Psychology Ch 9

Humor

"At least your router isn't talking back at you! I can't get my digital assistant to shut up."

positive reappraisal

"Think of it this way: When we're done, your connection will be faster than it ever was before."

Order the steps that lead to a habit being formed.

1. We are deprived of something 2. We have a drive, which creates arousal 3. We try a behavior to reduce the drive 4. Over time, the same behavior consistently reduces the drive 5. The behavior becomes a habit

two-factor theory

A bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion

James-Lange Theory

A bodily response leads to emotion e.g: Stimulus: a threatening grizzly bear approaching Bodily response : heart rate increases Emotion: feeling of fear

Cannon-Bard Theory

Bodily response and emotion are separate but experienced simultaneously

Examples of positive reappraisal

Correct: A boy frightened by a snake reminds himself that he just learned in school that most snakes are harmless. A soldier nervous about her first parachute jump tells herself it will prove her fitness to be a soldier. Incorrect: A basketball player with pre-game jitters cracks a joke about the other team to lighten his mood A patient anxious about an upcoming surgery reminds herself that after the surgery she's going on a vacation.

Which of the following statements about emotion are generally accepted as true in psychology?

Correct: Emotions are reactions to environmental events. Emotions produce changes in thought and behavior Incorrect: Emotions include what are usually called beliefs Emotions begin with a bodily reaction.

Identify the reasons why blushing strengthens interpersonal relationships

Correct: It communicates an understanding of wrongdoing It is a recognition of an unintentional social error It makes it more likely that someone will be forgiven Incorrect: it betrays when someone feels selfish pride

Which of the following are examples of the social benefits of feeling and expressing guilt?

Correct: It reduces harmful behaviors to relationships It communicates care in relationships It increases behaviors that strengthen relationships Incorrect: It serves as a nonverbal apology for unintentional social errors It remedies interpersonal awkwardness

Identify the reasons why learning and culture play a role in what we eat.

Correct: People often resist eating culturally unfamiliar foods even if they are hungry Religious and cultural values can determine what we prefer to eat. Children are more likely to eat a new food offered by their mothers than by a friendly stranger Incorrect: We learn to have a meal when our bodies are low in energy

Which of the following roles does the amygdala play in emotion?

Correct: generating immediate emotional and behavioral reactions Learning classically conditioned fear responses Understanding the emotional content of facial expressions Incorrect: Suppressing memories of frightening events Preventing emotions from triggering hasty reflex behaviors ( the amygdala facilitates quick, emotion-based responses via the fast pathway.

Identify the reasons why the need to belong theory explains our social behavior.

Correct: The need for companionship is a fundamental motive, like hunger. Our ancestors who lived in groups were more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Incorrect: In the modern, we longer need to be part of a social group to avoid adverse effects. People who are shy do not possess the drive for social interaction

Although Maslow's need hierarchy is widely referenced in education and business, it lacks empirical support. Human beings often appear to have different priorities than those Maslow describes. Identify the behaviors that are consistent with Maslow's hierarchy.

Correct: moving away from a dangerous country, where you were a doctor, to a safer country where you can only get a job as a secretary Choosing to go home and sleep rather than stay out all night with friends ( placing physiological needs above belonging) Incorrect: Choosing to stay at home and write short stories rather than making friends Diving into a very deep, dangerous cave to break a world record Starving yourself in order to be thinner in the hope of having more friends Continuing to create paintings even though critics and public hate them

Intrinsic motivation e.g

Darius plays Dungeons & Dragons bc he likes the fantasy aspect and enjoys solving problems together with other people Hannah goes rock climbing bc she enjoys the challenge and the sense of accomplishment after a successful ascent

Need

Deficiency that leads to a drive e.g: Without sleep, Josie will be unable to focus in school

Identify the reasons why display rules cause differences in which emotions people show.

Display rules vary across cultures and account for the differences between "cold, bland British" and "warm, emotional Italians." The difference in which emotions women and men more frequently display may have an evolutionary basis.

optimal level of arousal

Each person prefers a different level of excitement to keep from being overwhelmed or bored

Identify the true and false statements about the adaptive, biological nature of facial expressions.

Ekman and Friesen's research revealed cross-cultural recognition of six facial expressions. Blind and sighted athletes express pride in the same manner Understanding the emotions on other people's faces can help us predict their behavior Incorrect: Similar understandings of facial expressions across cultures may be attributed to exposure to other cultures

Primary emotion

Evolutionarily adaptive Shared across cultures Associated with specific physical states

Secondary, positive

Grigori isn't sure his boss will like the work he just turned in, but he feels good, because he knows he did his best.

Identify the reasons why socialization plays a role in the development of guilt.

Guilt arises from the capacity to empathize Guilt is highly influenced by the social environment Incorrect: Hostile and angry parents are more likely to have children who feel guilt Like other negative emotions, guilt has been shown to have a strong biological basis.

governed by culture display rules

In paris, a Japanese tourist is disgusted by something but mostly hides his reaction.One tourist, also Japanese, notices. In Chicago, a female medical worker responds to a supervisor's reprimand by weeping and drying her eyes with tissues, while her male colleague remains expressionless. A male architect responds to a supervisor's reprimand by smacking the photocopy machine afterward.

Primary, positive

Jane is happily recalling some praise she just received for a presentation she gave.

Secondary, negative

Katarina has decided to stop supporting a certain charity. She put a lot of thought into the decision but still feels guilty.

extrinsic motivation e.g

Kyle goes ballroom dancing bc he is naturally shy, and this is a good way to meet people Georgette is doing community service work as part of a plea bargain that allowed her to avoid jail time for shoplifting

Miriam is studying for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, place Miriam's needs in order of priority, starting with the highest priority (the bottom of the hierarchy).

Miriam isn't going to be able to concentrate on studying until she has something to eat Miriam likes to study in a well-lit, public space where she feels safe Miriam enjoys studying with friends, even if she'd do just as well by studying alone Miriam badly wants to do well on the test, so she can get into her first choice medical school

Set-point

Optimal level for a physiological state e.g: Josie typically gets eight hours of sleep a night.

Ghrelin

Originates in Ana's stomach and triggers eating

pleasure principle

People engage in behaviors that make them feel good and avoid behaviors that cause them pain.

self-actualization

People strive to achieve their dreams and aspirations

Information reaches the amygdala by either a fast path or a slow path. Match each type of pathway with its description.

Slow path: (sensory before) confirm the existence of a threat information is sent from the thalamus through the visual cortex to the amygdala causes us to reassess a loud sound as fireworks Fast path: Response after prepares us to respond to a threat information is sent directly from the thalamus to the amygdala causes us to jump if we hear a loud sound like an explosive

self-determination theory Maurice works very hard as a volunteer at an environmental nonprofit. However, when the organization hires him and starts paying him, he finds himself working less hard.

The extrinsic reward of money reduced Maurice's intrinsic enjoyment of the work. Maurice had previously enjoyed working at the nonprofit because he felt that he was choosing to do the work, whereas now he has no choice.

Pierre and Priscilla go on a very scary roller-coaster ride together. Identify what will happen if misattribution of arousal occurs.

They will be more likely to find one another attractive. They will attribute their physical arousal to their emotions They will experience increased heart rate and sweaty palms due to the ride.

intrinsic motivation

True: Intrinsically motivated activities satisfy our natural curiosity and creatively Solving puzzles for the sake of enjoyment helps us learn about the objects in our environment Primates have a strong drive to solve complex puzzles without an external reward. False: The strongest motivation for creative pursuits is the hope of becoming recognized or famous

self-perception theory Maurice works very hard as a volunteer at an environmental nonprofit. However, when the organization hires him and starts paying him, he finds himself working less hard.

When Maurice was not getting paid, he justified spending his time working for the nonprofit by telling himself he really liked the work. Rewarding Maurice with money has given him an alternative explanation for engaging in what had previously been an intrinsic activity.

Primary, negative

While camping, Hal is surprised by a scorpion. He is afraid of getting stung.

Biologically innate in displays of emotions

a victorious weight lifter grins and raises her arms in triumph. The athlete is blind from birth. In a Spanish hospital, a Canadian watching someone down the hall get a diagnosis immediately knows that the news is good.

Secondary emotion

blends of primary emotions

activating

causing you to get up and do something

Hypothalamus Match each item with the correct description of its role in making Ana feel hungry.

controls Ana's hunger and fullness

Which of the following are successful ways of dealing with a difficult situation by regulating your emotional state?

correct: Make jokes to lighten the mood Think about the difficult situation in neutral or positive terms Watch an entertaining movie to distract yourself Incorrect: suppress negative thoughts Spend a lot of time thinking about the difficult situation Go out drinking to distract yourself

differ in strength

degree of motivation changes based on internal and external forces

self-perception theory

e.g.: we use our actions to infer our motives

People's reluctance to eat termites or crickets is a biologically innate response. There is an evolutionary explanation for why we do not want to eat insects and instead prefer to stick with meat and seafood as sources of animal protein.

false

Sustain behavior

helping you keep doing something until you get what you want

Leptin

inhibits Ana's eating behavior and regulates fat

Homeostasis

maintaining equilibrium E.g: When Josie doesn't get enough sleep, she doesn't nod off the next day.

Glucose Match each item with the correct description of its role in making Ana feel hungry. In the afternoon, Ana sometimes craves a snack. She's especially likely to want a snack if her roommate's freshly baked cookies are cooling on the kitchen counter.

makes ana feel hungry or full, depending on the amount present in her bloodstream

Drive

psychological state that creates arousal e.g: Josie has the urge to take a nap

Achievement is one of the ____ needs identified by the psychologist Henry Murray. The motivation to achieve is a need or desire to attain a certain ____. People with high achievement motivation don't just try hard; they are also _____ in the goals they set for themselves. People with low achievement motivation set goals that are either very easy to attain or too ____

psychosocial ,standard of excellence , realistic, ambitious

Motivating factors such as needs and drives that "____" us to act in certain ways are ______. We are also motivated by objects and _____ that we pursue or seek to avoid.

push, internal , goals, pull, external

Our ability to achieve long-term goals depends not only on our achievement motivation, ____, and ability to delay gratification, but also on our ___, which is a deep passion for our goals and a willingness to work toward them even when faced with hardships and pitfalls. people who ___ this trait tend to give up or get sidetracked by new interests.

self-efficacy, grit, lack

limbic system

sends reward signals in response to tasty-looking food, which induce Ana's cravings

The Yerkes-Dodson law describes the relationship between arousal, motivation, and performance. According to the law, under which of the following circumstances will an actress put on a good performance on the opening night of a play?

she is moderately nervous Incorrect: She seeks to eliminate the arousal caused by preshow jitters She is confident and not at all concerned She is highly anxious

directive

targeting specific needs or goals

When we try to lift our spirits by avoiding negative thoughts, we are attempting _______. this strategy often has a rebound effect. When we focus on our negative thoughts, we are engaged in______. this strategy prolongs our unhappy mood and undermines better strategies ____

thought suppression, rebound, rumination, distraction