Psych Final

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are major symptoms of

ADHD.

Francis Galton

Attempted to assess intellectual intelligence (1884),Found no correlation between measures. Provided statistical techniques, Believed in the inheritance of genius

Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are accepting, genuine, and empathic?

Carl Rogers

At different seasons of the year, one survey asked North Americans "Have you cried today?" The percentage who said "yes" was highest in

December.

Achievement test

Designed to assess what a person has learned

Aptitude test

Designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Intelligence test

Method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores

Among Americans scoring in the top 1 percent of their age group on the ________ at age 13, more than half have earned doctorates.

SAT

Block design puzzles are used in one of the subtests of the

WAIS

One of the hallmarks of schizophrenia is disorganized speech and behavior. Theorists suggest that people with such disorganized speech and behavior have

a breakdown in selective attention.

Patrick, who has been diagnosed as suffering from social anxiety disorder, is likely to experience

a paralyzing fear of performing even routine behaviors in public situations such as speaking or eating.

The Big Five traits show their greatest stability during

adulthood

Students in Professor Chu's psychology class scored much lower than normal on their latest exam, which was just before Spring break. Professor Chu believes that students were preoccupied with the upcoming break and did not prepare well for the exam. Professor Chu's explanation for his students' exam performance is an example of

an attribution

An IQ of approximately 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of life is most clearly an indication of

an intellectual disability.

David's motorcycle would occasionally lose power or stall out. David thought about possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an additive in the gas tank, or taking his motorcycle to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure out the problem. David decided to put an additive in the gas tank to see if that corrected the problem. Which of Sternberg's intelligences was David using?

analytical intelligence

Marked deficits in frontal lobe cognitive functions, such as planning and organization, are associated with

antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following disorders is more common among men than women?

antisocial personality disorder

According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among

behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.

Tara has very strong opinions about a proposed tuition increase. However, when Tara becomes the student representative for the college board that proposed the raise in tuition, she develops a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why?

cognitive dissonance theory

Before Sonya left for college, she told her friend Lacy that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. During Sonya's first week on campus, a sorority member invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Sonya attended the party, she told Lacy, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Sonya's change in attitude illustrates

cognitive dissonance theory.

Rats that received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety may result from

conditioning.

Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

conformity

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people

consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers

According to Martin Seligman, the rise of Western individualism appears most clearly responsible for an increase in

depression.

Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will

develop an increasing dislike for his brother

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is called

emotional intelligence

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to

gain social approval

Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses in others, which lead us to develop specific social-interaction skills. This best illustrates the impact of

gene-environment interactions.

The heritability of bipolar disorder has been estimated to be ________ than the heritability of major depressive disorder and ________ than the heritability of generalized anxiety disorder

greater; greater

The heritability of bipolar disorder has been estimated to be ________ than the heritability of major depressive disorder and ________ than the heritability of generalized anxiety disorder.

greater; greater

The DSM-5's diagnostic classification of psychological disorders aims to provide to psychologists and psychiatrists all of the following except

help in creating a self-fulfilling prophecy

A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity.

high; low

Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women.

higher; higher

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

id

An adopted child's chances of developing schizophrenia ________ if the biological parents have schizophrenia. The child's chances ________ if the adopted parents have schizophrenia

increase; do not increase

Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain are abnormally

large, and the thalamus is abnormally small.

Matt reported a dream in which he repeatedly fell off a horse. His therapist suggested that his dream reflected Matt's mixed feelings of affection and resentment toward his own father. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the dream's

latent content.

Parent-training programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

modeling violence

The restandardization of intelligence tests over the past decade renders ________ Americans eligible for special education and ________ Americans eligible for the death penalty.

more; fewer

A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage

nonconformity

Gaining relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain is one of the motives for

nonsuicidal self-injury.

Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive

personality

According to Freud, repression is the

process of banishing from the conscious mind memories, thoughts, and feelings that produce anxiety.

According to the ________ of attraction, we will like those whose behavior benefits us, including those who are both able and willing to help us achieve our goals.

reward theory

Evidence that symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are triggered by the suggestions and leading questions of therapists most clearly points out the importance of ________ in the onset of this disorder.

role playing

Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, ________ occurs worldwide.

schizophrenia

Some studies suggest that an anxiety gene affects the brain's level of the neurotransmitter

serotonin

Compared with randomly paired people, friends are more likely to share the same attitudes and beliefs. This best illustrates the association between ________ and attraction.

similarity

Our desire to gain others' approval and avoid their rejection most clearly contributes to the powerful influence of

social norms

Sweden and Iceland exhibit little of the gender gap in mathematical abilities found in Turkey and Korea. This best illustrates that mental abilities are

socially influenced

Performance-impairing anxiety is most closely associated with

stereotype threat.

When the need to belong and the need to feel effective are frustrated, the person is especially likely to experience

suicidal urges.

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

superordinate

Judith tends to become uneasy when she learns someone is a Muslim. She fears that the person is a terrorist and that a terrorist attack may soon happen. Her fear may be related to the daily news reports of terrorist attacks. This illustrates

the availability heuristic

Believing that wealthy people deserve to be robbed because of their ill-gotten gains best illustrates a potential consequence of

the just-world phenomenon

The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of

the medical model.

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of

the mere exposure effect

A social trap is a situation in which

the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm

A child hits one of his older siblings, who is constantly teasing him. People from East Asian cultures would be more likely than people from individualist Western cultures to explain the younger child's behavior in terms of

the stressful situation.