Psychology 222 (Chapter(s): 4, 5, 6, & Section 7.3) Unit Examination #2 (Friday, October 14th, 2022)

A continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called ____. a. phantom limb b. ghost limb c. neuralgia d. tingling limb

Solution: A

A cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. After amputation of that finger, it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. Which action most likely accounts for this? a. Synaptic reorganization b. Growth of completely new axons c. Altered pattern of blood vessels in the brain d. A psychotic reaction

Solution: A

A magnetoencephalography study of professional musicians listening to pure tones showed that the musicians had ____. a. brain responses that were twice as strong as non-musicians b. slightly less brain responses as non-musicians c. drastically less brain responses as non-musicians d. brain responses five times as strong as non-musicians

Solution: A

A person with two recessive genes is considered to be ____ for that trait. a. homozygous b. heterozygous c. unitary d. marginal

Solution: A

After learning strengthens one set of synapses, other synapses ____. a. weaken b. die c. get stronger d. become aroused

Solution: A

After the migrating neuron reaches its destination, ____ begin to form. a. dendrites b. axons c. nuclei d. ganglions

Solution: A

An evolutionary psychologist would likely be most interested in studying ____. a. altruistic behavior of meerkats b. cardiovascular function across species c. anatomy of the rat brain d. neurotransmitters in primates

Solution: A

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____. a. visual agnosia b. blindsight c. prosopagnosia d. hemianopsia

Solution: A

Any estimate of the heritability of a particular trait is specific to ____. a. a given population b. the parents c. the trait d. the strength of the trait

Solution: A

Apoptosis ____. a. is a programmed mechanism of cell death b. promotes the survival and growth of the axon c. promotes the survival and growth of dendrites d. is a programmed mechanism of cell growth

Solution: A

As a human, Lino is really good at detecting motion. This is because of his _____. a. magnocellular neurons in the periphery b. parvocellular neurons tightly packed in the periphery c. no cones in the periphery d. the strength of the eye muscles

Solution: A

At later stages of the neuron's development, neurotrophins ____. a. increase the branching of axons b. cause the neuron's death c. become converted into myelin d. connect the axon to axons of adjoining cells

Solution: A

Brittanie has had damage to the dorsal stream of her visual system. She now has trouble with _____. a. describing what is seen b. perceiving the movement of an object c. remembering something seen at a previous time d. reaching out to grasp an object

Solution: A

Cells in the magnocellular path are color insensitive, therefore _____ is also color insensitive. a. MT b. fusiform gyrus c. V4 d. V1

Solution: A

Chromosomes consist of large, double-stranded molecules of ____. a. deoxyribonucleic acid b. ribonucleic acid c. autosomal genes d. recombination genes

Solution: A

Closed head injury is ____. a. the most common cause of brain damage in young adults b. usually fatal c. the most common cause of Korsakoff's syndrome d. related to Alzheimer's disease

Solution: A

Daryl is studying for a quiz on the visual system. He records in his notes that axons from the _____ project to the ____ of the cerebral cortex. a. LGN; occipital lobe b. V1; occipital c. V1; parietal d. LGN; parietal

Solution: A

Early in development, the nervous system begins as a ____. a. tube surrounding a fluid-filled cavity b. spherical structure in the center of the embryo c. diffuse system of cells scattered throughout the body d. single layer of cells covering the heart and other internal organs

Solution: A

Evolution improves the fitness of the population, which is evolutionarily defined as ____. a. the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations b. survival of the individual c. ability to adapt to a variety of environments d. overall health and well-being

Solution: A

Focal hand dystonia, sometimes called "musician's cramp," is caused by ____. a. extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers b. deterioration of muscles in the hand c. demyelination of neurons in the fingers d. buildup of excess GABA in the temporal cortex

Solution: A

Group selection works well as an explanation for human behavior because humans ____. a. can expel uncooperative individuals from groups b. are a highly social species who emphasize groups c. can make rational choices about mate selection d. benefit from living in groups

Solution: A

Immature neurons experimentally transplanted from one part of the developing cortex to another ____. a. develop the properties characteristic of their new location b. maintain the properties of their original location c. become dysfunctional, with properties of both the original and new locations d. die

Solution: A

In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called? a. Retinal disparity b. Amblyopic differential c. Astigmatic contrast d. Contrasting imagery

Solution: A

In order to prevent as much incorrect development as possible, infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair ____. a. as early as possible b. before they begin school c. if it does not fix itself d. when they are old enough to recover from surgery

Solution: A

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition? a. Horizontal cells b. Ganglion cells c. Bipolar cells d. Glial cells

Solution: A

In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth. a. thalamus; cortex b. thalamus; inferior geniculate c. inferior colliculus; thalamus d. thalamus; lateral colliculus

Solution: A

Individuals afflicted with PKU need to avoid ____. a. foods high in phenylalanine b. foods high in vitamin K c. alcohol d. sunlight

Solution: A

Karl has had a stroke caused by ischemia. His doctors attempted to minimize damage due to the stroke by administering a drug that ____. a. breaks up blood clots b. overstimulates neurons in and around the damaged area c. increases the release of glutamate d. slows down the sodium-potassium pump

Solution: A

Laurence is able to drive his car within a lane since he can clearly see the lines and edge of the road. His nervous system enhances his ability to see edges by ______. a. an illusion created in the retina called lateral inhibition b. activation of V1 by the cones c. activating his rods and cones simultaneously d. enhancing his ability to see red versus green

Solution: A

Meagan is studying for a quiz on the rods and cones. She writes in her notes that _____ are more ______. a. cones; sensitive to detail b. rods; sensitive to bright light c. cones; sensitive to movement d. rods; sensitive to colors

Solution: A

Migration requires ____. a. a precise chemical environment b. cells which are myelinated c. mature neurons d. neurons with fully developed dendrites

Solution: A

Nerve growth factor (NGF) ____. a. promotes the survival and growth of the axon b. is a fuel metabolized by neurons c. promotes programmed cell death d. is a hormone first released at puberty

Solution: A

Noella is a makeup artist and is very good at using makeup to create fine details to create a visual effect (ex. making a person look older). As she works, her ______ cells help her to see the details. a. parvocellular b. magnocellular c. koniocellular d. kodacellular

Solution: A

On a given trait, high heritability suggests that ____. a. adopted children will closely resemble their biological parents b. adopted children will closely resemble their adoptive parents c. identical twins will be less similar to each other than adopted siblings d. fraternal twins will be more similar to each other than identical twins

Solution: A

Once within the cerebral cortex, a mixed pathway of magnocellular and parvocellular cells is important for ____. a. brightness and color b. integrating vision with action c. details of shape d. distinguishing facial features

Solution: A

Professor Woodby is lecturing about the fovea. Which is she most likely to say? a. It has the greatest perception of detail. b. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve. c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil. d. It has more rods than cones.

Solution: A

Proliferation is the ____. a. production of new cells b. movement of primitive neurons and glia c. formation of dendrites and an axon d. insulation process that occurs on some axons

Solution: A

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____. a. the periphery; the fovea b. red; blue c. vertebrates; invertebrates d. reading text; reading road signs

Solution: A

Roger Sperry cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the eye. Axons from what used to be the dorsal part of the retina (now located on the ventral side) grew back to the target areas ____. a. that ordinarily get input from the dorsal retina b. that ordinarily get input from the ventral retina c. that ordinarily get input from the center of the retina d. equally and diffusely

Solution: A

Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired? a. Lateral inhibition b. Movement perception c. Dark adaptation d. Size constancy

Solution: A

Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents in their preferences for a flavor of ice cream. Which statement is true in this circumstance? a. Heritability of this trait is high. b. Preferences for ice cream are determined solely by the environment. c. Flavors of ice cream are naturally selected. d. Heritability of this trait is low.

Solution: A

The Decarlos just had a new baby. Their baby is more likely to pay attention to ____ than anything else at this time. a. faces b. black objects c. white objects d. pets

Solution: A

The ability of the brain to change its anatomy over time, within limits, is known as ____. a. plasticity b. regression c. connectivity d. long term potentiation

Solution: A

The areas of the cortex used by expert video game players are most likely to ____ than the same cortical areas of those who do not play video games. a. be thicker b. have smaller, but a greater number of neurons c. have faster action potentials d. be more resistant to transcortical stimulation

Solution: A

The formation of new synapses is called ____. a. synaptogenesis b. differentiation c. migration d. fusion

Solution: A

The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the ____. a. ventral stream b. dorsal stream c. lateral stream d. magnoparvocellular pathway

Solution: A

Wanetta has had damage to the ventral stream of her visual system. She now has trouble with _____. a. the ability to describe the shape or size of an object b. walking toward something seen c. reaching to grasp an object d. perceiving whether the lights are on or off

Solution: A

What is signaled by nerve growth factor (NGF)? a. That a target cell has "accepted" an axon b. Which target cell a growing axon should connect with c. That axons should elongate as the body grows bigger d. The need for new neurons to form in brain areas that are lacking in neurons

Solution: A

What is strabismus? a. A failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time b. A blurring of vision caused by asymmetrical curvature of the eye c. Stereoscopic depth perception d. The ability to perceive a flashing light as if it were a moving object

Solution: A

What is the process called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon? a. Differentiation b. Migration c. Myelination d. Proliferation

Solution: A

When Ileen sees something that looks like a face, she has had activation of her _____. a. fusiform gyrus b. V4 c. MST d. MT

Solution: A

When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____. a. speed and direction of movement b. exact shape of the object c. color and brightness of the object d. exact location of the object in visual space

Solution: A

Which factor appears to be particularly important for branching of neurons during brain development? a. Engaging in physical activity b. Playing logic games c. Having good teachers d. Having a sterile environment

Solution: A

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind? a. Dressing themselves b. Driving a car c. Taking the dog for a walk d. Filling a pitcher with water

Solution: A

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color? a. Cones only b. Rods only c. Both rods and cones d. Horizontal and amacrine cells

Solution: A

Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces? a. Inferior temporal cortex b. Superior colliculus c. Lateral geniculate d. Striate cortex

Solution: A

Why do children with PKU develop intellectual disabilities? a. Unmetabolized amino acids accumulate and affect the brain. b. Essential axons lack myelin sheaths. c. Dendrites and synapses fail to form in associative areas of the cortex. d. Their immune systems do not fight off brain infections.

Solution: A

A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____. a. proprioception b. somatosensation c. pain d. vision

Solution: A)

A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____. a. glutamate; substance P b. GABA; substance P c. glutamate; dopamine d. GABA; dopamine

Solution: A)

A tonotopic map refers to a(n) ____. a. auditory cortex map of sounds b. diagram of which kinds of sounds are most common in different parts of the world c. diagram comparing the different tones to which different species are sensitive d. map showing connections between the auditory cortex and the visual cortex

Solution: A)

Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____. a. contraction; inhibition of contraction b. inhibition of contraction; contraction c. inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction d. contraction; contraction

Solution: A)

After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test? a. The initial rapid movement to the nose b. The second step involving the hold function c. The third step which involves the finger moving to the nose by a slow movement d. Both the second and third steps

Solution: A)

After getting wet, Angelo's dog shook off the water. His dog's behavior depends on ____. a. central pattern generator b. stretch reflex c. motor program reflex d. a Golgi tendon organ

Solution: A)

Angelina has been dancing all night. At this point, most of the ____ has been used by the muscles and she is now relying on ____. a. glucose; fast-twitch fibers b. glucose; slow-twitch fibers c. fatty acids; fast-twitch fibers d. fatty acids; slow-twitch fibers

Solution: A)

As a result of a horrible ear infection, Charley ruptured his _____ (also known as his eardrum). a. tympanic membrane b. pinna c. oval window d. round window

Solution: A)

Dr. Holzwarth is working in the lab and has been able to demonstrate that drugs that decrease acetylcholine activity will result in muscles becoming ______. a. relaxed b. contracted c. fatigued d. stretched

Solution: A)

Ever since she suffered damage to her _______, Melissa has found it hard to do things like writing and clapping her hands. a. cerebellum b. basal ganglia c. mirror neurons d. hippocampus

Solution: A)

Gary has conductive deafness as a result of ____ damage. a. middle ear b. cochlear c. hair cell d. nerve

Solution: A)

Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson's disease in cases that involve ____. a. early onset of the disease b. late onset of the disease c. first-born children d. children with older brothers and sisters

Solution: A)

In order to bend her arm, Chia needs her _____ muscles. a. flexor b. smooth c. extensor d. pink and white

Solution: A)

In order to properly digest her food, Viola needs her ____ muscles to move the food through her digestive system. a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic

Solution: A)

In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____. a. mechanical displacement b. electromagnetic energy c. chemicals d. vestibular input

Solution: A)

In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that ____. a. push against hair cells when moved b. vibrate with different frequencies c. stabilize the semicircular canals d. enhance sound localization

Solution: A)

Large-diameter pain axons ____. a. carry sharp pain information b. carry dull pain information c. readily respond to endorphins d. are associated with small cell bodies

Solution: A)

Lucina is painting with a small brush in each hand. To do this movement, she needs activation via the _____ tract. a. Lateral b. Ventral c. Dorsal d. Medial

Solution: A)

Mae adjusted the amplitude of her radio. In other words, she adjusted the _____. a. loudness b. timbre c. pitch d. frequency

Solution: A)

Meissner's corpuscles are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings for touch b. simple, bare neuron endings c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells d. important components of the blood

Solution: A)

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ____. a. rapid mechanical pressure b. low frequency sounds c. horizontal head movements d. slow mechanical movements

Solution: A)

Peggy lifted a heavy box. As a result of the increased muscle tension, she will have activation of _____. a. the Golgi tendon organ b. smooth muscles c. the stretch reflex d. her ballistic muscles

Solution: A)

People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements. a. feelings of intention b. the ability to make conscious decisions c. a sense of timing d. muscle strength

Solution: A)

Professor Gill tells his class that the basal ganglia are very important for learning _____. a. motor habits that are difficult to describe in words b. repetitive motor behaviors like cutting with a knife c. skills like ballet that include an element of balance d. fine motor skills such as writing calligraphy

Solution: A)

Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with ____ in young women who are not sexually active. a. more regular menstrual cycles b. sweating c. increased olfactory capabilities d. increased appetite

Solution: A)

Ruffini's endings are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings for touch b. simple, bare neuron endings c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells d. important components of the blood

Solution: A)

Since taste receptors are modified _____, they are replaced approximately every _____. a. skin cells; two weeks b. skin-cells two months c. olfactory receptors; three weeks d. somatosensory neurons; two weeks

Solution: A)

Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ____. a. emotion areas of the brain b. hypothalamus c. spinal cord d. somatosensory areas of the cortex

Solution: A)

Taste perception in the brain depends on ____. a. relative activity of different taste neurons b. absolute frequency of action potentials c. only taste receptors on the anterior part of the tongue d. the angular gyrus

Solution: A)

The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____. a. precise timing b. control of muscle strength c. comparison between the left and right hemispheres d. detecting the intensity of a stimulus

Solution: A)

The current view of how we perceive sounds less than 100 Hz is based on ____. a. the frequency of action potentials b. the area along the basilar membrane that responds most strongly c. volleys of responses d. the asymmetrical positioning of an individual's ears

Solution: A)

The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following? a. Frequency theory only b. Place theory only c. Volley theory only d. Both the frequency theory and the place theory

Solution: A)

The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____. a. pyramids of the medulla b. spinal cord c. reticular formation d. vestibular nucleus

Solution: A)

The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the ____. a. premotor cortex b. somatosensory cortex c. inferior temporal cortex d. tabes dorsalis

Solution: A)

The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also ____. a. the approximate age of onset b. what other diseases the person will contract c. which drugs will best alleviate the disease d. which symptoms will become prominent first, and which ones later

Solution: A)

The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following? a. Schizophrenia b. Dissociative identity disorder c. Antisocial personality disorder d. Bipolar disorder

Solution: A)

The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____. a. prevent extreme muscle contractions b. guard against fatigue of muscles c. produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping d. regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles

Solution: A)

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____. a. basal ganglia b. limbic system c. cerebellum d. sympathetic nervous system

Solution: A)

The taste nerves initially project to the ____. a. nucleus of the tractus solitarius b. cerebral cortex c. hypothalamus d. orbital prefrontal cortex

Solution: A)

Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing ____. a. sudden-onset sounds b. gradual-onset sounds c. loud sounds d. bird alarm calls

Solution: A)

We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because ____. a. we have many different bitter receptors b. we have only one bitter receptor that responds to all bitter substances c. we can combine the activity of the sour and salty receptors d. even Pacinian corpuscles respond to bitter substances

Solution: A)

What is a dermatome? a. An area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve b. An instrument used to record impulses in the spinal cord c. The point at which sensory nerves make contact with motor nerves d. An area of the skin that has no touch receptors

Solution: A)

What is the effect of MPTP? a. It kills the neurons that release dopamine. b. It suppresses activity of the immune system. c. It is converted in the brain to dopamine. d. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Solution: A)

What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber? a. Neuromuscular junction b. Polar junction c. Muscle spindle d. Neurofiber synapse

Solution: A)

What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases? a. Pitch gets higher. b. Pitch gets lower. c. Loudness increases. d. Loudness decreases.

Solution: A)

When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active? a. In preparation for movements b. During movements c. At or after the end of movements d. During inhibition of movements

Solution: A)

Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings? a. Flapping wings if suddenly dropped b. Learning to fly c. Stretching its wings but not flapping them d. Flapping its wings while eating

Solution: A)

Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human? a. Yawning b. Making a list c. Taking your first steps d. Learning how to drive

Solution: A)

Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators? a. A bird flying from tree to tree b. A child catching a baseball c. A child playing the piano d. An adult yawning

Solution: A)

Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed? a. Fast-twitch muscles b. Slow-twitch muscles c. Smooth muscles d. Intermediate muscles

Solution: A)

Who is most likely to have trouble performing the antisaccade task. a. Linwood who is 5 years old. b. Evie who is 20 years old. c. Lael who is 35 years old. d. Devon who is 50 years old.

Solution: A)

Zenia took ibuprofen to relieve her pain. The drug will work by ____. a. reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues b. dulling the pain information c. blocking synapses d. numbing the damaged tissue

Solution: A)

______ have almost no taste receptors since they swallow their food whole. a. Dolphins b. Cats c. Dogs d. Rats

Solution: A)

A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

According to the place theory, the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

After cells have differentiated as neurons or glia, they migrate. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Amacrine cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Apoptosis is distinct from necrosis, which is death caused by an injury or a toxic substance. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Axons are usually formed before the dendrites. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Cecelia doesn't fall going down stairs because she can clearly see the edge of each step as a result of lateral inhibition. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Diaschisis refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Genes become more prevalent in a population if they contribute to reproductive success. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Glenna wants to learn how to play the piano so she is watching her sister play. While she is watching, Glenna's mirror neurons would be active. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Nu has been riding her bike for several miles. At this point, she is probably relying more on her fast-twitch muscles. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Phase differences are useful for detecting localization of low frequency sounds. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Photopigments are stable in the dark. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Recent evidence suggests that adult vertebrate brains generate new neurons. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Russell has developed conductive deafness after he suffered damage to his middle ear. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Surrounding the primary auditory cortex are additional auditory areas, in which cells respond more to changes in sounds than to any prolonged sound. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

Synaptogenesis is a process that begins before birth and continues throughout life. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The amplitude of a sound wave is its intensity. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The damaging effects of a stroke can be limited if treated within a short period of time. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The most common cause of brain damage in children is closed head injury. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The structures within the ear amplify the sound waves coming into the ear. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The vestibular organ consists of the saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

There are hundreds of different types of olfactory receptors. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

To determine the contributions of heredity and environment, researchers rely mainly on studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

To see something with her best vision, Lore turned to look directly at it. This was so she could use her foveal vision. a. True b. False

Solution: A) True

The fluid-filled cavity within the neural tube becomes the central canal of the spinal cord and the four ventricles of the brain. a. True b. False

Solution: A.) True

A gene is found that controls the age at which a man grows bald, if at all. That gene seldom affects women, even if they have the gene. What kind of gene is this MOST likely to be? a. An X-linked gene b. A sex-limited gene c. A sex-linked dominant gene d. A sex-linked recessive gene

Solution: B

A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of ____. a. chromosomes b. RNA c. Proteins d. carbohydrates

Solution: B

A trait not expressed when combined with a dominant trait is called a(n) ____ trait. a. nurture b. recessive c. dominant d. homozygous

Solution: B

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision? a. A different receptor for each color b. Three kinds of cones c. A single receptor that produces different responses for each color d. The combined influences of rods and cones

Solution: B

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____. a. which neurotransmitter is released b. which neurons are active c. the velocity of the action potentials d. the amplitude of the action potentials

Solution: B

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____. a. the relative activity of three kinds of cones b. contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others c. a red versus green system and a yellow vs. blue system d. detecting the velocity of action potentials from the eye

Solution: B

An example of a sex-linked trait is ____. a. green eye color b. red-green color vision deficiency c. temperament d. intelligence

Solution: B

Changes in single genes are called ____. a. alterations b. mutations c. mendelians d. enzymes

Solution: B

Chemically, what is the route from genes to their expression? a. DNA to proteins to RNA b. DNA to RNA to proteins c. Proteins to DNA to RNA d. RNA to DNA to proteins

Solution: B

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____. a. photo-optics b. photopigments c. opsins d. kestrels

Solution: B

Corrie is studying for a quiz on the rods and cones. She writes in her notes that _____ are more ______. a. cones; responsive to movement b. rods; sensitive to dim light c. cones; likely to be bleached by sunlight d. rods; useful for seeing fine details

Solution: B

Cortical neurons in the visual cortex of a kitten or a cat will lose the ability to respond to stimuli in one eye if the eye is sutured shut for ____. a. the first week after birth b. the first month of life c. any two month period in adult life d. the third and fourth months of life

Solution: B

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____. a. right eye b. left eye c. peripheral vision of both eyes d. left visual field

Solution: B

Diaschisis refers to the ____. a. increase in activity of neurons surrounding a damaged area b. decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged c. increased activity in the cerebral cortex after damage to any part of the brain d. increased activity in the hypothalamus after damage to any part of the brain

Solution: B

Enzymes serve as ____. a. genetic templates b. physiological markers of chemical reactions in the body c. biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body d. catalysts for the synthesis of protein molecules

Solution: B

Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____. a. rods and cones; ganglion cells b. rods and cones; bipolar cells c. bipolar cells; ganglion cells d. cones; rods

Solution: B

How is it possible to prevent the intellectual disabilities that are generally associated with PKU? a. Through exercise b. Through diet c. Through drugs d. Through exposure to bright light

Solution: B

If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina? a. The optic nerve b. The fovea c. An area containing mostly rods d. The cornea

Solution: B

In order to be able to see things in her periphery, Pauline's _____ need to be activated. a. short-wavelength cones b. rods c. lens d. long-wavelength cones

Solution: B

In the back of each of Teresita's eyes, the axons of her ganglion cells all leave in one large bundle called the ______. As a result, this causes her to experience a _____. a. optic nerve; saccade b. optic nerve; blind spot c. fovea; saccade d. optic chiasm; blind spot

Solution: B

JC is looking at something located to his right (meaning it is within his right visual field). Where would that light hit his retina? a. On the right half. b. On the left half. c. It depends on the brightness of the light. d. It depends on the color of the light.

Solution: B

Light has entered Joelle's eyes. After being detected by the photoreceptors, the information will be passed on to _____ cells. a. retina cells b. bipolar cells c. ganglion cells d. spiny cells

Solution: B

Melba is one of the unique individuals that has 4 kinds of cones. What is not true about Melba? a. She must be female because having four kinds of cones requires two X chromosomes. b. She has two forms of the short-wavelength cone. c. She has two forms of the long-wavelength cone. d. She is better at making distinctions between one color and another compared to someone with three cones.

Solution: B

Necrosis ____. a. is a programmed mechanism of cell death b. is cell death caused by an injury or a toxic substance c. promotes the survival and growth of dendrites d. promotes the activity of neurons

Solution: B

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it ____. a. has reached its final processing destination b. may return to the primary visual cortex c. goes mostly to the primary motor cortex d. is sent back to the retina

Solution: B

One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to ____. a. remove more of the amputated limb b. have the amputee learn to use an artificial limb c. stimulate the relevant part of the cortex d. convince the patient that there is no neural basis for these sensations

Solution: B

Professor Hancock is giving a lecture about peripheral vision. Which is the most likely to say? a. It is very sensitive to detail. b. It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects. c. It is not very sensitive to light. d. It is most sensitive to color, which helps to differentiate multiple objects clearly.

Solution: B

Proteins called ____ bind DNA into a shape that is more like string wound around a ball. a. enzymes b. histones c. esters d. acetyl groups

Solution: B

Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ____. a. amblyopia b. retinal disparity c. strabismus d. contrasting imagery

Solution: B

The function of neurotrophins is to ____. a. inhibit proliferation b. promote survival of axons c. be used as fuel d. signal that an axon has been "rejected."

Solution: B

The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to ____. a. overexcited neurons b. apoptosis c. decreases apoptosis d. necrosis

Solution: B

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____. a. respond to their receptive field faster b. have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field c. have receptive fields that are triangular d. respond to bars of light in more than one orientation

Solution: B

The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____. a. lateral geniculate nucleus b. striate cortex c. area V2 d. parvocellular area

Solution: B

The results of several studies of facial expressions in people who were born blind suggest ____. a. a minor role for genetics in the control of facial expressions b. a major role for genetics as well as environment in the control of facial expressions c. no role of genetics in the control of facial expressions d. no role of genetics, but a major role of environment in the control of facial expressions

Solution: B

The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____. a. have no discernible fovea b. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina c. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina d. are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans

Solution: B

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____. a. ventral stream b. dorsal stream c. parvocellular pathway d. magnocellular pathway

Solution: B

Tori has suffered damage to her magnocellular pathway. Now, she has problems with _____. a. identifying shapes b. seeing things in motion c. seeing red vs. green colors d. seeing fine details

Solution: B

Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ____. a. retina b. primary visual cortex c. thalamus d. hypothalamus

Solution: B

What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders? a. Receptive fields b. Lateral inhibition c. Retinal disparity d. The direction in which the light shines

Solution: B

What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus? a. Simple b. Complex c. Bipolar d. Ganglion

Solution: B

What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)? a. Quick development of normal vision b. Trouble describing the shapes of objects c. Trouble identifying the location of light d. Inability to use touch and sound cues to maneuver around in a building

Solution: B

Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis? a. Simple b. Complex c. Lateral geniculate d. Ganglion

Solution: B

Which event is the most common cause of a stroke? a. Lack of glucose b. Ischemia from an obstruction of an artery c. Hemorrhage of an artery d. Blow to the head

Solution: B

Which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells? a. They follow electrical gradients. b. They follow chemical gradients from the target cell. c. Axons send out chemicals to the target cells. d. Target cells send out branches for the axons to follow.

Solution: B

Which pair of sex chromosomes is found in a normal male mammal? a. XX b. XY c. YY d. YZ

Solution: B

Which statement is true with respect to evolution? a. "If you don't use it, you lose it." b. Evolutionary success is assessed by the number of one's offspring surviving to reproduce. c. Evolution benefits the species, in the long run. d. Evolution benefits the individual.

Solution: B

Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple? a. Trichromatic theory b. Retinex theory c. Opponent-process theory d. Kodak theory

Solution: B

Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages? a. Retinex theory b. Opponent-process theory c. Trichromatic theory d. Kodak theory

Solution: B

Why is a genetic explanation for altruism problematic? a. Only non-human animals exhibit altruistic behaviors. b. Altruistic behaviors rarely benefit the individual performing them. c. Altruism is more common among the young than among adults. d. No behavior has been linked to any genes.

Solution: B

Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections? a. Chemical messages from our muscles tell our brain how many neurons to form. b. If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies. c. We are born with all connections formed. d. Connections form rapidly, but we learn to use whatever connections have formed.

Solution: B

____ cells proliferate after a stroke. a. Penumbra b. Microglia c. Ischemia d. Cancer

Solution: B

A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease because it ____. a. is already present in too large an amount b. does not cross the blood-brain barrier c. would have to be the size of a baseball to be effective d. is too expensive

Solution: B)

A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____. a. degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue b. position and movement of a part of the body c. percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle d. degree of fatigue in a muscle

Solution: B)

Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different subareas respond to ____. a. different types of receptors b. different areas of the body c. different parts of the cortex d. different types of transmitters

Solution: B)

An acceleration of the head at any angle causes ____. a. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells c. fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals d. hair cells to become stiff and straight

Solution: B)

Annamae is studying for a quiz on movement. She writes in her notes that _____ muscle type is responsible for the activity of the ______. a. striated; digestive system b. cardiac; heart c. smooth; heart d. cardiac; digestive system

Solution: B)

Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ____. a. detecting loudness of sounds b. analyzing the meaning of sounds c. determining location of sounds d. detecting pitch of sounds

Solution: B)

Brian's body initiated the stretch reflex. Which is true? a. Brian will now stretch his muscle as a result of the reflex. b. The reflex was initiated because Brian stretched a muscle. c. His muscles will now be inhibited. d. He will now be able to stretch further.

Solution: B)

During her lecture on the auditory system, Professor Breen tells the class that area A1 is located in the _____ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal

Solution: B)

Each spinal nerve has ____. a. either a sensory or a motor component b. both a sensory and a motor component c. connections to most parts of the body d. connections to each of the major internal organs

Solution: B)

Early symptoms of Huntington's disease usually include ____. a. paralysis b. jerky arm movements and body tremors c. rapid fatigue d. difficulty coordinating the left hand with the right hand

Solution: B)

How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response? a. By determining the number of Purkinje cells that fire in sequence b. By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells c. By determining which one of all the available Purkinje cells becomes active d. By passing information back and forth between one Purkinje cell and another

Solution: B)

Humans have a sense of taste so that ______. a. we are encouraged to eat sweet foods with lots of calories b. we know what to eat and what to spit out c. we are encouraged to eat fatty foods for the calorie intake d. we can determine if a food is a vegetable, fruit, or protein

Solution: B)

If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior? a. It could chase prey over long distances. b. It could chase prey only over short distances. c. It probably travels constantly. d. It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.

Solution: B)

In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates? a. Basal ganglia to cerebellum b. Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen c. Cerebellum to spinal cord d. Cerebral cortex to spinal cord

Solution: B)

In its normal form, part of the gene that controls Huntington's disease repeats its sequence of bases ____. a. under ten times b. between approximately 11-24 times c. at least 36 times d. approximately 75 or 80 times

Solution: B)

In order to stand up and sit down, Mr. Parton needs activation of his ____ motor system. a. dorsolateral tract b. medial tract c. supplementary d. hippocampal

Solution: B)

Lacey's voice teacher asked her to sing a higher pitch. Therefore, she adjusted the _____. a. amplitude b. frequency c. intensity d. loudness

Solution: B)

Loudness is to ____ as pitch is to ____. a. frequency; intensity b. amplitude; frequency c. pitch; tone d. amplitude; intensity

Solution: B)

Mariee participated in a research study where she was told to imagine different sounds. While she was imagining, she had activation of ______. a. her tympanic membrane b. A1 c. cochlea d. hair cells

Solution: B)

Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by ____. a. depleting substance P from parts of the nervous system b. mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses c. preventing sodium from crossing the membrane d. altering blood flow to various parts of the nervous system

Solution: B)

Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain? a. The ipsilateral side b. The contralateral side c. The left hemisphere d. It depends on whether the individual is dominant for audition in the right or the left hemisphere

Solution: B)

Olfaction also plays a subtle role in ____. a. sleeping b. social behavior c. touch sensation d. vestibular sensation

Solution: B)

People with posterior parietal damage ____. a. cannot walk toward something they hear b. have trouble converting vision into action c. can walk toward something they see but cannot reach out to grasp it d. cannot accurately describe what they see.

Solution: B)

Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____. a. volley principle; frequency theory b. frequency theory; place theory c. place theory; volley principle d. gate theory; frequency theory

Solution: B)

Professor Gramling is giving a lecture about the auditory system. He tells the class that the basilar membrane is part of the _____ in the _____. a. cochlea; middle ear b. cochlea; inner ear c. tympanic membrane; outer ear d. malleus; middle ear

Solution: B)

Professor Sanborn is giving a lecture on movement. He tells that class that to make movements occur, the motor cortex _____. a. has direct connections to the muscles b. sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord c. controls isolated movement in a single muscle d. relies on feedback from individual muscle fibers

Solution: B)

Purkinje cells are ____. a. proprioceptors b. flat cells in sequential planes c. nuclei in the central cerebellum d. axons parallel to one another

Solution: B)

Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____. a. adaptation b. cross-adaptation c. umami d. PTC

Solution: B)

Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure? a. Reticular formation b. Cerebellum c. Ventromedial hypothalamus d. Parasympathetic nervous system

Solution: B)

The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second. a. pitch b. frequency c. amplitude d. loudness

Solution: B)

The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of one to more than ____ fibers. a. 10 b. 100 c. 1000 d. 50

Solution: B)

The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s). a. two; three b. one; three c. three; two d. three; one

Solution: B)

The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following? a. Frequency theory only b. Place theory only c. Volley theory only d. Both the frequency theory and the place theory

Solution: B)

The greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the ____. a. less the collective duration of the response b. greater the collective duration of the response c. greater the strength of the response d. less the strength of the response

Solution: B)

The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____. a. moving a finger rapidly toward a target b. holding a finger in a steady position c. using the hands to lift heavy weights d. coordinating the left hand with the right hand

Solution: B)

The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the ____. a. premotor cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. supplementary motor cortex d. tabes dorsalis

Solution: B)

The posterior parietal cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.

Solution: B)

The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson's disease ____. a. equals that of early onset Parkinson's disease b. is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson's disease c. is greater for DZ twins that MZ twins d. is greater for females than males

Solution: B)

The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex. a. cingulate; somatosensory b. somatosensory; cingulate c. fusiform; premotor d. premotor; fusiform

Solution: B)

The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____. a. during the second or two after a movement b. during the second or two prior to a movement c. only during a movement d. only after a movement

Solution: B)

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located ____. a. in the inner ear b. near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors c. in the throat d. behind the cerebral ventricles

Solution: B)

Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones? a. They hold the tympanic membrane in place. b. They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure. c. They spread out the air waves over an area of larger diameter. d. They change the frequency of air waves into lower frequencies that can be heard.

Solution: B)

Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea cause ____. a. movement of the pinna b. hair cells to displace c. vibrations of the eardrum d. vestibular input

Solution: B)

Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____. a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. anabolic d. abolic

Solution: B)

What experience is similar to losing proprioception? a. Losing your sense of equilibrium b. Walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep" c. Having a phantom limb d. Teeth chattering in the cold

Solution: B)

What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract? a. Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both. b. Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion. c. Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other. d. One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory.

Solution: B)

What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells? a. Conductive b. Nerve c. Temporary d. Hysterical

Solution: B)

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain? a. Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain. b. Non-pain information can inhibit pain information. c. Intense pain can shut out all other sensory information. d. The intensity of pain experience depends entirely on the excitability of pain receptors.

Solution: B)

What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment? a. Smooth b. Striated c. Cardiac d. Syncarpous

Solution: B)

When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle, ____. a. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions increases b. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases c. the membrane becomes hyperpolarized d. there is a sustained, long-term response to this pressure

Solution: B)

Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum? a. Parallel fibers b. Purkinje cells c. Putamen cells d. Saccade cells

Solution: B)

Why can't Torie tickle herself? a. A person cannot reach his/her own tickle receptors. b. Because her brain is comparing the sensation to what is "expected" and creates a weaker response. c. She is left-handed. d. She lacks tickle receptors.

Solution: B)

Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear? a. The inner membrane gets less sensitive with age. b. More force is needed to create waves in fluid. c. Much of the vibration is lost in the eardrum. d. Too much is lost through friction.

Solution: B)

According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Adaptation occurs quickly to pheromones. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Alline is able to tell where a sound is coming from thanks, in part, to the pinna. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

An object's location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Elfreda burned her tongue and lost some of her taste receptors. She will now have permanent taste problems. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Following exposure to painful stimuli, brain activation is limited to the somatosensory cortex. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Giving pure dopamine to Parkinson's patients has generally been very successful. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Hyman's heart is beating thanks to the work of smooth muscles. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

In order to move his hand, Eloy would need the medial corticospinal tract to be activated. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Itching appears to be a type of pain message. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Ivan has an impaired ability to recognize faces. His doctor diagnosed him with damage to the MT. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Myelination of the brain and spinal cord is complete by the time of birth. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Recent evidence suggests that phantom limb pain is caused by sensations coming from the stump of the amputated limb. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Sex-linked genes are usually found on the Y chromosome. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

The developing infant brain is highly resistant to damage. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

The doctor checked Daphne's eyes by shining a light into them to see if her pupils contracted. The doctor was testing her central pattern generators. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

The opponent-process theory explains why Dania's dress still looks blue even after she dims the lights. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Vella has amusia and, therefore, cannot hear. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

When Anette cut her hand, her Meissner's corpuscles sent information to her brain about her pain level. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

Youlanda has to wear glasses because her cornea doesn't adjust properly to focus the light onto the retina. a. True b. False

Solution: B) False

. Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____. a. retina b. cornea c. pupil d. macula

Solution: C

A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____. a. perceive colors b. point to objects c. recognize visual objects d. see

Solution: C

After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby ____. a. injured axons to form new branches b. injured dendrites to form new branches c. uninjured axons to form new branches d. uninjured dendrites to form new branches

Solution: C

After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become ____. a. hyperactive b. extinct c. dormant d. very complex

Solution: C

An autosomal gene is a gene ____. a. on the X chromosome b. on the Y chromosome c. on any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome d. that shows no evidence of crossing over

Solution: C

An axon that does not receive enough neurotrophins from a target cell will ____. a. branch out and form other synapses on other cells b. manufacture its own neurotrophins c. degenerate and die d. fail to reabsorb transmitters that have already been released

Solution: C

Astigmatism refers to the ____. a. sensitive period for development of vision b. ability to see horizontal and vertical lines c. asymmetric curvature of eyes d. inability to detect motion

Solution: C

Brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia, are called ____. a. parallel fibers b. intrinsic cells c. stem cells d. glomeruli

Solution: C

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain? a. lateral geniculate and cerebral cortex b. superior colliculus and cerebral cortex c. lateral geniculate and superior colliculus d. prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe

Solution: C

Breeding some animals selectively because they possess some desirable characteristic is called ____. a. evolution b. natural selection c. artificial selection d. artificial insemination

Solution: C

Chemicals in the amphibian tectum guide the growth of axons from the retina to their correct location in the tectum by ____. a. having dozens of different growth factors b. using an electrical gradient c. using a chemical gradient d. glial cell transportation

Solution: C

Chemicals known as ____ and ____ guide neuron migration. a. immunoglobulins; sodium b. glia; neurothrophins c. immunoglobulins; chemokines d. chemokines; neurothrophins

Solution: C

Clement has the most common form of color vision deficiency and has trouble distinguishing ____ from _____. a. blue; yellow b. green; blue c. red; green d. red; blue

Solution: C

Closed head injury results in damage partially because of ____. a. increased production of myelin b. excessive deficit of neurotrophins c. rotational forces that push the brain against the inside of the skull d. infection

Solution: C

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision. a. trichromatic b. opponent-process c. retinex d. constancy

Solution: C

For natural selection to generate evolutionary change in a population ____. a. there need not be any differences in the traits of individuals in that population b. the change in gene frequencies must help the species in the long run c. the differences must have a hereditary basis d. the change in gene frequencies will probably be harmful to the species

Solution: C

Group selection as an explanation for altruistic behavior would argue that ____. a. individuals are more likely to reproduce when stress is low b. individuals pick their groups based on how altruistic they are c. cooperative groups thrive better than do uncooperative groups d. society benefits as a whole when individuals help each other

Solution: C

In general, biologists who speak of sex-linked genes are typically referring to genes on ____. a. autosomal chromosomes b. more than one chromosome c. the X chromosome d. the Y chromosome

Solution: C

In response to nervous system injury, neurotrophins ____. a. cause the neuron's death b. reduce inflammation due to this injury c. increase regrowth of damaged axons d. promote apoptosis

Solution: C

In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____. a. straight to the brain b. immediately to ganglion cells within the retina c. to bipolar cells within the retina d. to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last

Solution: C

In what order does visual information pass through the retina? a. Receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells b. Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells c. Receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells d. Bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells

Solution: C

Ischemia is to ____ as hemorrhage is to ____. a. older individuals; younger individuals b. proximal; distal c. obstruction; rupture d. barely noticeable; lethal

Solution: C

Kin selection as an explanation for altruistic behavior would argue that ____. a. individuals help others who help them b. individuals pick their mates based on how altruistic they are c. individuals spread their genes by helping their relatives d. society benefits as a whole when individuals help each other

Solution: C

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____. a. opsins b. unstable proteins c. all-trans-retinal d. sodium

Solution: C

Lynn was developing film in a room with red light. When she came out of the room, everything looked a little green for a while. Which theory explains why this is happening to her? a. Young-Helmholtz theory b. Trichromatic theory c. Opponent-process theory d. Color-constancy theory

Solution: C

Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have ____. a. better peripheral vision b. larger blind spots c. a greater rod to cone ratio d. a greater cone to rod ratio

Solution: C

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ____. a. details of shape b. facial features c. movement d. brightness

Solution: C

Organisms that help those they recognize as capable of returning the favor are displaying ____. a. kin selection b. group selection c. reciprocal altruism d. sociobiology

Solution: C

Parker consciously experiences "seeing" something when the information reaches _____. a. the LGN b. the retina c. V2 d. V1

Solution: C

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____. a. magnocellular neurons b. rods c. bipolar cells that receive input from cones d. the periphery of the retina

Solution: C

Professor Utz is giving a talk about how the eye processes light. He tells the class that once the bipolar cells receive input from ______, they send the message on to ______. a. photoreceptors; horizontal cells b. amacrine cells; horizontal cells c. photoreceptors; ganglion cells d. amacrine cells; photoreceptors

Solution: C

Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____. a. focusing on colored objects b. seeing items located in the left visual field c. recognizing faces d. processing information from more than one sensory modality at a time

Solution: C

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene for the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and "a" is a recessive gene for the inability to taste it. Which couples could possibly have both a child who tastes it and a child who does not? a. father AA, mother aa b. father Aa, mother AA c. father Aa, mother Aa d. father AA, mother AA

Solution: C

The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it. a. stimulus field b. convergence field c. receptive field d. bipolar field

Solution: C

The optic nerve sends most of its information to the _____ of the _____. a. V1; occipital lobe b. V1; thalamus c. lateral geniculate nucleus; thalamus d. medial geniculate nucleus; occipital lobe

Solution: C

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the ____. a. optic chiasm b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. hypothalamus d. cerebral cortex

Solution: C

The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____. a. stimulus field b. convergence field c. receptive field d. bipolar area

Solution: C

The primary visual cortex sends its information ____. a. to the lateral geniculate nucleus b. to area V1 c. to area V2 d. back to the retina

Solution: C

The receptive field of a receptor is the ____. a. point at which the optic nerve exits the retina b. axon hillock c. point in space from which light strikes the receptor d. point where light shines on, and excites, the visual cortex

Solution: C

V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____. a. the letter T b. a circle c. repeating stripes on a flag d. a single bar of light

Solution: C

Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features. a. Receptors b. geniculate cells c. amacrine cells d. optic nerves

Solution: C

What is one impediment to the regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system? a. Inhibitory chemicals secreted by the damaged portion of the axon b. Bacterial infections caused by the decaying tissue c. Glia releasing chemicals that inhibit axon growth d. Inhibitory messages sent from the cell nucleus when an axon is damaged

Solution: C

What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"? a. the shape of its receptive field b. whether its receptive field is monocular or binocular c. whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location d. whether it is sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus

Solution: C

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds? a. Circle of a particular radius b. Circle with a hole in the middle c. Bar in a particular orientation d. Bar of a particular length

Solution: C

What is true about altruistic behavior? a. It is evident in every animal species. b. It can be completely explained in terms of genetic contributions. c. It is difficult to explain from an evolutionary/genetic point of view. d. It has a genetic component only in humans.

Solution: C

What modern day practice helps prevent an inadequate production of thyroid hormones? a. Fluoride in drinking water b. Processed sugar c. Iodized salt d. Artificial sweeteners

Solution: C

Which of the following are selective as axons form synapses with target cells? a. Axons, but not target cells b. Target cells, but not axons c. Both axons and target cells d. Neither axons nor target cells

Solution: C

Which of the following represents Lamarckian evolution? a. "Survival of the fittest" b. "Reproduction of the fittest" c. "If you don't use it, you lose it" d. "Look out for number one"

Solution: C

Which statement best explains why males can grow breasts under certain hormonal conditions? a. Sex-linked genes become activated. b. The Y chromosome becomes activated. c. Sex-limited genes become activated. d. Breast growth is linked to color vision deficiency.

Solution: C

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye? a. Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil. b. The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors. c. More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell. d. Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.

Solution: C

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information? a. It is closest to the pupil. b. It surrounds the optic nerve. c. It has tightly packed receptors. d. It contains many blood vessels for supplying energy.

Solution: C

Why is it that every axon in an adult mammal has a target cell (muscle cell or other neuron) with which it makes synaptic contact? a. Each target cell causes the growth of a neuron and its axon. b. After formation, axons release a chemical that causes a target cell to form. c. Axons that fail to find a target cell die. d. An axon will make contact with any kind of cell and adjust its function as necessary.

Solution: C

____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light. a. Phototransmitters b. Photosins c. Photopigments d. Photoions

Solution: C

____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus. a. Hypercomplex cells b. Magnocellular cells c. Feature detectors d. Shape detectors

Solution: C

A ballistic movement ____. a. is a rhythmic alternation between two movements b. is guided by feedback during the course of the movement c. proceeds automatically once it has been triggered d. tends to overcorrect itself

Solution: C)

A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____. a. activating more action potentials b. increasing the amplitude of its action potentials c. recruiting different muscle fibers d. returning to its basal metabolic rate

Solution: C)

A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes. a. constriction b. slow c. stretch d. fast

Solution: C)

According to the frequency theory, the ____. a. tectorial membrane vibrates in synchrony with the auditory nerve b. auditory nerve is responsible for perception of sound but not loudness c. basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency d. basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency and vibrates whenever that frequency is present

Solution: C)

An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with ____. a. memory b. hearing c. ability to locate where they are being touched d. balance

Solution: C)

As an option for treating Parkinson's patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be ____. a. the most effective technique b. more effective in late stages of the disease c. modestly effective, as with other treatments d. not at all effective

Solution: C)

Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area? a. Cerebellum b. Cerebral cortex c. Spinal cord d. Thalamus

Solution: C)

Chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane ____. a. intensify the salty taste b. do not affect taste c. reduce the intensity of salty tastes d. cause an increase in sensitivity to other primary tastes

Solution: C)

Cody isn't feeling well and his vestibular system is impaired. What is likely to happen to him? a. He won't be able to hear. b. He won't be able to see. c. He will have trouble walking and might stagger and fall. d. He will have trouble determining from where a sound is coming.

Solution: C)

Damage to V1 produces ____ and damage to A1 produces ____. a. blindness; complete deafness b. complete deafness; blindness c. blindness; deafness to complex sounds d. blindness; ringing in the ears

Solution: C)

Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities. a. premotor cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. supplementary motor cortex d. tabes dorsalis

Solution: C)

Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____. a. an inability to move b. the loss of somatosensory experiences c. poorly planned movements d. no effect on movement

Solution: C)

Deeta is a supertaster. As a result, she _____. a. requires high concentrations of a particular taste to be able to identify it b. has more fungiform papillae in the center of her tongue c. is more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes d. makes up for her lack of ability to identify odors by smell

Solution: C)

How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials? a. The tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve. b. The basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters. c. Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane. d. The scala vestibuli has receptors that create action potentials.

Solution: C)

Isaiah has been diagnosed with Huntington's disease. What symptom(s) is he likely to experience? a. Rapid fatigue of the muscles b. Loss of both sensation and motor control in certain limbs c. Twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement d. Impairment of saccadic eye movements and rapid alternating movements

Solution: C)

Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on ____. a. sound b. sight c. pheromones d. other daily rituals

Solution: C)

Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body? a. Contralateral b. Ipsilateral c. Bilateral d. Dorsolateral

Solution: C)

Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____. a. tension; fatigue b. fatigue; tension c. stretch; tension d. tension; stretch

Solution: C)

Napoleon has a small cut on his foot. His pain receptors would send pain messages to the brain as a result of _____ release. a. substance P b. substance P and glutamate c. glutamate d. neuromodulators

Solution: C)

Nicola has an area on her arm that itches. That area itches because of _____. a. bad circulation b. baby powder c. histamine release d. substance P release

Solution: C)

Olfactory information is coded in receptor cells through ____. a. a different ratio of firing across three types of olfactory cells b. a different ratio of firing across six types of olfactory cells c. hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical d. chemicals in the air that are transported to the olfactory cortex

Solution: C)

One hypothesis of synesthesia is that ____. a. all of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area. b. all of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area. c. some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area. d. some of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area.

Solution: C)

Pain receptors of the skin are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings b. also known as Ruffini endings c. simple, bare neuron endings d. also known as Meissner's corpuscles

Solution: C)

Professor Gerke is giving a lecture on the vestibular system. He tells the class that both the ____ are needed for vestibular information. a. cochlea and otolith organs b. semicircular canals and cochlea c. semicircular canals and otolith organs d. cerebellum and sinuses

Solution: C)

Professor Paulk is lecturing about Parkinson Disease. He tells the class that damage from the disease results in a loss of neurons in the _____ that release _____. a. basal ganglia; dopamine b. basal ganglia; glutamate c. substantia nigra; dopamine d. substantia nigra; glutamate

Solution: C)

Professor Ruggeri tells her class that saccades are voluntary eye movements from one target to another and are initiated by the ____. a. spinal cord b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. hippocampus

Solution: C)

Professor Samaniego is giving a lecture on movement. She tells the class that recent studies about voluntary movements and conscious decisions have found that ____. a. we are conscious of our decision before brain activity is generated for movement b. voluntary movements are the result of free will c. brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision d. we are unable to judge when we make conscious decisions

Solution: C)

Scot has Parkinson's disease. His doctors have given him L-dopa as a treatment because it will ____. a. stimulate stem cells to release growth factors b. stimulate glial cells to produce more myelin c. result in an increase in dopamine d. result in a decrease in GABA

Solution: C)

Shelton was given morphine because he was experiencing ____. a. pain on the skin b. sharp pain c. slow, dull pain d. pain in the interior of the body

Solution: C)

Signe got her ears pierced. The earring was placed in her _____. a. tympanic membrane b. stapes c. pinna d. malleus

Solution: C)

Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon. a. choline b. potassium c. sodium d. calcium

Solution: C)

The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. a. anterior b. posterior c. ventral posterior d. ventral lateral

Solution: C)

The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance? a. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) b. Substance P c. Opiates d. Amphetamines

Solution: C)

The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on ____. a. the frequency of responses by each auditory neuron b. volleys of responses by many auditory neurons c. where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly d. the ratio of firing among three types of receptors

Solution: C)

The eardrum vibrates at ____. a. a much higher frequency than the sound waves that hit it b. half the frequency of the sound waves that hit it c. the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it d. a constant frequency regardless of the frequency of the sound

Solution: C)

The premotor cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement

Solution: C)

The receptors for taste are ____. a. true neurons b. covered in myelin c. modified skin cells d. modified blood cells

Solution: C)

The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____. a. sight and sound b. sound and touch c. the body and its movements d. the head and movements of the eyes

Solution: C)

The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the ____. a. cochlea b. pinna c. oval window d. hair cells

Solution: C)

Tinnitus may be ____. a. suffered by those with conductive deafness b. seen in the very young c. due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb d. due to differential loudness

Solution: C)

Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching. a. primary motor cortex b. spinal cord c. mirror d. observational

Solution: C)

What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease? a. It only helps those who are in the later stages. b. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier. c. It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons. d. It blocks glutamate receptors.

Solution: C)

What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease? a. Rapid fatigue of the muscles b. Loss of saccadic eye movements c. Difficulty initiating movements d. Inability to coordinate speech with movements

Solution: C)

What is the intensity of a sound wave called? a. Frequency b. Loudness c. Amplitude d. Tone

Solution: C)

What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease? a. 5-7 years old b. 12-20 years old c. 30-50 years old d. 65 years or older

Solution: C)

What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons? a. They have more than one axon each. b. They have no axons. c. They are replaceable when old neurons die. d. They use more than one neurotransmitter.

Solution: C)

What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound? a. Sound shadows and frequency b. Frequency and amplitude c. Loudness and timing d. Timbre and rhythm

Solution: C)

Where are the auditory receptor cells located? a. In the semicircular canal b. On the tympanic membrane c. On the basilar membrane d. In the malleus

Solution: C)

Which ability would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses? a. Writing b. Hearing c. Visually tracking an object while dancing d. Discriminating salt from sugar

Solution: C)

Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex? a. Globus pallidus and putamen b. Globus pallidus and caudate nucleus c. Caudate nucleus and putamen d. Globus pallidus

Solution: C)

Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm? a. A flexor muscle in the right arm b. An extensor muscle in the left arm c. An extensor muscle in the right arm d. Another flexor muscle in the right arm

Solution: C)

Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington's disease? a. enhancing formation of glutamine chains b. increasing production of huntingtin c. blocking formation of glutamine chain clustering d. decreasing production of BDNF

Solution: C)

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____. a. there are only three rods and three cones in each eye b. there are only three colors of light in the world c. rods are important for perception of light colors d. our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

Solution: D

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____. a. velocity of the action potential b. absolute activity of a single cone c. difference between cone and rod activity d. relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

Solution: D

After cells have differentiated as neurons or glia, they ____. a. differentiate b. proliferate c. myelinate d. migrate

Solution: D

Alcohol suppresses the release of ____, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter. a. 5-HT (serotonin) b. dopamine c. GABA d. glutamate

Solution: D

Although he has been blind since birth, Alden can experience _____, which is ______. a. blindsight; enhanced sensory systems compensating for his blindness b. agnosia; enhanced sensory systems compensating for his blindness c. agnosia; the ability to subconsciously experience vision d. blindsight; the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously

Solution: D

At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best. a. opponent process; volley b. volley; trichromatic c. opponent process; trichromatic d. trichromatic; opponent process

Solution: D

Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape's ____. a. figure-ground reversal b. color c. motion d. mirror-reversal

Solution: D

Color constancy is the ability to ____. a. perceive all wavelengths as the same color b. see color, even in very faint light c. differentiate among many colors and hues d. recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

Solution: D

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as ____. a. axon supersensitivity b. disuse supersensitivity c. enervation supersensitivity d. denervation supersensitivity

Solution: D

Humans may have been able to evolve such big brains without sacrificing other functions because of ____. a. exercise b. mutations c. deletions d. diet

Solution: D

If most of the axons that transmit dopamine to some brain area die or become inactive, the remaining dopamine synapses become ____. a. less responsive b. less easily stimulated c. more resistant d. more responsive

Solution: D

If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells? a. Activation of previously silent synapses b. Removal of toxins c. Denervation supersensitivity d. Collateral sprouting

Solution: D

In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty____. a. reading b. with all types of memory c. recognizing colors d. recognizing different kinds of plants and animals

Solution: D

In development, neurotrophins ____. During adulthood, they ____. a. preserve neurons; produce apoptosis b. produce apoptosis; increase neuronal branching c. facilitate differentiation; facilitate migration d. preserve neurons; increase neuronal branching

Solution: D

In foveal vision, ____. a. each ganglion cell excited by many receptors b. ganglion cells respond poorly to color vision c. ganglion cells respond well to dim light d. each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

Solution: D

Jasmine is pregnant with her first child. She is curious about how much alcohol, if any, she can drink without worrying about the negative effects on her child? a. The equivalent of two cocktails a day b. The equivalent of one beer a day c. Anything less than what causes her to appear drunk d. Unknown, and therefore abstention is recommended

Solution: D

Lola had a stroke several days ago. At this point, which treatment would be most likely to her? a. Injecting a drug to block dopamine b. Administering tranquilizers c. Extensive bed rest d. Giving stimulant drugs combined with physical therapy

Solution: D

Myelination in the human brain ____. a. is complete upon birth b. is complete around the second birthday c. is complete sometime shortly after adolescence d. continues well into the adult years

Solution: D

Professor Walker is lecturing about the law of specific nerve energies. She would not tell the class that _____. a. neurons in the ear send impulses that are interpreted as sound. b. neurons in the eye detect light energy. c. chemicals are the specific energy detected by receptors in the nose and tongue. d. although found in different places, the same kind of receptors on neurons are able to detect light and sound.

Solution: D

Removal of ____ turns genes off. a. enzymes b. histones c. esters d. acetyl groups

Solution: D

Research on laboratory animals indicates that cannabinoids are most effective if taken ____. a. as soon as the stroke occurs b. within 20 minutes of the stroke c. steadily for one month d. shortly before the stroke

Solution: D

Sex-limited genes are found on ____. a. X chromosomes only b. Y chromosomes only c. X and Y chromosomes d. any autosomal chromosomes

Solution: D

The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as ____. a. natural selection b. evolution c. survival of the fittest d. neural Darwinism

Solution: D

The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision. a. CRT b. opponent process c. retinex d. trichromatic

Solution: D

The field of epigenetics deals with how ____. a. reproductive fitness can be altered b. spontaneous mutations occur c. genes determine behavior d. experiences can turn genes on or off

Solution: D

The fluid-filled cavity of the developing neural tube becomes the ____. a. forebrain b. midbrain c. spinal cord d. ventricular system

Solution: D

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____. a. cerebral cortex b. superior colliculus c. inferior colliculus d. thalamus

Solution: D

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____. a. poor eyesight b. malformation of area V4 in the brain c. complete absence of one of the types of cones d. long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment

Solution: D

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell? a. Rods and cones b. Bipolar cells c. Horizontal cells d. Ganglion cells

Solution: D

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another are known as ____. a. enzymes b. mutations c. nucleic acids d. genes

Solution: D

Which action best illustrates altruistic behavior? a. Bullying other kids in the lunch line b. Spreading rumors about your boss c. Picking up your room d. Helping an elderly person across the street

Solution: D

Which of the following best describes the process by which developing axons find their general target areas? a. Completely random growth b. Shape attraction c. Electrical attraction d. Chemical attraction

Solution: D

Which statement most accurately describes embryonic development of the nervous system in humans? a. The majority of cells remain as primitive neurons until birth. b. All synapses that are formed are permanent. c. Neurons form before birth; synapses form after birth. d. Far more neurons are produced than will ultimately survive.

Solution: D

____ cells axons make up the optic nerve. a. Horizontal b. Amacrine c. Bipolar d. Ganglion

Solution: D

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light. a. Retinol; photopigments b. Opsins; retinol c. Photopigments; opsins d. Opsins; photopigments

Solution: D

____ steer new axonal branches and synapses in the right direction. a. Chemokines b. Immunoglobulin c. Glia d. Neurotrophins

Solution: D

A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on ____. a. axons that go directly from the skin to the cerebral cortex b. axons that make several synapses before reaching the spinal cord c. unusually fast axons d. unusually slow axons

Solution: D)

A motor program is a ____. a. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback b. mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements c. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk d. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion

Solution: D)

A muscle spindle responds to the ____. a. oxygen level in the muscle b. acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction c. fatigue of the muscle d. stretch of the muscle

Solution: D)

A sound shadow refers to ____. a. out of phase sound waves b. in phase sound waves c. the time it takes sound waves to reach the ears d. how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound

Solution: D)

A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the ____. a. dorsal root ganglion b. cerebellum c. Pacinian corpuscles d. muscle spindles

Solution: D)

Although he has had cerebellar damage, Tim still wants to compete in a sport. Which sport is most likely still able to do? a. Basketball b. Golf c. Tennis d. Weight lifting

Solution: D)

Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex. a. posterior parietal cortex b. secondary motor cortex c. somatosensory cortex d. supplementary motor cortex

Solution: D)

Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____. a. clumsy; paralysis b. initiation; stopping c. gross muscle function; fine motor coordination d. timing; voluntary movements

Solution: D)

Chester told his doctor that "the taste of chicken is green." He will likely be diagnosed with _____. a. MT damage b. amusia c. tinnitus d. synesthesia

Solution: D)

Delora has posterior parietal damage. As a result, she ____. a. can see an object, but is unable to describe it b. has good hand-eye coordination only if she closes one eye c. has difficulty accurately locating and approaching a sound d. will not step over an obstacle, although she can accurately describe it

Solution: D)

During her lecture on pain, Dr. Turk explains to her class that _____ is released by axons that carry information about mild pain. a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. Substance P d. Glutamate

Solution: D)

Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____. a. intermediate fibers b. anaerobic contraction c. fast-twitch fibers d. slow-twitch fibers

Solution: D)

Garnet has Huntington's disease. As a result, she has had disruptions of ____. a. her brain pathways that use dopamine for signaling b. the cerebellum c. the substantia nigra d. the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Solution: D)

How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have? a. Two or three b. Seven c. Twenty d. Hundreds

Solution: D)

Humans localize low frequencies by ____ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences. a. timing; phase b. loudness; phase c. phase; timing d. phase; loudness

Solution: D)

In adult humans, the taste buds are ____. a. evenly distributed across the front half of the tongue b. evenly distributed across the whole tongue c. concentrated near the center of the tongue d. concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue

Solution: D)

In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____. a. cannot locate the source of sounds b. lose their ability to see everything c. can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it d. cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it

Solution: D)

In terms of sound localization, low frequencies are to ____ differences, as high frequencies are to ____ differences. a. timing; phase b. loudness; phase c. phase; timing d. phase; loudness

Solution: D)

It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is ____. a. the primary cause of Parkinson's disease b. a contributing factor in some cases of Huntington's disease c. the primary cause of myasthenia gravis d. a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease

Solution: D)

Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which motor areas? a. Posterior parietal lobe b. Primary motor cortex c. Premotor cortex d. Supplementary motor cortex

Solution: D)

Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases ____. a. glutamate b. ACh. c. dopamine d. GABA

Solution: D)

Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was ____. a. vision b. vestibular c. pain d. chemical

Solution: D)

Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ____. a. Extensor muscles b. Flexor muscles c. Cardiac muscles d. Antagonistic muscles

Solution: D)

Olfactory receptors carry their message to the ____. a. cochlea b. NTS c. insular cortex d. olfactory bulb

Solution: D)

Professor Schimke is giving a lecture on the somatosensory system. He tells the class that sensory information travels from the thalamus to the _____. a. prefrontal lobe b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. parietal lobe

Solution: D)

Professor Wen is lecturing his class about Huntington's Disease. He tells the class that it is a genetic disorder caused by _____. a. a recessive gene on the X chromosome b. duplication of chromosome 21 c. genes passed down from the father d. a dominant gene on chromosome 4

Solution: D)

Rosalinda has had damage to A1, and now she has _____. a. complete deafness b. amusia c. an inability to hear high pitched sounds d. problems detecting the source of a sound that is moving

Solution: D)

Sadie is able to hear a note and identify is perfectly. She has ____. a. ultimate pitch b. sharp pitch c. tonal pitch d. absolute pitch

Solution: D)

Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____. a. frontal cortex b. striate cortex c. insular cortex d. endopiriform cortex

Solution: D)

The corticospinal tract extends from the _____ to the ____. a. basal ganglia; spinal cord b. spinal cord; cerebellum c. cerebral cortex; cerebellum d. cerebral cortex; spinal cord

Solution: D)

The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____. a. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles b. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles c. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not d. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons

Solution: D)

The prefrontal cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.

Solution: D)

Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____. a. A1; A1 b. V1; V1 c. area MT; A1 d. V1; A1

Solution: D)

What does the vestibular system detect? a. The degree of stretch of muscles b. Vibrations on the skin c. The location of sounds d. Movement of the head

Solution: D)

What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception? a. It cannot account for perception of low pitch sounds. b. It cannot account for perception of low amplitude sounds. c. It requires the cochlea to vibrate, and it does not. d. It requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do.

Solution: D)

What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease? a. Haloperidol b. Physostigmine c. Dilantin d. L-dopa

Solution: D)

What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to another? a. Gyration b. Sclerosis c. Slide d. Saccade

Solution: D)

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers? a. Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber. b. The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements. c. The more axons, which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements. d. The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.

Solution: D)

What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold? a. Cranial b. Semicircular c. Vestibular d. Somatosensory

Solution: D)

Which of the following is not one of the ossicles? a. Hammer b. Stirrup c. Incus d. Staplers

Solution: D)

Which of the following is true for nerve deafness? a. It is usually temporary. b. It often can be corrected by surgery. c. It will involve a normal cochlea and auditory nerve. d. It can result from damage to the cochlea.

Solution: D)