Psychology Chapter 11

Hindsight Bias

Knew-it-all along effect, to see that the event was predictable despite no objective bias.

Diffusion of Responsibility

A person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are around.

Informational Social Influence

Assume actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a situation

When Susan learned that infants in Mayan families in Guatemala often sleep in their mother's bed until the child is two or three years old, she expressed her surprise that the Mayan culture was so "backward" compared to American culture. Susan's views are a good example of ________. - hindsight bias - an implicit personality theory - blame the victim - ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism

Implicit Personality Theory

Implicit personality theory describes the specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information about an unfamiliar person.

Normative Social Influence

Leading to conformity, the influence of others leads us to conform in order to be liked or accepted by them

Rule of Reciprocity

Repay in kind what another person has provided for them.

Many fund-raising organizations send free, personalized return address labels to people as part of their strategy to get people to donate money to their particular organization. This persuasion strategy is an example of ___________. A) the rule of commitment Incorrect Response B) the foot-in-the-door technique Correct Answer C) the rule of reciprocity D) the "feel good, do good" effect

Rule of Reciprocity

Someone says that they got a low evaluation at work because their boss is a jerk. What is this called? - hindsight bias - fundamental attribution error - self-serving bias

Self-serving bias.

In Milgram's original experiment: Incorrect Response A) the "learner" was given actual electric shocks, some of them very severe, by the "teacher" during the course of the experiment B) the "teacher" was allowed to decide which level of shock, if any, to administer to the "learner". Correct Answer C) the subject assigned to the "teacher" role was given a sample electric shock at the 45-volt level. D) the "learner" was allowed to leave once the level of shock administered by the "teacher" became too painful

The subject assigned to the "teacher" role was given a sample electric shock at the 45-volt level

Implicit Cognition

Unconscious influences, that influence a person's behavior even they have no conscious awareness.

Normative social influence results from people's desire to: A) reduce cognitive dissonance. B) be correct and have accurate information. Correct Response C) be liked and accepted by others. D) avoid the fundamental attribution error

be liked and accepted by others

Jeff strongly believes that endangered species should be protected. After conducting a job search he is offered a job with a company that intends to develop a parcel of land, destroying one of the few remaining habitats of an endangered species of earthworm. Which of the following circumstances would make it more likely that Jeff would behave in accordance with his attitude and REFUSE the job offer? - Jeff knows a great deal about the endangered earthworm species - His parents tell him to take the job - The job pays a high salary and a valuable experiance - Jeff doesn't feel strongly about earthworms

- Jeff knows a great deal about the endangered earthworm species.

In Milgram's original obedience experiment, how many of the participants remained obedient to the very end of the experiment, administering the full 450 volts to the learner? A) none (0 percent) B) 14 out of 40 (35 percent) C) 6 out of 40 (15 percent) Correct Response D) 26 out of 40 (65 percent)?

65%

Question 14 1 / 1 point Which of the following was one of the factors that seemed to help explain why no one helped Kitty Genovese? A) Each bystander thought that he or she was the only witness to the crime that was occurring. Correct Response B) Some of the bystanders interpreted the situation as a lovers' quarrel or a domestic dispute. C) The bystanders were experiencing apathy, a phenomenon that happens due to the alienation and depersonalization of life in a big city. D) The bystanders were displaying a form of ethnocentrism.

B

Which is a fairly common attributional bias? - diffusion of responsibility - the " feel good, do good " effect - hindsight bias

Hindsight bias

Bystander Effect

People do not offer help to a victim when other people are present.

Diffusion of responsibility: A) contributes to an explanatory pattern called blaming the victim. B) is one of the key reasons that bystanders will help a stranger. C) was the tactic used to reduce the hostility between the two groups of boys at Robbers Cave State Park. Correct Response D) plays a key role in explaining the bystander effect.

Plays a key role in explaining the bystander effect

Self-Serving Bias

Positive events to their chatacter but negative events are blamed on the external factors.

Social Categorization

Process of classifying people into groups based on similar characteristics