Psychology 201 Chapter 11

Basic anxiety

children develop this feeling when parents are harsh or unfeeling

Neuroticism

People who have a tendency towards emotional instability, anxiety, and worry. People who are low of neuroticism tend to be relaxed, calm, stable, and even-tempered.

The five-factor model of personality

The "Big Five" (FFM) Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeableness, conscientiousness

Cattell's 16PF

The 16PF is a personality test that compares individuals on 16 source traits or key dimensions of personality ranging from one polar extreme to the other. Example composed of three occupational groups creative artist, airline pilots, and writers. There are different personality traits to these individuals.

Three levels of consciousness

conscious, the preconscious, and unconscious

regression

defense mechanism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress, reverts to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

displacement

defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggression impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse

reaction formation

defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one's true motivation and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness

denial

defense mechanism involving failure to recognize a threating impulse or urge

rationalization

defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away unacceptable behavior, impulses, or ideas

projection

defense mechanism projection of one's own unacceptable impulses, wishes, or urges onto another person

sublimation

defense mechanism the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests

self-regulatory system and plans

ability to plan a course of action to achieve our goals

objective test

are also called self-report personality inventories

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

are constructed to help clinicians diagnose mental disorders, a large body of evidence supports the validity of self-report personality inventories such as the MMPI

Self-report personality inventories

are structured psychological tests in which individuals are given a set of questions to answer about themselves in the form of "yes-no" "true-false" or "agree-disagree" types of response formats

oral stage

first stage of psychosexual development during which and infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing, biting)12-18 months

latency stage

fourth stage of psychosexual development during which sexual impulses remain latent or dormant 6yrs-puberty

creative self

in Adler's theory, the self-aware part of personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts

Pleasure principle

in Freudian theory, a governing principle of the id that is based on demand

Reality personality

in Freudian theory, the governing principle of the ego that takes into a account what is practical of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs

defense mechanism

in Freudian theory, the reality-distorting strategies of the ego to prevent awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling ideas or impulses

Basic Hostility

in Horney's theory, deep feelings of resentment that children may harbor toward their parents

Expectancies

in social-cognitive theory personal predictions about the outcomes of behavior

subjective value

in social-cognitive theory, the importance individuals place on desired outcomes

penis envy

jealousy of boys for having a penis

Competencies

knowledge and skills we posses ability to play and instrument or speak a language

Locus of control

locus latin word "place" one's general expectancies about whether one's effort can bring about desired outcomes or reinforcements

world association test

make an association (response) to a word, {variation of Freud's free association test}

Superego

moral or judicial branch, reality principle

Oedipus complex

the psychological complex in which the young boy or girl develops incestuous feelings toward the parent of the opposite gender and perceives the parent of the same gender as a rival

anal stage

the second stage of psychosexual development during which sexual gratification is centered on procession of elimination (retention and release of bowl contents) 18month-3yrs

Preconscious/Subconscious

to Freud the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention. Level at later point in time to refer to a level below conscious perception (suppression vs repression) (middle of the iceberg)

conscious

to Freud, the part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness (top of the iceberg)

castration anxiety

unconscious fear of removal of the penis as punishment for having unacceptable sexual impulses

genital stage

fifth and last stage of psychosexual development which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation puberty to adulthood

inferior complex

Adler's theory a concept involving the influence that feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children have on their developing personalities and desire to compensate

individual psychology

Adler's theory of personality, which emphasizes the unique potential of each individual

drive for superiority

Alder's term for the motivation to compensate for feelings of inferiority . Also called the will-to-power

Central traits

Allport's term for personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual's behavior across situations

secondary traits

Allport's term for specific traits that influence behavior in relatively few situations

Cardinal traits

Allport's term for the more pervasive dimensions that define an individual's general personality

Carl Jung

Analytical psychology: personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetypes

Reciprocal determinism

Bandura's model in which cognitions, behaviors and environment factors influence and are influenced by each other

outcome expectations

Bandura's term for our personal predictions about the outcome of our behaviors

efficacy expectations

Bandura's term for the expectations we have regarding our ability to perform behaviors we set out to accomplish

Surface traits

Cattell's term for personality traits at the surface level that can be gleaned from observations of behavior

Source traits

Cattell's term for traits at a deep level of personality that are not apparent in observed behavior but must be inferred based on underlying relationships among surface traits

Sigmund Freud

Father of Psychoanalysis

Karen Horney (Horn-eye)

Feminine psychology, German psychoanalyst emphasized the role of social and cultural influences: Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility

id

Freud's term for the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our baser animal drives and instinctual impulses. Pleasure principle, satisfying basic urges, from thirst and hunger to sexual desire

ego

Freud's term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id with social realities and expectations. Sense of reality, main purpose is to govern and control the id.

Psychoanalytic theory

Freud's theory of personality that holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts

Repression

Freudian theory, type of mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material

Thematic Apperception test

Henry Murray- the test consist of a set of pictures depicting ambiguous scenes that may be interpreted differently

Rorschach test

Hermann Rorschach-test that consist of ten cards (inkblot german word "klex") asking what each shape is perceived as

The structure of Personality

Id, Ego, Superego

Alfred Adler

Individual psychology: Individual psychology, creative self, inferiority complex, drive for superiority

personal unconscious

Jung's term for an unconscious region of mind comprising a reservoir of individuals repressed memories and impulses

Social-cognitive theory

a contemporary learning based model that emphasizes the roles of cognitive and environmental factors in determining behavior

individualistic culture

a culture that emphasizes individual identity and personal accomplishments

Collectivistic culture

a culture that emphasizes people's social roles and obligations

fixation

resulting from either excessive or inadequate gratification at that stage

standard scores

score that represent an individual's relative deviation from the mean of the standardization sample

personality test

structured psychological tests that use formal methods of assessing personality

Electra complex

term given by psychodynamic theorist to form of the Oedipus complex in young girls

Persona

the mask we wear that hides our real self

phrenology

the now-discredited view that one can judge a person's character and mental abilities by measuring the bumps on his or her head

archetypes

Jung's term for primitive images contained in the collective unconscious that reflect ancestral or universal experiences of human beings- example omniscient and all-powerful God, the young hero, and the fertile and nurturing mother figure.

collective unconscious

Jung's theory part of the mind containing ideas and archetypal images shared among humankind that have been transmitted genetically from ancestral humans

Raymond Catell's

Mapping the Personality: two types of traits surface traits, source traits

Situation variables

Mischel's term for environmental influences on behavior such as rewards and punishments

Personal variables

Mischel's term for internal personal factors that influence behavior, including competencies, expectancies, and subjective values

Hans Eysenck

A simpler trait model three major traits: Introversion-extraversion, Neuroticism, Pychoticism

Gordon Allport

A Hierarchy of traits: cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits

Albert Bandura

Reciprocal determinism and the role of expectancies: outcome expectations, efficacy expectations

Self-theory

Roger's model of personality which focuses on the importance of the self

self-ideals

Roger's term for the idealized sense of how or what we should be

Abraham Maslow

Scaling the Heights of Self-Actualization

Walter Mischel

Situation versus person variables, personal variables: competencies, encoding strategies, self-regulatory system and plans

Carl Rogers

The importance of self: self theory, unconditional positive regard, conditional positive regard, self-ideals

Julian Rotter

The locus of Control: expectancies, subjective value

phallic stage

Third stage of psychosexual development marked by erotic attention on the phallic region (penis/clitoris) the development of the Oedipus complex

Psychodynamic Theory

most detailed and comprehensive theory of personality yet developed. Major concepts: levels of consciousness, structure of personality, governing principles, defense mechanisms, stages of psychosexual development

extroversion

one is directed toward outward and material tings such as marriage, career, education

Stages of psychosexual development

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

erogenous zones

parts of the body that are especially sensitive to sexual or pleasurable stimulation

Psychoticism

people who are high on psychoticism are perceived cold, antisocial, hostile, and insensitive. People who are low on psychoticism are described as warm, sensitive, and concerned about others.

Introversion-extraversion

people who are introverted are solitary, reserved, unsociable. People who are extraverted are outgoing, talkative, cheerful, friendly, and people oriented

introversion

person's concerns become centered in the internal world

encoding strategies

personal perception of events: whether we see a sudden gift of a basket of flowers as a gesture of love or making amends

project test

personality tests in which ambiguous or vague test materials are used to elicit responses that are believed to reveal a person's unconscious needs, drives, and motives

unconscious

unfulfilled desires, taboo wishes, traumatic events are packed or Repressed into a part of the mind that is known as the unconscious. The unconscious has often been compared to kind of cave or grotto of the mind where our oldest memories and emotions can be discovered (below the water)

conditional positive regard

valuing a person only when the person's behavior meets certain expectations or standards

unconditional positive regard

valuing another person as having intrinsic worth, regardless of the person's behavior at the particular time