Psych Final
Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are major symptoms of
ADHD.
Francis Galton
Attempted to assess intellectual intelligence (1884),Found no correlation between measures. Provided statistical techniques, Believed in the inheritance of genius
Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are accepting, genuine, and empathic?
Carl Rogers
At different seasons of the year, one survey asked North Americans "Have you cried today?" The percentage who said "yes" was highest in
December.
Achievement test
Designed to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude test
Designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Intelligence test
Method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores
Among Americans scoring in the top 1 percent of their age group on the ________ at age 13, more than half have earned doctorates.
SAT
Block design puzzles are used in one of the subtests of the
WAIS
One of the hallmarks of schizophrenia is disorganized speech and behavior. Theorists suggest that people with such disorganized speech and behavior have
a breakdown in selective attention.
Patrick, who has been diagnosed as suffering from social anxiety disorder, is likely to experience
a paralyzing fear of performing even routine behaviors in public situations such as speaking or eating.
The Big Five traits show their greatest stability during
adulthood
Students in Professor Chu's psychology class scored much lower than normal on their latest exam, which was just before Spring break. Professor Chu believes that students were preoccupied with the upcoming break and did not prepare well for the exam. Professor Chu's explanation for his students' exam performance is an example of
an attribution
An IQ of approximately 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of life is most clearly an indication of
an intellectual disability.
David's motorcycle would occasionally lose power or stall out. David thought about possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an additive in the gas tank, or taking his motorcycle to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure out the problem. David decided to put an additive in the gas tank to see if that corrected the problem. Which of Sternberg's intelligences was David using?
analytical intelligence
Marked deficits in frontal lobe cognitive functions, such as planning and organization, are associated with
antisocial personality disorder
Which of the following disorders is more common among men than women?
antisocial personality disorder
According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among
behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.
Tara has very strong opinions about a proposed tuition increase. However, when Tara becomes the student representative for the college board that proposed the raise in tuition, she develops a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why?
cognitive dissonance theory
Before Sonya left for college, she told her friend Lacy that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. During Sonya's first week on campus, a sorority member invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Sonya attended the party, she told Lacy, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Sonya's change in attitude illustrates
cognitive dissonance theory.
Rats that received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety may result from
conditioning.
Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called
conformity
Reaction formation refers to the process by which people
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers
According to Martin Seligman, the rise of Western individualism appears most clearly responsible for an increase in
depression.
Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will
develop an increasing dislike for his brother
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is called
emotional intelligence
Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
gain social approval
Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses in others, which lead us to develop specific social-interaction skills. This best illustrates the impact of
gene-environment interactions.
The heritability of bipolar disorder has been estimated to be ________ than the heritability of major depressive disorder and ________ than the heritability of generalized anxiety disorder
greater; greater
The heritability of bipolar disorder has been estimated to be ________ than the heritability of major depressive disorder and ________ than the heritability of generalized anxiety disorder.
greater; greater
The DSM-5's diagnostic classification of psychological disorders aims to provide to psychologists and psychiatrists all of the following except
help in creating a self-fulfilling prophecy
A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity.
high; low
Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women.
higher; higher
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
id
An adopted child's chances of developing schizophrenia ________ if the biological parents have schizophrenia. The child's chances ________ if the adopted parents have schizophrenia
increase; do not increase
Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain are abnormally
large, and the thalamus is abnormally small.
Matt reported a dream in which he repeatedly fell off a horse. His therapist suggested that his dream reflected Matt's mixed feelings of affection and resentment toward his own father. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the dream's
latent content.
Parent-training programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid
modeling violence
The restandardization of intelligence tests over the past decade renders ________ Americans eligible for special education and ________ Americans eligible for the death penalty.
more; fewer
A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage
nonconformity
Gaining relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain is one of the motives for
nonsuicidal self-injury.
Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive
personality
According to Freud, repression is the
process of banishing from the conscious mind memories, thoughts, and feelings that produce anxiety.
According to the ________ of attraction, we will like those whose behavior benefits us, including those who are both able and willing to help us achieve our goals.
reward theory
Evidence that symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are triggered by the suggestions and leading questions of therapists most clearly points out the importance of ________ in the onset of this disorder.
role playing
Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, ________ occurs worldwide.
schizophrenia
Some studies suggest that an anxiety gene affects the brain's level of the neurotransmitter
serotonin
Compared with randomly paired people, friends are more likely to share the same attitudes and beliefs. This best illustrates the association between ________ and attraction.
similarity
Our desire to gain others' approval and avoid their rejection most clearly contributes to the powerful influence of
social norms
Sweden and Iceland exhibit little of the gender gap in mathematical abilities found in Turkey and Korea. This best illustrates that mental abilities are
socially influenced
Performance-impairing anxiety is most closely associated with
stereotype threat.
When the need to belong and the need to feel effective are frustrated, the person is especially likely to experience
suicidal urges.
Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as
superordinate
Judith tends to become uneasy when she learns someone is a Muslim. She fears that the person is a terrorist and that a terrorist attack may soon happen. Her fear may be related to the daily news reports of terrorist attacks. This illustrates
the availability heuristic
Believing that wealthy people deserve to be robbed because of their ill-gotten gains best illustrates a potential consequence of
the just-world phenomenon
The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of
the medical model.
When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of
the mere exposure effect
A social trap is a situation in which
the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm
A child hits one of his older siblings, who is constantly teasing him. People from East Asian cultures would be more likely than people from individualist Western cultures to explain the younger child's behavior in terms of
the stressful situation.