Psychological Testing and Assessment-Review 2
factor analytic theories
1. Focus on identifying the ability or groups of abilities deemed to constitute intelligence.
Personality
An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
Reaction Range
Genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits
Francis Galton
On the basis of a study of eminence and success in families, this theorist concluded that intelligence is inherited. He also invented the concept of correlation and coined the phrase "nature vs nurture"
Stanford-Binet
The first publishes intelligence test to provide organized and detailed administration and scoring interpretations; employed the concept of IQ, and alternative item (item substituted for a regular item under specified conditions
Creativity
The generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful
information processing theories
2. Focus on identifying the specific mental processes that constitute intelligence.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
Deviant IQ
A comparison of the performance of the individual with the performance of others of the same age in the standardization sample.
Interactionism
A complex concept in which heredity and environment are presumed to interact and influence the development of one's intelligence (Thurston's primary mental abilities- PMAs)
Percentile Score
A figure that indicates the percentage of people who score below the score one has obtained
Correlation Coefficient
A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables
Emotional intelligence
A popularization of aspects of Garnder's multiple intelligences, with an emphasis on interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence
Flynn Effect
A shorthand reference to progressive rise in intelligence test scores that is expected to occur on a normed test intelligence from the date when the test was first normed.
Psychological test
A standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior
Normal Distribution
A symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population
Routing Test
A task used to direct or route the examine to a particular level of questions
Interpersonal/Intrapersonal intelligence
Ability to understand other people/capacity to form an accurate, veridical model of oneself and to use that model in life
Army Alpha and Army Beta
Administered to army recruits to read, contained tasks as general information questions; Administered to foreign-born recruits with poor knowledge of english or illiterate recruits- mazes, coding, picture completion.
Core and supplemental subtest
Administered to obtain a composite score; optimal subtest thats used for purposes such as providing additional clinical information or extending the number of abilities or processes sampled.
Wechsler
Aggregate and global capacity; intelligence, operationally defined, is the a or gc of the individual to act purposefully. Must take nonintelligence factors into account as well
Simultaneous and successive
Also known as parallel, information is integrated all at one time-synthesized as a whole. Also known as sequential, each bit of information is individually processed in sequence- logical and analytical in nature
Heritability ratio
An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
Method of paired comparison
Asking respondents to indicate which of two statements they agree most with
Cross battery assessment
Assessments that employ tests from different test batteries and entails data interpretation from specified subsets to provide a comprehensive assessment
Basal level
Base-level criterion that must be met for testing on the subtest to continue (xaminee answers two consecutive items correctly) When examinees fail a certain number of items in a row, ceiling level is reached and test is discontinued
Fluid intelligence
Basic reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing
CHC Model
Cattell-Horn-Caroll model. Designation of broad abilities like the 2nd stratum level in Carroll's theory that subsume several narrow abilities like the first level. For Carroll, g is a third level stratum subsuming Gf and Gc while the remaining 6 abilities are above it; the Cattell-Horn model has no g.
Group factors
Common factors to a group of activities but not to all
Ipsative Scoring
Comparison of a test taker's score on one scale within a test with another scale within that same test (have a higher need for one subscale on a test vs another)
Binet
Complex measures of intelligence; distinct processes or abilities that could be assessed only be separate tests
Issues in the assessment of intelligence
Cultures and the varied values and beliefs spawn differences in terms of what is deemed intelligent (culture-free tests with no culture vs culture-fair intelligent test for more fair tests)
Convergent and divergent thinking
Deductive reasoning process that entails recall and considerations of facts as well as a series of logical judgments to narrow down solutions and eventually arrive at one solution; Reasoning process in which thought is free to move in many different directions, making several solutions possible
Psychoeducational assessment
Designed to improve the practice of psychological assessments in education by identifying different tests from different batteries that could be used comprehensively
L.L. Thurstone
Disagreed with Spearman's concept of 'g', and his use of factor analysis. Instead, this person believed intelligence should be divided into seven "primary mental abilities" (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory).
Comparative Scaling
Entails judgments of a stimulus in comparison with every other stimulus on the scale
Test Construction
Entails writing test items as well as formatting items, setting scoring rules, and otherwise designing and building a test
Two factor theory of intelligence
Existence of a general intellectual ability factor (g) is partially tapped by all other mental abilities; remaining portions of variance being accounting for a test that is not general (s). Tests with high positive correlations with other intelligence tests were thought to be highly saturated with g while low tests were s like visual or motor)
Culture loading
Extent a test incorporates the vocabulary, concepts, traditions, knowledge, and feelings associated with a particular culture.
Item format
Form, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout of individual test items (select-response require takers to select responses from set of alternatives [MC, Matching, T/F]; constructed response require takers to supply or create correct answers [Sentence Completion, Short Answer, Essay])
Crystallized Intelligence
Gc; acquired skills and knowledge that are dependent on exposure to a particular culture as well as on formal and informal education (vocab) retrieval of information and application of general knowledge
Fluid Intelligence
Gf; nonverbal, relatively culture-free, and independent of specific instruction such as memory for digits
Reification
Giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concrete, tangible object
Factor analysis
Group of statistical techniques designed to determine the existence of underlying relationships between sets of variables, including test scores
Vulnerable and maintained abilities
Gv(visual) are abilities that declline with age and tend not to return to preinjury levels following brain damage; Gq quantitative processing these do not decline with age
Test Conceptualization
Idea for a test being conceived. What the test is designed to measure, the objective, who will use the test and who will take it. What content is covered, how test will be administered, the ideal format, the benefits, harm, meaning attributed to all scores, etc.
Mental Age
In intelligence testing, a score that indicates that a child displays the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age
Screening tool
Instrument or procedure used to identify a particular trait or constellation of traits at a gross or imprecise level
Piaget
Intelligence may be conceived as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world
Galton
Intelligence was defined via people having the best sensory skills , heritability and intelligence which sparked nature vs nurture debate
Criterion-referenced test
Issue with item development. How person meets the criterion or not; stacked against others. Employs in licensing contexts
Norm-referenced test
Issue with item development. How responses compare to other scores/ compare people- high scorers on the test respond correctly and low scorers on the test tend to respond to that same item incorrectly
Age and point scale
Items are grouped by age versus items categorized in subtests
Likert
Measuring constructing using summated ratings (one of most popular, traditionally five-point, ordinal
Intelligence
Multifaceted capacity that manifests itself in different ways across the life span. Includes the abilities to acquire and apply knowledge, reason logically, plan effectively, infer perceptively, make sound judgments and solve problems, grasp and visualize concepts, pay attention, be intuitive, find the right words and thoughts with facility , cope with and adjust to and make the most of new situations
Convergent Thinking
Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer
Extra-test behavior
Observations by the examiner on what the examinee does in regards to thinks not just associated for test
Carol Dweck
Pioneered the concept of a "growth mindset" and proposed intelligence can be cultivated and grown, like working out a muscle.
Class category scoring
Placed in a category based on responses given
PASS model
Planning(strategy for problem solving), attention(arousal. receptivity of info), simultaneous, and successive.
Pilot Work
Preliminary research surrounding the creation of a test prototype (you may ask testtakers questions before and after they have taken target scale) (avoiding double barreled questions, double negative questions, leading questions, social desirability, jargon and long questions as well)
Cognitive Style
Psychological dimension that characterizes the consistency with which one acquires and processes information
Intelligence Tests
Psychological tests that measure general mental ablity
Personality Tests
Psychological tests that measures various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes
Aptitude tests
Psychological tests used to asses talent for specific types of mental ability
Categorical Scaling
Requires that stimuli are placed into two or more alternative categories that differ quantitatively with respect to some continuum
Item pool
Reservoir or well which items will be drawn or discarded for the final version of the test (subject matter experts, personal experience, and existing literature)
Guttman Scale
Scaling type that assesses construct by presenting items that indicate increasingly more extreme positions that yields ordinal-level measures. Items on it range sequentially from weaker to stronger expressions of belief. All respondents who agree with the stronger statements will also agree with the subsequent moderate statements
Deviation IQ scores
Scores that locate subject precisely within the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measure
Cumulative model
Scoring method that entails adding up points of all answers and having total
Test Norms
Standards that provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test
Factor Analysis
Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables
Intellectual disability
Subnormal general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in everyday living skills originating prior to age 18
Mental Retardation or Intellectual Disability
Subnormal general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in everyday living skills originating prior to age 18
Test composite
Test score or index derived from the combination of, and/or math transformation of, one or more subtest scores
Criterion-related validity
Test validity that is estimated by correlating subjects' scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test
Achievement tests
Tests that gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects
Validity
The ability of a test to measure what it es designed to measure
Crystallized intelligence
The ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving
Mental age
The age level at which individuals appear to be functioning intellectually
Content validity
The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover
Construct validity
The extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct
Reliability
The measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques)
Scaling
The process of setting rules for assigning numbers in measurement (can be categorized in terms of level of measurement(nominal) or purpose(job satisfaction))
Ratio IQ
The ratio of the testtaker's mental age divided by his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100 to eliminate decimals; when IQ was truly a quotient.
Standardization
The uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test
Alfred Binet
This French psychologist devised the first successful intelligence test, which expressed a child's score in terms of mental age
David Wechsler
This person developed the first influential intelligence test designed specifically for adults. He also discarded the intelligence quotient in favor o scoring a scheme based on the normal distribution
Sandra Scarr
This person used the concept of reaction range to explain the interaction of heredity and environment
Robert Sternberg
This person's theory takes a cognitive approach to intelligence. He argues that there are three key facets of human intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
Lewis Terman
This psychologist developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which originally described children's scores in terms of an intelligence quotient
Arthur Jensen
This theorist argued that heritability of intelligence is about 80% and that cultural differences in average IQ scores are primarily a product of heredity
Howard Gardner
This theorist argued that there are eight types of human intelligence
Charles Spearman
This theorist concluded that all cognitive abilities share an important core factor. He labelled this factor g for general mental ability
Three stratum theory of cognitive abilities
Top: G Second: 8 abilities and processes: fluid intelligence/gf, crystallized intelligence/gc, general memory and learning/y, broad visual perception/v, auditory perception/u, retrieval capacity/r, cognitive speediness/s, processing and decision speed/t Below: each factor is a level and such they are linked to
Divergent Thinking
Trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions
Test Development
Umbrella term for all that goes into the process of creating a test (Test conceptualization, construction, tryout, item analysis, and revision)
TC writing items
What range of content should the items cover? Which of the many different types of item formats should be employed? how many items should be written?
Hierarchical model
Where a level is subsumed or incorprated in the level above it; three stratum theory of cognitive abilities
Floor and ceiling
lowest level of the items on a subtest; highest
