Psych FInal
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because the _______________ were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
teachers
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because
the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted
Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between
the actual self and the ideal self
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the _______________.
ID
The social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity is
Solomon Asch
The social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity is _____________ __________.
Solomon Asch
Social psychologists have observed people's willingness to pick up dropped coins or pencils in elevators in order to study the _______________ effect.
bystander
When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates the by_______________ effect.
bystander
Social psychologists have observed people's willingness to pick up dropped coins or pencils in elevators in order to study the
bystander effect
Which of the following is a basic personality factor assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire?
emotional stability
The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior.
environments; traits
Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from _______-_______.
erogenous zones.
A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by
feelings of personal worthlessness
Shortly after learning that he did not make it onto his high school football team, Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of the ________________- aggression principle
frustration-
Maslow placed ________ at the base of his hierarchy of needs.
physiological needs
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called group ___________________.
polarization
_________________ refers to the defense mechanism by which people banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness.
repression
Maslow placed ___________________ at the base of his hierarchy of needs.
bodily needs
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her
personality
The APA's diagnostic manual is used for several purposes, including
. all of these purposes. Correct
Maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry and fear are most indicative of
. an anxiety disorder
After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.
. role playing
Alan always has been terrified of spiders. He refuses to enter his bedroom at night until it has been thoroughly checked for spiders. Even a picture of a spider makes him extremely uncomfortable. Most likely, Alan is suffering from a psychological disorder called
. specific phobia
The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of
. the medical model
Rorschach inkblot test results diagnose many normal adults as disordered. This indicates that the test has little
. validity
______________ stability is a basic personality factor assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire?
Extroversion-intoversion
Which of the following examples reflects a symptom of an anxiety disorder rather than normal anxiety?
For the past several weeks, Mavis has been unable to sleep or concentrate at work because she keeps thinking that something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows that he's safe.
Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of ________________ social influence.
Normative
Omar is so preoccupied by his fear of germs that he always keeps his car and apartment windows sealed tightly, he refuses to allow anyone into his apartment, he carries his own silverware whenever he eats away from home, and he washes his hands every time he touches anything that has been touched by someone else. Omar's behavior is indicative of ______________ - ______________ disorder.
OCD
The _________________ complex is the term used by Freud to describe boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother.
Oedipus
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her _________________.
Personality
__________________ is best defined as an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice
A ____________________disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviors.
Psychological
Tarik believes that his neighbors can read his thoughts and are spying on him. He hears voices telling him that his neighbors are plotting to take his money and torture him because he is the Supreme Being. Tarik is suffering from _______________________.
Schizophrenia
A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by
a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal
While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from
a panic attack
The Big Five traits show their greatest stability during
adulthood
The Big Five traits show their greatest stability during _______________.
adulthood
Prejudice is best defined as
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from
anxiety
Maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry and fear can be an _______________ disorder
anxiety
Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. This is an example of generalized _______________ disorder.
anxiety
While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was suffering a _____________ attack.
anxiety
Repression refers to the defense mechanism by which people
banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness
According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among
behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events
Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates ingroup _________.
bias
Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are emphasized by the _______________________ approach.
biopsychosocial
the interaction of genetic predispositions, mental processes, and cultural circumstances is most clearly emphasized by the
biopsychosocial approach
______________ disorder is when people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement.
bipolar
In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement?
bipolar disorder
The DSM-5 is most clearly designed to ________ psychological disorders.
classify
The discomfort we feel when our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent is called
cognitive dissonance
The discomfort we feel when our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent is called __________ ____________.
cognitive dissonance.
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request
A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to ________________ others.
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.
.After Brian loses his third job in a year, his wife tells him that she wants a divorce. Brian becomes deeply discouraged, demonstrates loss of self-esteem, and has no energy to find a job or leave his house. He sleeps several hours a day and eats very little. This is an example of a major __________________ disorder.
depressive
For the past several weeks, Mavis has been unable to sleep or concentrate at work because she keeps thinking that something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows he is safe. Mavis could have an anxiety ______________ rather than normal anxiety.
disorder
Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by
disorganized thinking and disturbed perceptions
According to Freud, the component of personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of the id, superego, and reality is the ____________.
ego
Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called
group polarizatio
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the
id
A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance
in a person's cognitions, emotion regulation, or behaviors.
Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
individuals share a similar opinion
Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
ingroup bias.
During deliberations on a rape case, some of the jurors commented that the victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. Looking like that, they believed, she asked to be assaulted. The jurors' comments are best explained in terms of the just-___________ phenomenon.
just-world
Men are generally ________ vulnerable than women to disorders involving internal states such as anxiety or depression. Men are generally ________ vulnerable than women to disorders involving external behaviors such as alcohol use disorder or antisocial conduct.
less; more
Men are generally _____________ vulnerable than women to disorders involving internal states such as anxiety or depression and _______________ vulnerable than women to disorders involving external behaviors such as alcohol use disorder or antisocial conduct.
less; more
After Brian loses his third job in a year, his wife tells him that she wants a divorce. Brian becomes deeply discouraged, demonstrates a loss of self-esteem, and has no energy to find a job or leave his house. He sleeps several hours a day and eats very little. Brian is suffering from
major depressive disorder.
________________ is a disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic.
mania
A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as
mania.
If research indicated that phobias result from a chemical imbalance in the central nervous system, this would give credibility to the ________________ model.
medical
The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of the _________________ model.
medical
When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of the _________ exposure effect.
mere
Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to those born in the 1980s and 1990s as Generation Me because they express high levels of
narcissism
Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to those born in the 1980s and 1990s as Generation Me because they express high levels of __________________.
narcissism
A generalized anxiety disorder is a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic _________________ system arousal.
nervous
Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of
normative social influence
Jacob is imaginative, creative, and seeks new experiences. Sean is hardworking, ambitious, neat, and prides himself on never giving up until a task is finished. In terms of the Big Five, Jacob would probably score high on the dimension of ______________ to experience, while Sean would probably score high on the dimension of _______________________.
openness to experience; conscientiousness
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called the ___________- race effect.
other
Frequent, intrusive recollections of a traumatic event, social withdrawal, nightmares, and the increased physical arousal associated with anxiety are the major symptoms associated with __________ - ________________ stress disorder
posttraumatic stress
The incidence of serious psychological disorders has been doubly high among those living below the ____________ line.
poverty
According to Bandura, ______________ determinism involves multidirectional influences among behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.
reciprocal
Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of
reciprocal determinism
After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of __________ ______________ on attitudes.
role-playing
The __________________ theory most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong.
scapegoat
Which theory most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong?
scapegoat theory
Tarik believes that his neighbors can read his thoughts and are spying on him. He hears voices telling him that his neighbors are plotting to take his money and torture him because he is the Supreme Being. Tarik is suffering from
schizophrenia.
Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider the sense of _____________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.
self
Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for
self-actualization
Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for _________-________________.
self-actualization.
Carl Rogers suggested that ________ is a central feature of personality.
self-concept
Carl Rogers suggested that ________-________________ is a central feature of personality.
self-concept
Many college students perceive a low exam score as a result of unfair exam questions rather than a reflection of their ability. This best illustrates self -_____________ bias.
serving
Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which individuals share a _______________ opinion.
similar
The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.
situational influences; personal dispositions
The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of _____________ and to overestimate the impact of ____________ in explaining the behavior of others.
situational influences; personal dispositions
At her health club, Bonnie, who is a skilled runner, runs much faster on the treadmill when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates _____________ facilitation.
social
The _____________ psychology branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
social
Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
social psycholog
Alan has always been terrified of spiders. He refuses to enter his bedroom at night until it as been thoroughly checked for spiders. Even a picture of a spider makes him extremely uncomfortable, which means Alan probably has a _________________ phobia.
specific phobia. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called the _______________ effect.
spotlight
Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between the ___________ self and the ___________ self.
the actual self and the ideal self
Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are most clearly emphasized by
the biopsychosocial approach
When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates
the bystander effect
Julius begins to yawn while he and his girlfriend are studying together. Soon his girlfriend begins to yawn. This best illustrates the ________________ effect.
the chameleon
The tendency in individualist cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called the ____________ ___________ error.
the fundamental attribution
The tendency in individualist cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called
the fundamental attribution error
During deliberations on a rape case, some of the jurors commented that the victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. Looking like that, they believed, she asked to be assaulted. The jurors' comments are best explained in terms of
the just-world phenomenon
If research indicated that phobias result from a chemical imbalance in the central nervous system, this would most clearly give added credibility to
the medical model
When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of
the mere exposure effec
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as __________________ positive regard.
unconditional
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called
the other-race effect
Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.
the sense of self
Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called
the spotlight effect
The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of environments and _______________ on behavior.
traits
Derek is a third-grade teacher who believes that he should accept his students regardless of their behavioral shortcomings. Derek's attitude toward his students is an example of Carl Rogers' concept of ____________________ positive regard.
unconditional
Rorschach inkblot test results diagnose many normal adults as disordered. This indicates that the test has little _______________.
validity
