psych exam IV ch 10-11

The projective personality test that uses individual interpretations of various shapes to identify someone's inner feelings is the: 1)Stanford-Binet Test. 2)Rorschach Inkblot Test. 3)MMPI-2-RF. 4)Big Five Inventory.

2)Rorschach Inkblot Test.

Baby Denisha learned to call her family's dog a "woof woof." Her parents were surprised when she pointed to a cow and said "woof woof." Jean Piaget would say that Denisha was making use of the process of: 1)habituation. 2)assimilation. 3)accommodation. 4)object permanence.

2)assimilation.

Psychoanalytic theory says that when a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage, they are: 1)conflicted. 2)fixated. 3)erotogenic. 4)obsessive.

2)fixated.

Among _____, it is those who reach puberty _____ than their peers who are most likely to experience negative consequences ranging from distress to delinquency. 1)boys; later 2)girls; earlier 3)boys; earlier 4)girls; later

2)girls; earlier

Professor Kim's office is cluttered and disorganized. Based solely on this information, it is likely that Professor Kim probably would score _____ on the personality dimension of _____. 1)high; extraversion 2)low; conscientiousness 3)high; neuroticism 4)low; neuroticism

2)low; conscientiousness

Sunil, who had a very low birth weight, eventually shows problems with attention, perception, and learning deficits in school. Sunil was probably exposed to which teratogen? 1)thalidomide 2)tobacco smoke 3)alcohol 4)mercury

2)tobacco smoke

Marital satisfaction is lowest: 1)when children are in grade school. 2)when children are in diapers and again in adolescence. 3)before children are born. 4)when children leave home.

2)when children are in diapers and again in adolescence.

Dara exhibits an ambivalent style of attachment. Which statement best describes the behavior of her mother, Kendra? 1)Kendra is especially sensitive to Dara's emotional state. 2)Kendra is completely insensitive to Dara's needs for reassurance. 3)Kendra is likely to respond inconsistently to Dara's requests for reassurance. 4)Kendra is likely to respond to Dara's requests for reassurance.

3)Kendra is likely to respond inconsistently to Dara's requests for reassurance.

Most children ultimately come to understand that different people understand the world in different ways. Once they understand this concept, they are said to have acquired: 1)postconventional reasoning. 2)concrete operations. 3)a theory of mind. 4)formal operations.

3)a theory of mind.

Jacquie's big brother taught her how to catch a beach ball by positioning her hands a specified distance apart with hands open. After she learned to catch the large beach ball, she learned to adjust her hands to catch a smaller ball. This additional learning is an example of: 1)habituation. 2)object permanence. 3)accommodation. 4)assimilation.

3)accommodation.

Infants with a(n) _____ attachment style act as though they are certain that the primary caregiver will not respond when they feel insecure. 1) secure 2)disorganized 3)avoidant 4)ambivalent

3)avoidant

Eric has several exams, but he does not study. He ends up getting an A on each of them. He feels that he did well because he thought the exams were easy and that he has good luck. Eric's explanation shows his _____ locus of control. 1)internal 2)modest 3)external 4)global

3)external

What defense mechanism is sometimes referred to as "motivated forgetting"? 1)rationalization 2)reaction formation 3)repression 4)regression

3)repression

The human motive toward meeting our inner potential is termed: 1)angst. 2)flow. 3)self-actualization. 4)existentialism.

3)self-actualization.

Isabel, who just had her first birthday, sees a butterfly and exclaims, "Bird!" "No, that's a butterfly," says her grandmother. The next time Isabel sees a butterfly, she says, "Butterfly!" According to Piaget, Isabel has just shown: 1)concrete operations. 2)assimilation. 3)habituation. 4)accommodation.

4)accommodation.

Mothers who are indifferent to their infant's need for reassurance and reject their attempts at physical closeness often have infants who show what type of attachment style? 1)secure 2)disorganized 3)ambivalent 4)avoidant

4)avoidant

Psychologists speculate that infants who have suffered abuse by their primary caregivers are more likely to exhibit which style of attachment? 1)avoidant 2)secure 3)ambivalent 4)disorganized

4)disorganized

The 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception is the _____ stage; the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week is the _____ stage. 1)fetal; embryonic 2)zygotal; fetal 3)embryonic; fetal 4)germinal; embryonic

4)germinal; embryonic

Which theoretical approach states that people occasionally ask themselves profound questions such as "Why am I here?" and "What is the meaning of my life?" Question 9 options: 1) existentialist 2) trait 3) humanistic 4) psychodynamic

existentialist

What is the order of the stages of prenatal development? Question 5 options: 1) embryonic, fetal, germinal 2) embryonic, germinal, fetal 3) germinal, fetal, embryonic 4) germinal, embryonic, fetal

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Existentialists would say that, as humans, we: Question 9 options: 1) need not think about death if we believe in life. 2) sometimes must embrace comforting illusions. 3) have no choice but to become self-actualized. 4) make choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.

make choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.

What is the order of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? Question 8 options: 1) sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational 2) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational 3) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational 4) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

David is 4 years old, and his parents keep telling him to stop touching his genitals in public. According to Freud, which stage of psychosexual development is David fixated on? Question 5 options: 1) anal stage 2) latency stage 3) phallic stage 4) genital stage

phallic stage

Before deciding to have children, couples should understand that often having children: Question 7 options: 1) has a more negative impact on the happiness of men more than women. 2) produces decreases in marital satisfaction during the childrearing years. 3) produces temporary increases in marital happiness. 4) produces decreases in marital happiness when the children leave home.

produces decreases in marital satisfaction during the childrearing years.

Which perspective views personality in terms of how we think about the situations encountered in daily life and how we behave in response to them? Question 2 options: 1) existential 2) humanistic 3) social-cognitive 4) psychodynamic

social-cognitive

People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures is termed: Question 6 options: 1) the self-serving bias. 2) narcissism. 3) self-verification. 4) self-rationalization.

the self-serving bias.

During the embryonic stage, which event occurs? 1) An insulating layer of fat develops below the skin. 2) The heart begins to beat. 3) The digestive system and respiratory systems mature. 4) The embryo grows to a length of six inches.

2) The heart begins to beat.

The view that cognitive development is largely the result of the child's interaction with members of her or his culture instead of interaction with objects was proposed by: 1)Lev Vygotsky. 2)Jean Piaget. 3)Harry Harlow. 4)John Bowlby.

1)Lev Vygotsky.

Those who have had difficulty negotiating the _____ stage as children may develop a rigid personality and be very controlling in adulthood. 1)anal 2)phallic 3)genital 4)oral

1)anal

Piaget believed that object permanence: 1)develops in the sensorimotor stage. 2)develops in the first 2 months of life. 3)is present at birth. 4)develops in the preoperational stage.

1)develops in the sensorimotor stage.

Which perspective holds that anxiety is an inherent part of living that we must face in order to be truly alive? 1)existentialist 2)social-cognitive 3)humanist 4)trait

1)existentialist

When he wears his Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl Champion shirt, Chad feels better able to cope with the day's challenges. Which defense mechanism is Chad using? 1)identification 2)displacement 3)projection 4)reaction formation

1)identification

The ability to focus on what another person is focused on is known as: 1)joint attention. 2)social referencing. 3)imitation. 4)assimilation.

1)joint attention.

The social-cognitive approach examines how _____ interact to cause behavior. 1)personality and situation 2)thoughts and feelings 3)personality and intelligence 4)anxiety and boredom

1)personality and situation

According to Kohlberg's theory, a person who determines morality by using principles that reflect core values is in the _____ stage of development. 1)postconventional 2)preconventional 3)unconventional 4)conventional

1)postconventional

Morality is determined primarily by its consequences for the actor in the _____ stage of moral development. 1)preconventional 2)conventional 3)postconventional 4)unconventional

1)preconventional

An _____ refers to a set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them. 1)interpersonal attachment model 2)external schematic of relationships 3)external theory of mind 4)internal working model of relationships

4)internal working model of relationships

According to John Bowlby, babies are born with behaviors such as crying, smiling, and cooing in order to: 1)better be able to imitate the primary caregiver. 2)better be able to follow the primary caregiver. 3)facilitate imprinting. 4)make it more likely that the primary caregiver remains close to them.

4)make it more likely that the primary caregiver remains close to them.

To help remember the Big Five dimensions of personality, use the acronym _____ as a mnemonic device. Question 5 options: 1) OCEAN 2) CONES 3) NAMES 4) CANES

OCEAN

_____ is a person's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling. Question 8 options: 1) Personality 2) Point of view 3) Attitude 4) Belief

Personality

People with an internal locus of control tend to: Question 7 options: 1) have more trouble than others in coping with stress. 2) be less likely to take credit for a personal success than others. 3) achieve more than others. 4) be more anxious than others.

achieve more than others.

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood is called: Question 7 options: 1) adolescence. 2) the tween years. 3) emerging adulthood. 4) puberty.

adolescence.

A key feature of projective techniques to assess personality is the use of: Question 9 options: 1) questions asking participants to imagine themselves in the future. 2) ambiguous objects designed to elicit unique responses. 3) essay questions instead of true/false questions. 4) validity scales to assess dishonesty.

ambiguous objects designed to elicit unique responses.

According to the existential approach, the "anxiety of fully being" is known as: Question 1 options: 1) actualization. 2) existential crisis. 3) angst. 4) anguish.

angst.

Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego were largely governed by: Question 5 options: 1) personality. 2) anxiety. 3) the conscious will. 4) depression.

anxiety

The Big Five model includes all of these as personality factors EXCEPT: Question 1 options: 1) openness to experience. 2) neuroticism. 3) anxiousness. 4) extraversion.

anxiousness

Eleven-month-old Ashley plays without a fuss when her mother leaves and on her return ignores her. Ashley is demonstrating which type of attachment style? Question 1 options: 1) avoidant 2) ambivalent 3) disorganized 4) secure

avoidant

Children of mothers who received insufficient nutrition during pregnancy tend to have _____ problems. Question 10 options: 1) physical but not psychological 2) neither physical nor psychological 3) psychological but not physical 4) both physical and psychological

both physical and psychological

For Lawrence Kohlberg, moral development unfolds in the following sequence: emphasis on _____, then emphasis on _____, and finally, emphasis on _____. Question 6 options: 1) consequences; social roles; ethical principles 2) social roles; consequences; ethical principles 3) social roles; ethical principles; consequences 4) ethical principles; social roles; consequences

consequences; social roles; ethical principles

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are in the _____ stage of moral development. Question 3 options: 1) preconventional 2) conventional 3) unconventional 4) postconventional

conventional

Morality is determined primarily by the extent to which it conforms to social rules in the _____ state of moral development. Question 2 options: 1) preconventional 2) unconventional 3) conventional 4) postconventional

conventional

Over the last century, the age at which people physically become an adult has _____, and the age at which people assume adult responsibilities has _____. Question 6 options: 1) decreased; increased 2) increased; decreased 3) increased; increased 4) decreased; decreased

decreased; increased

Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses are called _____ mechanisms. Question 2 options: 1) psychosexual 2) defense 3) motivated forgetting 4) self-protecting

defense

The _____ is the component of personality developed through contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life's practical demands. Question 1 options: 1) ego 2) unconscious 3) id 4) superego

ego

Attachment is defined as a(n) _____ bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers. Question 3 options: 1) emotional 2) physical 3) maturational 4) intellectual

emotional

When her roommate asked Connie why she wasn't studying for a big test scheduled for the next day, Connie replied, "It doesn't make any difference whether I study or not. I just know I'll make a low grade because I have such bad luck." It is likely that Connie has a(n): Question 3 options: 1) external locus of control. 2) positive sense of personal constructs. 3) negative sense of personal constructs. 4) internal locus of control.

external locus of control.

In demonstrating the ability of joint attention, older infants tend to follow the _____ of adults. Question 10 options: 1) eye movements 2) verbal instructions 3) physical prompts 4) head movements

eye movements

Abraham Maslow, a humanistic theorist, proposed a hierarchy of: Question 3 options: 1) psychosexual desires. 2) unconscious processes. 3) personality types. 4) human needs.

human needs.

Which theoretical approach focuses on a positive, optimistic view of human nature? Question 8 options: 1) trait 2) social-cognitive 3) humanistic 4) psychodynamic

humanistic

Emily is working with a psychologist who focuses on Emily's positive characteristics and her potential for growth. To which type of orientation does this psychologist subscribe? Question 10 options: 1) existential 2) humanistic 3) psychodynamic 4) psychosocial

humanistic`

Megan has a habit of standing in front of the television, even though other people behind her are also trying to watch the television. Megan seems unaware that people cannot see the television through her head. Megan: Question 2 options: 1) is demonstrating reversibility. 2) is demonstrating egocentrism. 3) does not grasp the concept of conservation. 4) is selfish.

is demonstrating egocentrism.

Laura gazes out the window and her 6-month-old son stops mouthing his toy and also looks out the window, demonstrating the ability termed: Question 4 options: 1) imprinting. 2) object permanence. 3) social referencing. 4) joint attention.

joint attention.

Presented as a continuum, which Big Five personality factor ranges from worried to calm? Question 8 options: 1) neuroticism 2) extraversion 3) openness to experience 4) conscientiousness

neuroticism

Jack is an infant who loves to play peek-a-boo with his father. He seems amazed that his father "reappears" after hiding his face behind his hands. Jack probably enjoys peek-a-boo because he does not yet understand: Question 5 options: 1) schemas. 2) animism. 3) conservation. 4) object permanence.

object permanence.

Jean Piaget called the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible: Question 4 options: 1) objective blindsight. 2) object permanence. 3) inattentional blindness. 4) conservation.

object permanence.

Presented as a continuum, which Big Five personality factor ranges from independent to conforming? Question 2 options: 1) agreeableness 2) openness to experience 3) extraversion 4) conscientiousness

openness to experience

Sometimes the voice of the superego sounds a little like your: Question 3 options: 1) siblings. 2) inner child. 3) unconscious. 4) parents.

parents

Christine went to jail because she was part of a demonstration to stop an international arms conference. Christine believes that international arms dealing is a major cause of worldwide human suffering. Kohlberg would say that Christine is at the _____ level of moral development. Question 9 options: 1) unconventional 2) preconventional 3) postconventional 4) conventional

postconventional

Second grader Riley tells his friend Gus not to run in the hallway because it is against the school rules and he might be punished. Most likely, Riley is in Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development. Question 8 options: 1) formal operational 2) preoperational 3) conventional 4) preconventional

preconventional

When Lisa received a paper with a D grade, she immediately told her friends (and herself) that it didn't matter because she had intended to drop the course all along. Which defense mechanisms is Lisa using? Question 10 options: 1) rationalization 2) identification 3) projection 4) repression

rationalization

When her sister was born, 4-year-old Gracie began sucking her thumb again and wanting her mother to rock her. The defense mechanism exemplified here is: Question 4 options: 1) displacement. 2) projection. 3) regression. 4) sublimation.

regression.

One-year-old Mei Ling mildly protests her mother's departure, seeks interaction with her mother when the two are reunited, and is readily comforted by her mother. Mei Ling is showing a(n) _____ attachment style. Question 9 options: 1) avoidant 2) secure 3) ambivalent 4) disorganized

secure

A person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics is called: Question 7 options: 1) internal locus of control. 2) self-esteem. 3) self-concept. 4) external locus of control.

self-concept.

The aspect of the self-concept that constitutes a story that we may tell about ourselves is called a: Question 6 options: 1) self-narrative. 2) self-portrait. 3) self-concept. 4) self-verification.

self-narrative.

Abby is a psychologist who studies personality. Which instrument would she MOST likely use in asking people about how they act or think in particular situations? Question 10 options: 1) Rorschach Inkblot Test 2) Thematic Apperception Test 3) picture completion test 4) self-report inventory

self-report inventory

At work, Matt's boss yelled at him. After Matt got home from work, he went for a five-mile run. Which defense mechanism did Matt use? Question 7 options: 1) displacement 2) projection 3) repression 4) sublimation

sublimation

Which part of the dynamic unconscious functions as a sort of consciousness that punishes us with guilt when we do something wrong? Question 4 options: 1) superego 2) preconscious 3) defense mechanisms 4) ego

superego

According to Freud, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, little boys fall in love with their mothers. This phenomenon is called: Question 6 options: 1) the Electra complex. 2) projection. 3) the Oedipus conflict.

the Oedipus conflict.

A drawback to self-report questionnaires is that: Question 4 options: 1) scoring requires the use of a computer. 2) they typically take a long time to administer. 3) special training is needed to interpret the questionnaire. 4) they rely on the test taker to tell the truth.

they rely on the test taker to tell the truth.