receives the message, short bushy fibers. Bushy, fibers, short, receive info (DR). Part of neuron

Naturalistic Study

Record behavior in the natural environment of the subject jungle animals in the wild -students at lunch -This is just a description- it does not explain behavior -Chimpanzee Documentary

Alcohol effects

Reduced self control Unsafe sexual activity Long term organ damage/liver/pancreas Correlation Death-OD/Accidents

Scope of inference

Refers to the type of inferences (conclusions) that can be drawn from a study. They are determined by two factors in the design of the study 1. population, 2. cause-and-effect

Mike is always trying to impress his pals with how strong and independent he has become. However, when Mike has social or emotional problems. he still wants his dad to figure out the solution

Regression

Hypnosis

Relaxed state open to suggestion. Social interaction where the hypnotist suggests to another that items will occur like behaviors, perceptions Fiction: Can help alleviate pain Can be therapeutic- for fear, alleviate headaches, anti-smoking Not more likely to perform acts against will than in a state of total consciousness. Power resides with the patient and their openness to suggestion. Is it therapeutic? Yes , alleviate minor to moderate pain 10% can undergo surgery without anesthesia (scary!!!! ) Can we act against our will? Has to do with authority and suggestions of authority. Can it recall forgotten events? Most studies dispute this though many in public believe it Usually combine fact with fiction Role of suggestion at play- role of the hypnotist is important Induction- brief Suggestion series experiences 20% highly absorbed in experience can shut off other experiences

Hypnosis

Relaxed state open to suggestion. Social interaction where the hypnotist suggests to another that items will occur like behaviors, perceptions . Fiction: Can help alleviate pain. Can be therapeutic- for fear, alleviate headaches, anti-smoking. Not more likely to perform acts against will than in a state of total consciousness. Power resides with the patient and their openness to suggestion. Is it therapeutic? Yes , alleviate minor to moderate pain 10% can undergo surgery without anesthesia (scary!!!! ) Can we act against our will? Has to do with authority and suggestions of authority. Can it recall forgotten events? Most studies dispute this though many in public believe it . Usually combine fact with fiction . Role of suggestion at play- role of the hypnotist is important. Induction- brief . Suggestion series experiences 20% highly absorbed in experience can shut off other experiences

Repression

Repress the memory of an event/feeling(you don't remember) Freud could say it could seep out in dreams Repress the memories of abuse commonly occurs in childhood sexual abuse victims, too painful to remember Freud believes this underlies all defense mechanisms

A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry was scheduled for Friday. Thus seemed unusual as the date of the exam has been marked on his calendar for several weeks

Repression

David Walters recently lost his executive position in a large corporation. Rather than seek a new job. David finds comfort and escape through drinking, as alcohol helps him forget the details of being fired

Repression

Joan has discovered an amazing coincidence in relation to her attendance at school. Every time a test in Spanish is scheduled, she oversleeps and arrives at school too late for the class

Repression

Soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in concentration camps during wartime sometimes had amnesia and were unable to recall any part of their ordeal

Repression

Fetus

Resembling a human

Storage

Retaining of the memory

Fovea

Retina area of central focus

Types Amnesia (2)

Retrograde and anterograde

Alpha waves

Right before sleep- awake

Inkblot

Rorschach Inkblot- showed series inkblots and explain what you see - if you see something aggressive like a predatory animal perhaps you have an aggressive personality

Personality Disorder: Schizoid

Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by a long-standing pattern of detachment from social relationships. A person with schizoid personality disorder often has difficulty expression emotions and does so typically in very restricted range, especially when communicating with others. Lack intimacy inc. sexual More males, some suffer trauma early life 3-4%

Psycho Metrics

Scientific study of human abilities and traits

Bottom Up

Senses take up the information. Working from the bottom up. You analyze first with the sensory receptors and work up to the brain to process. In a painting, we detect the lines, colors, and angles before we interpret what is in the picture

Major Depressive Disorder

Signs/Symptoms- Mood Extreme fatigue Extreme feelings of worthlessness Loss interest in all activities Sleep/Appetite Must last for more than two weeks Cannot be caused by any drug legal or illegal 13% rate in North America

Theories how we learn language

Skinner- from imitation and reinforcement Chomsky-innate(born with it) language Critical Period- a certain skill must be learned in a certain period of time

Sleep Cycles

Sleep Cycles do not have to progress in order They know this by the waves of the EEG test REM gets longer as night goes on Dependent on many items like fatigue, meds, alcohol, time of day etc..

Problems with Testing

Social, economic, racial bias in testing, how can you complete a word question if you do not know the vocab yacht Expectations of those being tested- gender, stress levels

Intersex

Some combo male and female reproductive organs

Cultural Differences

Some cultures more open to psychological ailment than others Ex: In China, less cases depression and more of physical exhaustion

Rite of Passage or Initiation

Some event (official) to mark your moving into adulthood Religious, Social NOT something like Hazing

Ebbinghaus

Spacing Effect- theory that we learn better over time- Ebbinghaus Theory —Cramming for an exam will not generally place the items in permanent long term memory

Brain stem

Spinal cord enters skull. 3 parts: medulla, pons, reticular formation

Sensorimotor

Stage 1 Birth to 2 See world through the senses and actions Object Permanence sets in

Sleep Stage 1

Stage 1 Shortly after period of relaxed alpha waves(awake) Irregular brain waves begin, breathing decreases May experience sensory images- hallucinations with no sensory stimulation Brief stage 4-5 minutes, falling, jerking,, floating Dependent on fatigue

Sleep Stage 1

Stage 1 . Shortly after period of relaxed alpha waves(awake) Irregular brain waves begin, breathing decreases. May experience sensory images- hallucinations with no sensory stimulation. Brief stage 4-5 minutes, falling, jerking,, floating Dependent on fatigue

Preoperational

Stage 2 2-7 Too young to understand mental operations, begin pretend play 2 Concepts: conservation and egocentrism

Sleep Stage 2

Stage 2- Another brief stage- 20 minutes on average Sleep spindles- highs bursts of activity exist Sleepwalking, talking can take place

Sleep Stage 2

Stage 2- Another brief stage- 20 minutes on average. Sleep spindles- highs bursts of activity exist. Sleepwalking, talking can take place

Concrete Operations

Stage 3 7-12 Gain mental ability Math ability, enjoy others, see POV of others, ideas are still rigid

Sleep Stages 3-4

Stage 3-4 Stage 3 is the deepest Transition from 3 to large slow delta waves of four Hard to awaken during this stage- deep sleep Sometimes at end of 4 there can be sleepwalking and sleep talking, bedwetting, walking, muscle paralysis Stage 4 can be about thirty minutes

Sleep Stages 3-4

Stage 3-4. Stage 3 is the deepest . Transition from 3 to large slow delta waves of four . Hard to awaken during this stage- deep sleep. Sometimes at end of 4 there can be sleepwalking and sleep talking, bedwetting, walking, muscle paralysis. Stage 4 can be about thirty minutes. Sleep disturbances most likely to happen in 4

An Intelligence Test- The 3 Must Haves

Standardized Reliable Validity

Milgram

Stanley Milgram 1961 Yale University Testing Theory of Obedience to Authority Interested in why people were using obedience to authority to blame their actions.

Operational Definitions

Statement of procedures (step after hypothesis)

Correlation Coefficient

Statistical index of the relationship between two items (the statistical data between the two) The strength and direction of the relationship

Schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations, dopamine, positive and negative symptoms)

Stats - 1 in 100 - 1% 24 million worldwide- World Health Org "split mind" Affects men and women equally 3 Main Items 1. Disorganized Thinking 2. Disturbed Perceptions- delusions and hallucinations 3. Inappropriate emotion- either none or inappropriate Positive Symptom: one that is active- ex: hallucinating Negative Symptom: lack of a symptom or a normal range of something- ex: no emotion over a family death Causes: Dopamine over activity- creates the delusions and hallucinations Impaired Glutamate(neurotransmitter) activity Low Activity frontal lobe Increased activity in amygdala- fear center Enlarged fluid filled areas in brain Smaller thalamus- relay station for sensory info- maybe that's why the sensory disruptions take place Maternal virus during pregnancy Genetic link

Effects of Attribution

Struggle To Explain Others' Actions ¡Simple- Why you teacher seems pissed off ¡Complex- How to explain poverty and society's response to it

Cognitive

Studies all activities of mind-being/thinking/knowing/remembering Anything using critical thinking or cognition Ex: Walk into a room and something you see makes you angry

Cognitive

Studies all activities of mind-being/thinking/knowing/remembering. Anything using critical thinking or cognition.How we interpret things. Ex: Walk into a room and something you see makes you angry

Developmental Psychology

Studies life spans of humans physically, cognitively, socially

Phrenology

Study bumps on the skull to reveal traits--developed Dr. Gall

Personality

Study individual characteristics and problems with personality

Social

Study of how we relate to one another in society

Behavioral

Study of observable behavior and its effect on learning Watson You learn to fear a dog

Behavioral

Study of observable behavior and its effect on learning. Watson . You learn to fear a dog. ‣ Observable behavior ‣ Watson

Developmental

Study of physical, cognitive, social change through the life span

Psychophysics

Study of relationship between the physical stimuli and our psychological experience of them

Behavioral genetics

Study power and limitations of genetic and environmental influences in behavior. They study roles of Nature and Nurture

Evolutionary

Study roots of behavior Mental processes using natural selection/inheriting characteristics Ex: Anger/aggression helps humans survive so it is passed down Darwin

Evolutionary Approach

Study roots of behavior. Mental processes using natural selection/inheriting characteristics. Ex: Anger/aggression helps humans survive so it is passed down. Darwin ‣ Look at evolution ‣ Darwin ‣ Natural selection ‣ Traits over time

Molecular genetics

Study the structure and function genes • Sub field biology • Reason: look for risks of diseases

Ethnicity 2006

Studying whether the ethnicity (or [perceived ethnicity by name) of someone would affect your response to a rental inquiry that hey put in Sent 1115 identical emails about apartments seeing if the name made a difference in LA area in 2006- basically asking to see apartment 3 names Patrick McDougall/ Said Al Rahman/ Tyrell Jackson Yes Results- 89% to Patrick, 66 to Said 56 to Tyrell- is that racist? and if you could prove it, it is illegal

Parents might be reassured to know that children who pull wings off flies and jab pins in the dog may eventually find their niche in the areas of dentistry or surgery

Sublimation

Paul, an aggressive child, had problems in elementary school, as he would frequently fight with other children. Paul found when he entered high school that he could channel this hostility into sports such as football and soccer

Sublimation

Tory is apt to become annoyed when he recalls his earlier conviction as a stalker. Tory has left his redid past behind and now is a busy photographer for Playboy magazine

Sublimation

Subliminal Stimulation

Subliminal: below ones absolute threshold. Subliminal Advertising/Messages ?? Where have you heard of that? NOT REAL.

Suicide

Suicide Warning Signs of Suicide These signs may mean someone is at risk for suicide. Risk is greater if a behavior is new or has increased and if it seems related to a painful event, loss or change. Talking about wanting to die or to kill oneself. Looking for a way to kill oneself, such as searching online or buying a gun. Talking about feeling hopeless or having no reason to live. Talking about feeling trapped or in unbearable pain. Talking about being a burden to others. Increasing the use of alcohol or drugs. Acting anxious or agitated; behaving recklessly. Sleeping too little or too much. Withdrawn or feeling isolated. Showing rage or talking about seeking revenge. Displaying extreme mood swings.

Marijuana

THC Leaves and flowers hemp Smoked/Eaten Smoking goes to brain- 7 seconds Eating slower- but content can be higher Relaxes- high- euphoria Some studies do not think tolerance exists Impair motor coordination, and reaction time , distortions time Control pain, nausea What is it used for? Cancer pain/seizures Ever heard of marijuana : "gateway drug"

Assimilation

Take new info into our previous ideas and then accommodation- adjust your ideas as needed. Part of Jean Piaget

Convenient Sample

Take sample of easiest individuals to reach. It often produces unrepresentative data, which leads to bias

Attachment Differences

Temperament and Parenting See these traits continue thru childhood

REM Rebound

Tendency for REM to increase after following sleep deprivation

Mean, Median, Mode- Central tendency

Tendency towards center. Mean, median, and mode encompass central tendency

Hypothesis

Testable Prediction: We should be able to test, revise, reject, prove an hypothesis Ex: On a certain driving course, women make fewer mistakes

Hypothesis

Testable Prediction: We should be able to test, revise, reject, prove an hypothesis. Ex: On a certain driving course, women make fewer mistakes

What and why we forget?

The Forgetting Curve Decline of memory over time- memory decay

Control Group of Milgram

The Learners. They are the controlled situation, they are not being tested

Priming

The activation, it can be unconscious, of certain associations like memory and perception. Activating a memory

Intensity

The amount of energy in light waves

Brain Plasticity

The brain's ability to modify after damage/compensate for damage Seen especially in children

Plasticity

The brain's ability to modify after damage/compensate for damage. Seen especially in children

Biopsychosocial Approach- The combo approach

The combo appraoch of biology, psychology, and society

Wavelength

The distance from one wave peak to the next

The Flynn Effect

The effect that intelligence scores have increased steadily since the 1930's Probably inaccurate Theory of test scores improving

Myelin sheath

The fatty tissue that insulates and helps speed neural impulses . Disorders of Myelin Sheath include Multiple Sclerosis. Covers axon

Selective Attention

The focus of conscious awareness on a specific stimuli. Paying attention to one thing (smell, visual, audio)

Cognitive Development Newborn

The maturation of the mental faculties of the newborn Most growth is in frontal lobe

Difference Threshold (Weber's Law)

The minimum difference between the two stimuli required for detection. Just noticeable difference/Webers Law. Needs to be a %. Cant add 1 pound to 100 pound. But if you add 1 % each time, it makes sense. Just noticeable difference

Absolute Threshold

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a specific stimuli at least 50% time

Soma

cell body contains nucleus

Reuptake

The neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

Critical Period

The period in which a critical skill must be developed- following mother- learning language

Sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors receive information from the environment

Sensational

The process by which our sensory receptors receive information from the environment

Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting that information. Continuous process with sensation

Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting that information. Continuous process with sensation. Your brain interpretation

Gender Identity

The sense of being male or female Most theorist believe to some degree in the Social Learning Theory

Identity Achievement

The status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity (i.e. certain role or value) that he or she has chosen

Identity Diffusion

The status in which the adolescent does no have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment

Identity Moratorium

The status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet.

Identity Foreclosure

The status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goal for the future. Adolescents in this stage have not experienced an identity crisis. They tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future (e. g. allowing a parent to determine a career direction) As such, these individuals have not explored a range of options.

The Nervous System

The system of nerve cells of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Experimental Group of Milgram

The teachers giving the shocks- they are the crucial part of experiment. They are really the only ones being tested. They are the experimental group

Companionate Love

deep affection for those in our lives

LSD

drops on an edible item or paper, pill Distort perceptions, euphoria to panic, flashbacks, loss of oxygen to brain, brain altering substances

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. —Like shark or terrorist attacksor plane crashes are common because we see every time on TV- not actually common

Kim Peek

example "the real rain man" advanced skill in memory but unable to button a button as well as other problems Savant

Explicit Memory

facts/experience. Easy to explain

Attitudes

feeling influenced by beliefs

Zygote

fertilized egg for about two weeks. 10 days later zygote attaches to wall of mother's uterus The cells now become the embryo 2 weeks to 2 months 9 weeks after conception called fetus- resembling a human

Frontal

forehead- speak, muscle control, critical thinking

Frontal

forehead- speak, muscle control, critical thinking. Critical thought. Personality

Mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

Range

gap between scores 80-85 25-30= good stat 0-40=bad stat

Compliance

giving into a peer request

Standard Deviation

how much they vary from midpoint How close to the middle

Role Rehearsal

important role rehearsal or repeating plays in memory

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Superordinate goals

in psychology, are where two or more people or groups must be involved to achieve a specific goal.

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. —False memory - stories you or your family may tell —Studied by Loftus

Positive Reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Trying to increase a behavior. Reward it. 100% in AP Psych parents will give you $100

Negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) (p. 231) ÷Sealt belt buzzes ¢You put your seat belt on to avoid the buzz

Negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) (p. 231) Seat belt buzzes . You put your seat belt on to avoid the buzz. Trying to increase a behavior. Remove a stimuli. Remove something to increase grade

Psychoanalytical

influence of the unconscious and early child hood- (also called psychodynamic) Freud

Psychoanalytical Theory

influence of the unconscious and early child hood. Role of unconscious

GABA

inhibits neurotransmitters ◦ Problems: undersupply seizures, tremors

Drive reduction

inner drives. ◦ Physical need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to a behavior ◦ Aim is homeostasis: maintenance of a balanced internal state ◦ A way to seek for relief for a biological need ‣ Thirst, hunger ‣ We behave to reduce a need-we are hungry, we need emotion

IQ

intelligence quotient Stern Seemed to work well for children- used in schools for many years Makes sense: if a 45 scores like a 25 year old on a test is that really a problem

Gardner

into the 1980's- Gardner developed theory of 8 Multiple Intelligences- wanted to go beyond book smarts( it started as 7 so you may see it that way) 1. Language 5. Bodily 2. Logic: Math 6.Interpersonal-others 3. Music 7. Intrapersonal-self 4. Spatial 8. Naturalist-environment

Normative social influence

is a type of social influence leading to conformity. It is defined in social psychology as "the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them".- conforming to be the norm

just-world hypothesis

is the cognitive bias (or assumption) that a person's gets what they deserve ¡Helps explain the world

Working Memory

is your conscious, active processing of memory in Atkinson's stage 2 The storage of important memory- cannot store all stimuli

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information —We think based on what people represent to us —Way to make quick decisions Julie reads her horoscope faithfully and studies New Age Literature. Is Julie a spiritual healer or a school teacher?

Arousal

level situation we need. Person A prefers to go out and do something athletic and Person B likes to say home (arousal theory) or slow movie vs fast-paced movie. ◦ Arousal for more, curiosity drives human farther ◦ Humans will differ in this ◦ Want to reach an optimum level ◦ Thrill seeking-bowling or skydiving ◦ Hunger at different levels ◦ We behave to reach a perfect arousal for us

Amnesia

loss of memory.

Main Skills of Savant (5)

memory math calculations calendaring art music

Glutamate

memory ◦ Problems: oversupply migraines, seizures (allergy MSG)

Intelligence

mental ability, ability to learn, ability to adapt socially constructed idea Society is responsible for measuring it/defining its importance- varies by society and culture Example- who believes in the SAT for college, why? Our society made it important for college admissions

Protypes

mental images of categories used in cognition

cognition

mental processes

Free Association

method in psychoanalysis that explores the unconscious mind- talking to the doctor about everything) he found hypnosis not always workable

Intelligence Test

method to measure intelligence data has to be able to be compared/ and standardized-same for everyone taking it Example: Notre Dame is a more difficult school than ____________ ________ is more difficult than Notre Dame Those examples perhaps show GPAs are not the same or standardized everywhere

False Memory

misinformation effect: incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. —False memory - stories you or your family may tell —Studied by Loftus Source Amnesia refers to an inability to remember from where existing knowledge was acquired. The source is forgotten, often misinformation Related to the encoding process

Mode

most frequently occurring score in a distribution( a list of scores) 343536373

Dopamine

movement, attention, learning ◦ Problems: excess-links schizophrenia too little: Parkinson Disease

Neurons

nerve cell, basic building block of nervous system

Fluid

new skills, new situations, decreased in older age Moving, problem solving

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

Anterograde

of or denoting a type of amnesia involving inability to remember any new information. damage hippocampus 2 cases HM and Clive Wearing

Anterograde

of or denoting a type of amnesia involving inability to remember any new information. damage hippocampus 2 cases HM and Clive Wearing

Egocentrism

only see their POV

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Pituitary gland

pea sized under hypothalamus in the brain, master gland, responsible for growth

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Temperament

persons characteristic emotional reactions and sensitivity

Eidetic Memory

photographic —Precision memory without memory devices

Disruptions to Memory (2)

proactive interference and retroactive interference

Implicit Memory

procedural, hard to recollect, unconscious

Conception

process of sperm fertilizing egg

Effortful Processing

produces durable- lasting memory- The Effortful. Attention and conscious effort required Rehearsal- repeat information —Amount remembered depends on time spent rehearsing

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep. a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Occipital

rear head visual fields

False consensus effect

refers to the tendency of people to overestimate the level to which other people share their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Everyone thinks like me

Mere Exposure

repeated exposure to novel or new stimuli increases the liking of them

Random Sampling

required for an effective survey- you cant choose who gets survey. Survey

fetus

resembling a human

Generalization

respond to items similar to the stimuli. Generalizing the response

Spontaneous Recovery

response happens again with no new training- i.e. spontaneous. Response recovered suddenly (drug dogs)

Retrieval

retrieve information out of storage. Recall: retrieve Use taste, smell, emotions, context clues Use chunking Use Spacing effect Memory disruptions problems —Stress, hormones —Alcohol/drugs — Lack sleep —Injuries, illness

Retrieval

retrieve information out of storage. Recall: retrieve . Use taste, smell, emotions, context clues. Use chunking . Use Spacing effect. Memory disruptions problems —Stress, hormones —Alcohol/drugs — Lack sleep —Injuries, illness

Syntax

rules for combining words

Standardized

same for everyone to compare same and able to be compared

hallucinations

sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus (sleep stage 1)

PNS

sensory motor neurons that connect to the rest of the body

melatonin

sleep-inducing hormone

Emotional Intelligence

social intelligence/ social situations, managing emotions

Phrenology

study bumps on the skull to reveal traits--developed Dr. Gall

Frequency theory

suggests an alternative explanation: The brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve.

assimilation

take new info into our previous ideas and then accommodation- adjust your ideas as needed

Achievement

test what someone has learned-AP Psych/ACT

Déjà vu

that strange sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas 5 characteristics of creative people Expertise, imaginative skills, adventure some personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment

Romantic and Passionate Love

the aroused state of love

Imprinting

the attachment process

Mean

the average 80 100 90

Humanistic

the belief in the growth potential of humans/humans are good people Rogers, Maslow

paradoxical sleep

the body internally aroused and externally calm. another name for REM sleep

retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information New-old. You remember new info not the old info This is why taking a tests four weeks later can be difficult

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. Old-new- remember the old password not the new one

Norm repricocity

the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefit-return the favor norm

Figure Ground

the figure-ground relationship continually reverses—but always we organize the stimulus into a figure seen against a ground. Such reversible figure-and-ground illustrations demonstrate again that the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception. Basically figures stand out from the ground

Experimental

the groups the experiment is actually on

Learned Helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events ÷Kids feeling they will never do well in school ÷Shyness

Object Permanence

the idea that things continue to exist even after they re out of our sight

Fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. —We are fixed on it

The Placebo

the item with fake ingredients

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (stages 3 and 4)

EGO

the largely conscious part of personality - reality principle seeks to satisfy ID in realistic ways - seeks long term pleasure- this has our conscious thoughts, judgments, perceptions

Critical Period

the period in which a critical skill must be developed- following mother- learning language

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Dependent Variable

the resulting behavior, can be different (second)

Dependent Variable

the resulting behavior, can be different (second). Resulting behavior. Goes second

Independent Variable acc to Milgram

the role of the experimenter. They are testing obedience. He needs to act exactly the same

Semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments we have to be right

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an —Not open to new ways

Functional Fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an —Not open to new ways. Being fixated on the Usual function of an item. Can only use screwdriver to fix something but gave up and could have used knife

Framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments Can change the way we think

Spacing Effect

theory that we learn better over time- Ebbinghaus Theory —Cramming for an exam will not generally place the items in permanent long term memory

Spacing Effect

theory that we learn better over time- Ebbinghaus Theory —Cramming for an exam will not generally place the items in permanent long term memory. Spreading out your learning is better

Retrograde

things from the past- mild - severe Often caused by injury or illness

Retrograde

things from the past- mild - severe . Often caused by injury or illness

Synaptic cleft or gap

tiny gap at the junction

Parietal

top head to back sensory input. Sensory info

Viagra Trials

trial to see if the drug works This was used to see if Viagra was reliable- had 21 clinical trials Experimenter randomly assigned 329 dysfunctional men to either take the drug(experimental group ) or take the placebo(control) * The word Double Blind is the key The men didn't know and the staff didn't know who was receiving the real Viagra because the people observing need to be totally unbiased, you cannot pay more attention to one group than the other RESULTS 69% with Viagra achieved succes 22% with the placebo did too- - Why then: maybe their issue was in their mind- that cannot be truly explained INDEPENDENT VARIABLE-. It is manipulated by the experimenter The drug dose DEPENDENT VARIABLE- the behavior that resulted other variables- age, weight, height, personality, mood Called confounding variable- may change data and need to be removed

EEG

used to measure sleep waves

content validity

valid to what is being tested valid to the content

predictive validity

valid to what the test predicts valid to what it predicts

Iconic Memory

visual events (icon)

Crystalized

what they know- its been crystallized Knowledge you know

Overconfidence

when people are too confident in their beliefs Phenomena that Disrupt Critical Thinking

Negative Correlation

when sets of scores of one group goes down AND THE OTHER GOES UP EX: The more young children watch TV the less they read

Negative Correlation

when sets of scores of one group goes down AND THE OTHER GOES UP EX: The more young children watch TV the less they read. One goes up, one goes down. Doesn't correlate

Bystander Effect

when the presence of others hinders an individual from intervening in an emergency situation.

Synaethesia

where one sort of sensation (such as hearing sound) produces another (such as seeing color).

Interneurons

where the info from the brain is processed

The Unconscious Mind

where we hold our innermost thoughts and basic sexual and aggressive drives We may not be able to acknowledge them because they would be too unsettling or upsetting

Mania

wildly agitated state

Peripheral Route Persuasion

—Attitude change path in which people change path by specific cues like the speaker is attractive so you believe what they are saying ¡People following a certain religious or political speaker

Central Route Persuasion

—Attitude change path(our attitude changes its path) exists when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts ¡Focus on the arguments themselves positively ÷Change on views on global warming, political issues, people

Conformity and Obedience

—Does social situations make us conform and be obedient? Yes —Chameleon Effect: adjusting behavior to coincide with a group standard

Psychological and Social Influences of Aggression

—Events that trigger frustration —Frustration-aggression principle —Social and cultural influences of many types ¡Conditioning ¡Reinforcement ¡Ostracism ¡Observing aggression ¡Video games

Attribution Theory

—Fritz Helder —People attribute others behavior to their internal disposition or to the external situations —Juliette never talks in class- she is shy(disposition) —Romeo is angry- he must be stressed(external) —Attribution kind of like explaining behavior

Stereotypes and Discrimination

—Generalized attitude about a group of people ¡Could be accurate ¡Discrimination: Negative actual behavior ¡Social roots, emotional roots, The US Theory-The In Group ¡The Them- Out-group ¡Scapegoat- blame others ¡Other race effect: tendency to recall faces of your race better when compared with another race

Aggression

—Influence of Biology —Genes: genetics comparisons of those with aggression problems, runs in families —Brain/Neural Connections: Limbic system and its components stimulate aggression —Biochemical: hormones, drugs and alcohol

Group Think

—Mode of thinking that occurs when harmony in a decision group is more important than real life values ¡Deciding on a jury case to keep harmony

Attribution Error

—Overestimating the influences of both disposition and external situations —Leaping to conclusions —Maybe its biological the way people act or in the genes

Social Psychology

—Scientifically studying how we think about influence, and relate to one another —This is how we relate to society ¡Sociology- study of how relate society

Asch Conformity

—Showed participants lines and asked them to compare lines and give answer —The participants before you all answer in the same incorrect way. —What do you do?( 1/3 changed answer to the other two)

Social Loafing

—Tendency in a group for some people to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common rather than be individually responsible ¡The person in the group that does nothing because they are in the group

Deindividuation

—The loss of awareness in a situation that is anonymous —That person becomes less of an individual

What Encourages Conformity?

—Unanimous group- hard to be the holdout on a jury —At least three people- group dynamic viable —The groups status is attractive- maybe why people submit to hazing

Zimbardo Experiment

—Used role playing to see if actions would change, if they would play roles —Review clips Stanford Prison

Cultures

—Varies across culture what is accepted in a society

Group Polarization

—enhancement of groups inclinations and ideas through discussion —Everyone thinks the same way ¡Can have positive and negative effects ¡Think of the political rallies and protests

Neurotransmitters (NT)

• Chemicals released by neuron • Releases from the knoblike terminals at the end of the axon • These NT have different specific ways they make the brain work

Neurotransmitters and location

• Chemicals released by neuron , releases from the knoblike terminals at the end of the axon , these NT have different specific ways they make the brain work

Neurotransmitters

• Chemicals released by neuron , releases from the knoblike terminals at the end of the axon , these NT have different specific ways they make the brain work. Chemicals in the brain

Endocrine System

• Glands secrete hormones into bloodstream to tissues - goes into bloodstream • Hormones responsible for various body activities (adrenal and pituitary gland)

Hormones/Glands/Endocrine System

• Glands secrete hormones into bloodstream to tissues - goes into bloodstream • Hormones responsible for various body activities (adrenal and pituitary gland)

Hormones and endocrine system

• Glands secrete hormones into bloodstream to tissues - goes into bloodstream • Hormones responsible for various body activities (adrenal and pituitary gland). Chemicals into the bloodstream

Conjoined twins

• Identical in DNA identical in gender Possible result of a egg that does not completely separate Different types of conjoining of fusing of the body

Conjoined

• Identical in DNA identical in gender Possible result of a egg that does not completely separate Different types of conjoining of fusing of the body

Lobotomy

• In a lobotomy, nerve fibers in the brain are cut out, often leaving a patient apathetic and childlike Thought would help with depression, mental disorders, schizophrenia Also called prefrontal leukotomy, surgical procedure in which the nerve pathways in a lobe or lobes of the brain are severed from those in other areas. The procedure formerly was used as a radical therapeutic measure to help grossly disturbed patients with schizophrenia, manic depression and mania (bipolar disorder), and other mental illnesses

Threshold

• Level needed for a neuron impulse to fire (Action Potential) • All or Nothing: the neurons either fire or don't fire

Threshold

• Level needed for a neuron impulse to fire (Action Potential) ; All or Nothing: the neurons either fire or don't fire

Identical Twins

• Monozygotic twins Single fertilized egg that splits in two Share same genes, conception, 66% share a placenta as well- depends on the time of the split Same DNA but may have differences in copies of genes- needs an advanced tests Same gender Amazing similarities in identical twins even though separated at birth

Personality Traits and Nature

• Most physical traits are influenced by DNA Height, leg bones, size of face, hair and eye color They may interact with the environment

Nature and nurture

• Nature: Genetics • Nurture: Everything else in the environment

Nature and Nurture

• Nature: Genetics • Nurture: Everything else in the environment. Genes vs the environment

Identical

• One egg, one sperm, splits. Monozygotic twins Single fertilized egg that splits in two Share same genes, conception, 66% share a placenta as well- depends on the time of the split Same DNA but may have differences in copies of genes- needs an advanced tests Same gender Amazing similarities in identical twins even though separated at birth

Split Brain/corpus callosum. /seizures

• Severed corpus callosum/split brain Why: medical reasons, seizures In most people ◦ Right: visual, recognize emotion ◦ Left: verbal ◦ Gassaniga and Sperry

Corpus Callosum

• Severed corpus callosum/split brain Why: medical reasons, seizures In most people ◦ Right: visual, recognize emotion ◦ Left: verbal ◦ Gassaniga and Sperry. Front lobe. What is cut in a lobotomy

Biological Psychologists

• Study biological activities and psychological events • Connect bio and behavior

Evolutionary Psychology

• Study of mental process and behavior using principles of Darwin's natural selection Some principles of selection and adaption still applies to psychology today

Myelin Sheath

• The fatty tissue that insulates and helps speed neural impulses • Disorders of Myelin Sheath include Multiple Sclerosis

Jani case

•" Jani" case- Article- LA Times/Video/Janis next chapter •Childhood Schizophrenia is rarely seen/diagnosed. Pediatric more rare than adult •Medicines are not designed for children READ ARTICLE

Eclectic

•A combination of therapies needed in many cases •Realizes there is often no perfect answer for treatment

Cochlear implant

•A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes into the cochlea

Schizophrenia Treatment

•Anti- Psychotic medicine- many side effects •Therapy and Behavioral Therapy •Management Skills to deal with life •Diagnosis by symptoms- not by brain scans

ESP and Para Psychology

•Belief or non belief in an extra sensory perception- another sense •Para Psychology- study of the paranormal like ESP

Parallel Processing

•Brains ability for many functions at once. Brain working different things at same time

Optic Nerve

•Carries neural messages to the brain to interpret.

Young Helmholtz Three Color Theory

•Cones do their works in teams of three colors. 3 colors stimulate all colors we see •Red Green and Blue- When stimulated in combination produce color

Place Theory

•Connects the place on cochlea where sound is determined to the pitch we hear

Hearing Sound

•Convert sound waves into neural activity •Outer ear channels sounds to eardrum •Middle ear goes through three bones to cochlea •Cochlea vibrates- hair cells produce impulse •Auditory nerve takes Auditory info to the temporal lobe

Feature Detectors

•David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel) demonstrated that neurons in the occipital lobe's visual cortex receive information from individual ganglion cells in the retina. These feature detector cells derive their name from their ability to respond to a scene's specific features—to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements.

Aversive Conditioning

•Deliver a shock every time there is an urge to smoke •You might think of this in training animals

Anti-Anxiety Meds

•Depress Central Nervous System to stop anxiety •Doesn't deal with the problems directly just the symptom •Take anti anxiety for phobia- doesn't deal with the phobia itself just the symptoms

Taste-Gustatory

•Detect chemicals is the sense of taste •200 taste buds on your tongue •Reform every two weeks •Built in preferences •Evolutionary sense- poisons

Schizophrenia Symptoms

•Disorder and Disruption in Perception •Hallucinations: See Hear and Smell things that are not there •Hearing "Voices" is the most common •False Beliefs- delusion •Delusions of paranoia or grandeur •Disorganized Thoughts •Garbled Speech •"word salad" Disorganized thinking •Flat emotionless displays •Inappropriate actions or emotions •Rarely violent

Schizophrenia Causes

•Effects Men and Women equally •Starts between ages 16-30- Often college age •18- Male/ 25-Women average onset •Generally does not occur after age 45 •Runs in Families- Genetic connection •1 % 1 in 100 in regular population •10% 1 in 10 in families with first degree history •Difference in brain scans in fluid filled areas- MRI •Issues with neurotransmitter/dopamine- excess- urine test •Fluid filled ventricles in brain larger in schizophrenics- MRI •Smaller brain volume- especially frontal and temporal lobe- MRI •Lower brain activity in frontal lobe- EEG •Pre Natal Maternal virus/month born

Anti Depressents

•Elevate arousal and mood to deal with depression •Works on blocking reuptake of Neurotransmitters so you have more of them in your brain

Lifestyle Changes

•Exercise •Sleep •Light therapy •Social support •Diet and nutrition

Transduce

•Eyes receive light energy and we transduce or transform it into neural messages that our brain interprets •The brain interpretation is what we see •Transduction- transformation

Psychodynamic Approach Believes

•Freudian Approach •There is Resistance- blocks in free association •You need free association to deal with problem •Interpret- the results of free association- done by psychotherapist •Many sessions, expensive, trust with therapist •Deal with problem eventually

Sensorineural (hearing loss)

•Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells- implants may work. Nerve, deafness, cochlea •Called nerve deafness, congenital

Decibels

•How we measure sound

Perceptual Organization

•Humans try to perceive them as a whole or a gestalt- German word- in whole not in parts •Makes the most sense to our brain •Wertheimer- father Gestalt

Iris

•Iris adjusts the light intake

Cornea

•Light enters eye through cornea(protective)

Pupil

•Light passes through pupil

Conduction (hearing loss)

•Loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. Mechanics of ear (injury) •Ex: Injury, the bones damaged, eardrum •Bones Middle Ear- hammer, anvil, stirrup

Sensory Adaptation

•Lower sensitivity after repeated exposure to a stimuli. After time, adapt to noise, smell, etc •EX: You stop smelling that gross smell after awhile

Sensory Adaptation

•Lower sensitivity after repeated exposure to a stimuli. After time, adapt to noise, smell, etc •EX: You stop smelling that gross smell after awhile

Mood Stabilizing

•Mood stabilizers to deal with manic and depressive phases in BI Polar Disorder

Sensory Interaction

•One sense may influence the other like smell and taste. Ex: a meal was served and cutlery looked gross so through meal tasted gross

Audition

•Our ears will take vibrating sounds and our brain decodes as sounds

Eardrum

•Outer ear channels sounds to eardrum

Humanistic

•Potential to self fulfill •Responsibility of humans •Importance conscious thought •Problems:bio causes, it cannot stop a hallucination

Retina

•Retina: back of the eye with rods and cones. Most important. Back of eye

Depth and visual cliff

•Seeing objects in three dimensions •Visual Cliff Experiment- lab to show depth perception of infants by Eleanor Gibson •Problems in depth perception

Olfaction

•Sense smell—chemical sense •Odor molecules- Olfactory bulb senses the smell- olfactory nerve transmits information to the brain for processing •Another most basic evolutionary sense •Oldest sense- not thalamus controlled

More Extreme ECT Shock Therapy

•Shocks delivered at intervals •Today: severe depression that does not respond to meds •Problems: memory loss

Gate Control Theory

•Spinal cord contains a "neurological" gate that blocks pain signals and allows them to pass to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers. Way spinal cord interprets/perceives pain

Anti Psychotics

•Treat positive or active symptoms of mental illness •EX: something to stop hallucinations •Many side effects long term use Effect of Tardive Dsykenisia

Bio Medical

•Treatment based in with biological causes mental illness •Ex: brain chemicals causing depression •Treat with medication

Color Vision

•We can discriminate millions color variations •1 in 50 is color deficient- typically male

Nearsightedness

•a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina

Perceptual Set

•a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. •A mother and child are perceived as looking alike even though they don't •Through experience we form concepts, or schemas, that organize and interpret unfamiliar information - our brain wants to make sense

Convergence

•binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object

Binocular Cue

•depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.

Tardive Dsykenisia

•muscle twitches, tics •Awakenings Movie- Robert De Niro character

Monocular Cue

•one eye/available to one eye •Like light shadow, or vertical- horizontal, linear

Monocular Cue

•one eye/available to one eye •Like light shadow, or vertical- horizontal, linear

Behavioral/Conditioning

•power of changing behavior •Use counter conditioning for change •Systematic desensitization •Wolfe creator •This therapy aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning. •Fear of heights - slowly experience heights give reward take away fear

EEG

‣ Amplified readout brain waves ‣ Looking at electrical activity-sleep waves ‣ In doctor's office ‣ Uses/examples: seizures, brain stimuli

EEG

‣ Amplified readout brain waves ‣ Looking at electrical activity-sleep waves ‣ In doctor's office ‣ Uses/examples: seizures, brain stimuli. Looks at electrical waves. Seizures/sleep stuff

CT Scan

‣ Computed tomography ‣ X rays for brain damage ‣ For emergencies (in ER after accident) ‣ Not in doctor's office ‣ Example: concussion

PET Scan

‣ Positron Emission Tomography ‣ Depicts brain activity by showing how each part of the brain is active with consumption of glucose--active neurons use more glucose ‣ 3D ‣ Example: Alzheimer's Disease, part brain not working

Thalamus

◦ Above the brain stem ◦ Limbic system ◦ Top brainstem ◦ Egg shaped-relay center (gets information and sends it to the brain to decipher) ◦ Receives all sensory info except smell and sends it to the brain

Thalamus

◦ Above the brain stem ◦ Limbic system ◦ Top brainstem ◦ Egg shaped-relay center (gets information and sends it to the brain to decipher) ◦ Receives all sensory info except smell and sends it to the brain. Relay center of sensory info

Cerebellum

◦ Back of head ◦ Baseball size ◦ Coordination, movement, balance ◦ Alcohol acts on this first

Cerebellum

◦ Back of head ◦ Baseball size ◦ Coordination, movement, balance ◦ Alcohol acts on this first

Ach- its role and what happens in deficiency

◦ Best understood NT-learning and memory, MOVEMENT ◦ Ach is a chemical messenger at every junction between the motor neurons and skeletal muscle ◦ When Ach released - muscles contract ◦ When blocked (like in anesthesia) muscles don't contract and paralysis takes place ◦ Plays a role in Alzheimer's Disease (memory) ◦ Review: muscle, learning memory ◦ Problems: Alzheimer's lowers Ach-memory and later muscle problems in Alzheimer's. If deficient, can lead to paralyze and Alzheimer's

Ach

◦ Best understood NT-learning and memory, MOVEMENT ◦ Ach is a chemical messenger at every junction between the motor neurons and skeletal muscle ◦ When Ach released - muscles contract ◦ When blocked (like in anesthesia) muscles don't contract and paralysis takes place ◦ Plays a role in Alzheimer's Disease (memory) ◦ Review: muscle, learning memory ◦ Problems: Alzheimer's lowers Ach-memory and later muscle problems in Alzheimer's. If deficient, can lead to paralyze and Alzheimer's Handles movement, memory, and low amount leads to Alzheimer's disease

Binging Disorder

◦ Cycle of extreme calorie eating ◦ There'd is no purging-just the binging and extreme guilt and shame ◦ Psychological disorder

Anorexia Nervosa

◦ Extreme weight loss ◦ 75% female/begins adolescence ◦ Medically defined: under 15% normal body weight and continuing ◦ Usually by restricting calories ◦ Mind and Body Disorder: they still believe they need to lose more ◦ High achievers, protective parent, event that is a catalyst

Set point

◦ Heredity and body type will equal a human's set point ◦ Other factors can manipulate this ◦ Set point weight (adults have one for weight)

General Sleep Cycle

◦ NREM ◦ 1-4 ◦ REM 90 min, repeat

Response

◦ UR= dog will salivate at food ◦ CS= a dog will salivate at a food dish