PSYCH: Final Review

Which of the following is a difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

Access people at one point in time; access people over long periods of time

Plasticity best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system?

Adaptability

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are parts of the:

Autonomic nervous system

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process?

Cindy - governor of Florida

Ashley, a secretary at Plato Inc., is typing on her computer, talking on the phone, and handing some papers to her colleague simultaneously. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is best illustrated in this scenario?

Complexity

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding info.

The lecture you were listening to is over. The bell that rang in the hall signaled the end of class. You get up, pick up your things, and walk out the classroom door. Which kind of nerves sent the signals from your brain to your muscles to initiate your physical movements?

Efferent

Your brain has instructed your body muscles to move so that you avoid burning your hand on a hot stove. Which type of nerves carried the information from your brain to your muscles so that you could avoid getting burned?

Efferent

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"?

ID

Identify the true statement about controlled processes

Involves individuals and actively focusing their effort towards a goal

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting the highest level of conscious awareness?

Maria-algebra

_______ refers to the retention of information or experience over time

Memory

Which of the following goals of sciences does the empirical method best fulfill?

Objectivity

_________ is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense

Perception

The ______ connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

Peripheral nervous system

_________ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

Resilience

___________ is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy

Sensation

________ _________ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

Social psychology

In which of the following psychological approaches did the researchers ask the participants to think about what was going on mentally as various events took place?

Structuralism

Mrs. Robinson shows her students different fruits every day. At the end of the month, she tests the children by showing them pictures of the same fruits to see if the children are able to recognize them. The children are able to accurately recall the names of all the fruits. Which of the following processes is specifically involved in the children's successful recall?

Top down processing

Which of the following is true with regard to the principles of behaviorism?

Understanding the causes of behaviorism requires looking at the factors that produce them

Which of the following theorists primarily used the structuralism approach to studying human behavior?

Wilhelm Wundt

According to the science of psychology. a behavior is an:

action that can be directly observed

The ability to type a text message on a cell phone without even looking at the keypad is an example of:

autonomic processing

The _______ approach is evident in the medical model

biological

The __________ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality

biological

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the:

biological approach

Neuroscience studies are based on the:

biological approaches to psychology

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. Learning that these two stimuli are associated is an example of:

classical conditioning

Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of:

classical conditioning

Approaches that attempt to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observed by individuals fall under _____ psychology.

cognitive

The function of sensory nerves of the somatic nervous system is to:

convey information from skin and muscles to the CNS

According to Freud, the ego:

demands

Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of _____, a task that only humans can perform.

develop new learning goals

The ability to listen to music while reading a magazine indicates:

divided attention

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state

drive; need

When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____ and cognition is described as its _____.

hardware; software

Cognitive psychology is the study of:

mental processes

A(n) ________ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation

need

You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have an ________ for water, which will produce a(n) _________ for water, which will lead to a(n) ______ to get water

need; drive; motivation

In the context of human development, _________ refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences

nuture

Behavior is _____; mental processes are _____.

observable/private

Psychology began as a science in the discipline of:

philosophy

Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves the _____. Arousal is determined by the _____.

pre-frontal cortex; reticular activating system

Freud considered _____ to be the most important motivator of all human activity

sex

The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called:

social cognition

The factor that differentiates top-down processing from bottom-up processing is that, top-down processing:

starts with cognition in the brain

William James described the mind as:

stream of consciousness with sensation, images, thoughts, and feelings

Motivated behavior is:

sustained, directed, and energized

Watson and Skinner believed that:

the environment manipulates biological and psychological drives and needs resulting in developing // psychology should focus on an organism visible interactions with environment