Psych Test 3

Which of the following is an accurate statement about those who are nearer to the natural age of death and dying?

Attitudes toward death in old age show the same diversity as in other parts of adult development.

_______ have higher rates of sexual risk-taking, drug and alcohol use, and delinquent behavior, and are also at greater risk for unhealthy weight gain later in life

Early-maturing girls

Mike began studying for his exam the night before the test, reading his textbook chapter for the first time. Ebbinghaus would predict that

Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he read.

Every time Mrs. Thomas touches her baby's left cheek, the baby turns that cheek toward her mother and opens her mouth. The reflex that is triggered by the mother's touch is known as the ______ reflex.

Rooting Reflex

neural stem cells divide and multiply, producing neurons and glial cells

The fetal period

Implicit memory is:

a category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events.

A developmental psychologist is interested in the visual abilities of newborn children. Baby Katherine is participating in a study newborns' visual abilities. While her mother holds Kathrine, a psychologist shows the baby a variety of images. Of the following images, which is the one that Katherine will look at the longest?

a human face

The most common "theme" researchers found in the relationship between parents and children in the United States during the children's early and middle adolescence was:

a positive relationship, despite the increasing number of conflicts.

According to Piaget, as the child assimilates new information and experiences, he eventually changes his way of thinking to ______ new knowledge.

accommodate

The emotional bond that forms between infants and their caregiver(s), especially parents, is called ______, according to developmental psychologist Mary D. Salter Ainsworth.

attachment

The parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children's behavior but are also responsive to the children's needs and wishes is called the:

authoritative style.

In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley:

began a longitudinal study on the memory of high school students for the words and phrases they had learned in Spanish class.

Jean Piaget was the Swiss child psychologist best known for his influential theory that:

children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

The process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring memory codes is called:

consolidation.

memories fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes

decay theory

Based on their research on infant temperament, Thomas and Chess would characterize babies who tend to be intensely emotional, are irritable and fussy and cry a lot, and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns as:

difficult.

Regarding infant temperament, a child who readily adapts to new experiences, displays positive moods and emotions, and has regular sleeping and eating patterns can be characterized as a(n) ______ baby.

easy

According to Erikson, the key psychosocial conflict for adolescents is:

ego identify versus despair.

one of the most common reasons for forgetting -can also help explain everyday memory failures due to absentmindedness

encoding failure

Pregnant Michelle has begun to feel fuller more quickly when she eats, and she is having more trouble physically getting around. Michelle's unborn baby has likely entered the third and longest period of prenatal development, called the:

fetal period

Richard can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Richard's memory of this very emotional, personal event in his life is an example of what is called _____ memory.

flash bulb

The unique genetic makeup of an individual organism is called its:

genotype.

Each time Mrs. Fari puts her finger on her baby's palms, the baby grasps the finger tightly, a response called the:

grasping reflex.

Teratogens are:

harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus.

According to Jerome Kagan's research on infants, an infant who reacts to new experiences, strangers, or novel objects by being fearful, tense, shy, and inhibited is considered:

high-reactive.

"What is that noise?" Jennifer asked. Her roommate Brooke explained, "That's my timer going off. I set it to remind myself to call my instructor as soon as her office hours begin." Brooke is using one of the strategies suggested in your psychology text to:

improve her prospective memory.

Research shows that after children leave home (for college, employment, etc.), parental marital satisfaction:

increases.

The semantic network model suggests that:

information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations.

The first two psychosocial conflicts, according to Erikson, both of which occur prior to the age of 3 years, are called (in sequence) ______ and ______.

initiative versus guilt; trust versus mistrust

When parents are neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive to their infant's moods or behavior, the ambivalent or detached emotional relationship the baby develops with the parents is called:

insecure attachment.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's stage of dying called denial involves:

insisting that doctors are wrong.

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "phonological loop":

is specialized for spatial and visual material

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength that is associated with new memories or learning a new skill is:

long-term potentiation.

Which two research strategies are particularly important to know for an understanding of how people develop?

longitudinal, cross-sectional

Suppression is to _____ as repression is to _____.

motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously

Dr. Wiley studies the interaction between heredity and environment, which he also calls the ______ issue when he lectures to his students.

nature-nurture

Baby Harry's mother shows him a toy rattle and then hides it under a blanket. Harry for the blanket and lifts it up to find the toy rattle underneath. It would appear that he has achieved what Piaget called ______, which involves an understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.

object permanence

While anxiety about death tends to ______ in middle adulthood, it tends to ______ in late adulthood.

peak; decrease

The parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not at all demanding is called the ______ parenting style.

permissive

Puberty involves the development of ______ sex characteristics such as sex organs, and ______ characteristics such as changes in height, weight, and body shape.

primary; secondary

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory?

procedural memory

forgetting to do something in the future

prospective memory

The stage of adolescence during which a girl has her first menstrual period, and thus is physiologically capable of sexual reproduction is called:

puberty

rather than encoding failure, prospective memory failures- the inability to recall a memory

retrieval cue failure

After switching departments at work and getting a new phone number, Anne found that it was harder to remember her previous department's phone number. Anne was experiencing _____, which occurs when forming a new memory makes it harder to recall a previous memory.

retroactive interference

The sexual characteristics that develop during puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development, are:

secondary sex characteristics.

Baby Sophia has come to expect that her needs will be met, because of her parents' consistent warmth, responsiveness, and sensitivity to her. Sophia is likely developing a(n):

secure attachment to her parents.

A person's "identity" is his or her:

self-definition or description, including the values, beliefs, and ideals that guide his or her behavior.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box titled "The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress," MRI studies of normal children and adolescents:

showed overproduction of a second wave of gray matter just prior to puberty, followed by a second round of neuronal pruning during the teenage years.

conscious effort to forget information

suppression

forgetting that occurs consciously

supression (

The inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a certain way, even as early as birth, is called:

temperament.

Researchers have found that ______ can trigger déjà vu experiences.

temporal lobe disruptions

When the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, memory retrieval is more likely to be successful. This statement reflects the basic idea of:

the encoding specificity principle.

While trying to recall a list of items in correct order, the tendency to remember the first items in the list is called _____ while the tendency to remember the last items in the list is called _____.

the primacy effect; the recency effect

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. Which subjects gave the highest speed estimates?

the subjects who were asked, "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

According to Piaget, the principle of conservation refers to:

the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged as long as nothing is added or subtracted.

The gap between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent is called ______, according to Vygotsky.

the zone of proximal development

The Focus on Neuroscience box titled "The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress" suggests that between the age of 6 and early adolescence:

unused dendrites, synaptic connections, and neurons are selectively pruned and discarded, and those neurons that are most used strengthen their interconnections with other neurons.

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

whether the word contacted, hit, bumped, collided, or smashed was used in the question

Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Upton has conceived a single cell from the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. This single cell is called a:

zygote.