Psychology - 12th

John B Watson

American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes (introspection) pg 5

John B Watson (1878-1958

Applys Pavlov line of reasoning to human behavior. He believed humans could be socialized in any direction through learnig. *WAtson had a trendmous influence on B.F. Skinner

Mary Whiton Calkins

Became a pioneering memory researcher First woman to be a president of the Amercian Psychological Association in 1905 pg 3

Aristole

Before 300 B.C. theorized about learning and memory, motivation and emotion, perception and personality.

From the 1920s through the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were _______and ___psychology

Behaviorism, Freudian pg 6

B.F. Skinner

Dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior" - observing and record people's behavior as they respond to different situations

Humanistic psychologists ?

Drew attention to current envirnment influences could NURTURE OR LIMIT OUR GROWTH POTENTIAL.

Wilhelm Wundt

Establish the 1st psychology laboratory at the Univ. of Leipzig, Germany experiment: time a ball hit a platform - people to respond

FREUD

Freud key therorys about the unconscious mind continue to influence contemporary psychogist

William James

Legendary teacher-writer, mentor Mary Whiton Calkins

Introspection

Looking inward pg 3 (Edward Bradford Titchener)

MODERN PERSPECTIVES - BEHAVIORIST- "the behavioral perspective"

"They believed that both conscious and unconscious processes were observable *Behaviorist focus on observable behavior. They believe that only observable behavior could be measured. *Behaviorist believe that human behavior is learned and can be controlled through REWARDS and PUNISHMENTS

Sigmond Freud

*Freud emphasized the role of unconsious conflicts of determining behavior and personality. (CALLED PSYCHO ANALSIS)

Willhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920) notes

*German scientist *Establish the 1ST RESEARCH LABORATORY *WROTE a landmark test *1st to be called a PSYCHOLOGIST *He and his students conducted studies on the elements of consiciousness. They were the first use words like SENSATION, PERCEPTION, AND EMOTION. *Pioneered the research method of INTROSPECTION in which subjects reported detailed analyst of their inner mind

Ivan PAVLOV (1849-1936) Behaviorist

*He conducted a study of a series of experiments that demonstrate much behavior among animals is LEARNED rather then INSTINCTIVE

THE HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE found what

*Humanistic found FREUDIAN psychology and the behaviorit to be LIMITING *emphasize FREE WILL AND CHOICE IN human behavior

Structuralism - Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

*Inspired by Wundt ideas he trained his students in introspection to identify the most basic functions of the CONSCIOUS experience *TITCHENER approach was unrelliable method of investigation *INTROSPECTION couldn't be used to study children, animals, or complex topics like mental disorders.

SOCIAL CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

*This perspective focuses on HOW CULTURE and SOCIAL situations effect how people think, feel and behave. *Peer and group influences, influence of the media, family expectations are all examples

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

*This perspective focuses on how humans gather, store, and process sensory information *is influenced by the cognitive revolution. *Cognitive psychologist experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems pg 10

Education psychology

*Uses knowledge on how people learn to help develope instructional methods and materials

Industrial -Organizational psychology

*apply the principles of psychology to the work place *ex. Motivation, personal selection

Forensic Psychology

*apply to jury selection *psychological profiling another example

Functionlism - led by Harvard professor William James (1842-1910)

*functionalism emphasize studying the function of behavior and mental expierences *They REJECTED the INTROSPECTION of gathering information Ex. Instead of asking subjects to describe fear they would try and study HOW it would allow them to adapt to their enviroment *They were the FIRST to perform experiments on non human animals **STRUCTURALISM AND FUNCTIONLISM - KNOWN "SCIENCE OF MENTAL LIFE"

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

*tends to study the PHYSICAL basis of human and animal behavior *focuses on the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM *HORMONIAL influence are controlled through the enderine system

EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

*uses the principles of Darwin's theory to explain psycological processe and phenomon *This perspective believes natural selection plays a key rule in determining human behavior.

PSYCHO DYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE (freud)

...

VI. SAMPLE CAREER CHOICES

...

GOALS OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY notes

1) We are trying to describe behaviors by naming them, classify and measuring them 2) To explain why a mental process occurred 3) To predict conditions under which a ??furer?? Behavior is likely to occur 4) To apply psychological knowledge to provmote desired goals and to prevent unwanted behaviors.

Margaret Floy Washburn

1st female psychology Ph.D Wrote "The Animal Mind" 2nd APA President in 1921

CARL ROGERS (1902 1987)

1st humanistic psychologists

*****The Behavior perspective ?

Generally multiply choice questions.

Humanistic psychologists p 5

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the grownth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal grownth. Pg 4

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologists - redefined psychology

Abraham MASLOW (1908-1970)

Humanistic psychologists hAD A THERY ON MOTIVATION

Mental processes notes pg 6

Include internal things like thinking, feeling, desiring. They can only be indirectly observed. (There referred to as COGNITIVE PROCESSES.)

How dd the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?

It recaptured the field's early interest in mental processes and made them legitimate topics for scientific stuty. Pg 6

Clinical psychology & Counseling

Largest number of doctrianal students accounting for 40% of the field.

B.F Skinner (1904- 1990

Leading advocate of behaviorism

Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?

People's self-reports varied, depending on the experience and the person's intelligence and verbal ability pg 4

Behavior notes pg 6

Refers to any action or reaction of a living organism that can be directly observed or measured. (Smiling, sweating, talking)

What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhel Wundt opened the 1st psychologylaboratory pg 4

Clinical Psychology

Specialize in the studies, diagnosis, and mental treatment of disorders

Psycho dynamic perspective

Still emphasze the importance of the unconscious mind but places less emphaize on sexual instincts. *the psycho dynamic approach emphasize repressed memorys, free association, and dream interpetation.

Two different branches of psychology

Structuralism and functionalism pg 3

_____________________used introspection to define the minds makeup; _____________________focus on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

Structuralism; functionalism

Psychology (notes)

The SCIENTIFIC study of behavior and mental processes.

Cognitive neuroscience pg 6

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Nature-nurture issues pg 6

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

Natural selection pg 6 &7

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeding generations

Cognitive revolution

The rebellion of a second group of psychologists during the 1960's - led to the study of mental processes, how our mind processes and retains information pg 6

Behaviorists

The view that psychology (1) should be objective science (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Researches today agree with 1 but not 2 pg 4

Edward Bradford Tichener

Used INTROSPECTION to search for the mind's structural elements . He was a student of? Wundt.