Psychology 201 Chapter 11
Basic anxiety
children develop this feeling when parents are harsh or unfeeling
Neuroticism
People who have a tendency towards emotional instability, anxiety, and worry. People who are low of neuroticism tend to be relaxed, calm, stable, and even-tempered.
The five-factor model of personality
The "Big Five" (FFM) Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Cattell's 16PF
The 16PF is a personality test that compares individuals on 16 source traits or key dimensions of personality ranging from one polar extreme to the other. Example composed of three occupational groups creative artist, airline pilots, and writers. There are different personality traits to these individuals.
Three levels of consciousness
conscious, the preconscious, and unconscious
regression
defense mechanism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress, reverts to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development
displacement
defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggression impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse
reaction formation
defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one's true motivation and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness
denial
defense mechanism involving failure to recognize a threating impulse or urge
rationalization
defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away unacceptable behavior, impulses, or ideas
projection
defense mechanism projection of one's own unacceptable impulses, wishes, or urges onto another person
sublimation
defense mechanism the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests
self-regulatory system and plans
ability to plan a course of action to achieve our goals
objective test
are also called self-report personality inventories
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
are constructed to help clinicians diagnose mental disorders, a large body of evidence supports the validity of self-report personality inventories such as the MMPI
Self-report personality inventories
are structured psychological tests in which individuals are given a set of questions to answer about themselves in the form of "yes-no" "true-false" or "agree-disagree" types of response formats
oral stage
first stage of psychosexual development during which and infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing, biting)12-18 months
latency stage
fourth stage of psychosexual development during which sexual impulses remain latent or dormant 6yrs-puberty
creative self
in Adler's theory, the self-aware part of personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts
Pleasure principle
in Freudian theory, a governing principle of the id that is based on demand
Reality personality
in Freudian theory, the governing principle of the ego that takes into a account what is practical of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs
defense mechanism
in Freudian theory, the reality-distorting strategies of the ego to prevent awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling ideas or impulses
Basic Hostility
in Horney's theory, deep feelings of resentment that children may harbor toward their parents
Expectancies
in social-cognitive theory personal predictions about the outcomes of behavior
subjective value
in social-cognitive theory, the importance individuals place on desired outcomes
penis envy
jealousy of boys for having a penis
Competencies
knowledge and skills we posses ability to play and instrument or speak a language
Locus of control
locus latin word "place" one's general expectancies about whether one's effort can bring about desired outcomes or reinforcements
world association test
make an association (response) to a word, {variation of Freud's free association test}
Superego
moral or judicial branch, reality principle
Oedipus complex
the psychological complex in which the young boy or girl develops incestuous feelings toward the parent of the opposite gender and perceives the parent of the same gender as a rival
anal stage
the second stage of psychosexual development during which sexual gratification is centered on procession of elimination (retention and release of bowl contents) 18month-3yrs
Preconscious/Subconscious
to Freud the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention. Level at later point in time to refer to a level below conscious perception (suppression vs repression) (middle of the iceberg)
conscious
to Freud, the part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness (top of the iceberg)
castration anxiety
unconscious fear of removal of the penis as punishment for having unacceptable sexual impulses
genital stage
fifth and last stage of psychosexual development which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation puberty to adulthood
inferior complex
Adler's theory a concept involving the influence that feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children have on their developing personalities and desire to compensate
individual psychology
Adler's theory of personality, which emphasizes the unique potential of each individual
drive for superiority
Alder's term for the motivation to compensate for feelings of inferiority . Also called the will-to-power
Central traits
Allport's term for personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual's behavior across situations
secondary traits
Allport's term for specific traits that influence behavior in relatively few situations
Cardinal traits
Allport's term for the more pervasive dimensions that define an individual's general personality
Carl Jung
Analytical psychology: personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetypes
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura's model in which cognitions, behaviors and environment factors influence and are influenced by each other
outcome expectations
Bandura's term for our personal predictions about the outcome of our behaviors
efficacy expectations
Bandura's term for the expectations we have regarding our ability to perform behaviors we set out to accomplish
Surface traits
Cattell's term for personality traits at the surface level that can be gleaned from observations of behavior
Source traits
Cattell's term for traits at a deep level of personality that are not apparent in observed behavior but must be inferred based on underlying relationships among surface traits
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis
Karen Horney (Horn-eye)
Feminine psychology, German psychoanalyst emphasized the role of social and cultural influences: Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility
id
Freud's term for the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our baser animal drives and instinctual impulses. Pleasure principle, satisfying basic urges, from thirst and hunger to sexual desire
ego
Freud's term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id with social realities and expectations. Sense of reality, main purpose is to govern and control the id.
Psychoanalytic theory
Freud's theory of personality that holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts
Repression
Freudian theory, type of mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material
Thematic Apperception test
Henry Murray- the test consist of a set of pictures depicting ambiguous scenes that may be interpreted differently
Rorschach test
Hermann Rorschach-test that consist of ten cards (inkblot german word "klex") asking what each shape is perceived as
The structure of Personality
Id, Ego, Superego
Alfred Adler
Individual psychology: Individual psychology, creative self, inferiority complex, drive for superiority
personal unconscious
Jung's term for an unconscious region of mind comprising a reservoir of individuals repressed memories and impulses
Social-cognitive theory
a contemporary learning based model that emphasizes the roles of cognitive and environmental factors in determining behavior
individualistic culture
a culture that emphasizes individual identity and personal accomplishments
Collectivistic culture
a culture that emphasizes people's social roles and obligations
fixation
resulting from either excessive or inadequate gratification at that stage
standard scores
score that represent an individual's relative deviation from the mean of the standardization sample
personality test
structured psychological tests that use formal methods of assessing personality
Electra complex
term given by psychodynamic theorist to form of the Oedipus complex in young girls
Persona
the mask we wear that hides our real self
phrenology
the now-discredited view that one can judge a person's character and mental abilities by measuring the bumps on his or her head
archetypes
Jung's term for primitive images contained in the collective unconscious that reflect ancestral or universal experiences of human beings- example omniscient and all-powerful God, the young hero, and the fertile and nurturing mother figure.
collective unconscious
Jung's theory part of the mind containing ideas and archetypal images shared among humankind that have been transmitted genetically from ancestral humans
Raymond Catell's
Mapping the Personality: two types of traits surface traits, source traits
Situation variables
Mischel's term for environmental influences on behavior such as rewards and punishments
Personal variables
Mischel's term for internal personal factors that influence behavior, including competencies, expectancies, and subjective values
Hans Eysenck
A simpler trait model three major traits: Introversion-extraversion, Neuroticism, Pychoticism
Gordon Allport
A Hierarchy of traits: cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal determinism and the role of expectancies: outcome expectations, efficacy expectations
Self-theory
Roger's model of personality which focuses on the importance of the self
self-ideals
Roger's term for the idealized sense of how or what we should be
Abraham Maslow
Scaling the Heights of Self-Actualization
Walter Mischel
Situation versus person variables, personal variables: competencies, encoding strategies, self-regulatory system and plans
Carl Rogers
The importance of self: self theory, unconditional positive regard, conditional positive regard, self-ideals
Julian Rotter
The locus of Control: expectancies, subjective value
phallic stage
Third stage of psychosexual development marked by erotic attention on the phallic region (penis/clitoris) the development of the Oedipus complex
Psychodynamic Theory
most detailed and comprehensive theory of personality yet developed. Major concepts: levels of consciousness, structure of personality, governing principles, defense mechanisms, stages of psychosexual development
extroversion
one is directed toward outward and material tings such as marriage, career, education
Stages of psychosexual development
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
erogenous zones
parts of the body that are especially sensitive to sexual or pleasurable stimulation
Psychoticism
people who are high on psychoticism are perceived cold, antisocial, hostile, and insensitive. People who are low on psychoticism are described as warm, sensitive, and concerned about others.
Introversion-extraversion
people who are introverted are solitary, reserved, unsociable. People who are extraverted are outgoing, talkative, cheerful, friendly, and people oriented
introversion
person's concerns become centered in the internal world
encoding strategies
personal perception of events: whether we see a sudden gift of a basket of flowers as a gesture of love or making amends
project test
personality tests in which ambiguous or vague test materials are used to elicit responses that are believed to reveal a person's unconscious needs, drives, and motives
unconscious
unfulfilled desires, taboo wishes, traumatic events are packed or Repressed into a part of the mind that is known as the unconscious. The unconscious has often been compared to kind of cave or grotto of the mind where our oldest memories and emotions can be discovered (below the water)
conditional positive regard
valuing a person only when the person's behavior meets certain expectations or standards
unconditional positive regard
valuing another person as having intrinsic worth, regardless of the person's behavior at the particular time