Psychology - Chapter 14

Yvette knew that Vicky had been feeling very down lately but she was stunned when Vicky told her that she was planning to kill herself. According to the text, which of the following would be the most helpful way for Yvette to respond to Vicky?

"Tell me what's going on and why you feel this way."

According to the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders, which of the following statements is FALSE?

*not "Forty-four percent of all the cigarettes smoked in the United States are consumed by people with one or more mental disorders."* *not "forty-one percent of individuals with a current mental disorder are smokers compared with 22 percent of people who have never been diagnosed with a mental disorder"*

Collectively, genetic studies have found that schizophrenia was associated with literally thousands of gene variations, both common and rare. Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions that was reached based on these studies?

*not "No specific pattern of genetic variation can be identified as the cause of schizophrenia."*

A number of problems have been identified regarding the "traumatic memory" explanation (the dissociative coping theory) of dissociative identity disorder. Which of the following is NOT one of the problems identified in the text?

*not "The dissociative coping theory (traumatic memory explanation) is difficult to test empirically because memories of childhood are notoriously unreliable and difficult to authenticate."*

Which of the following statements about phobias is FALSE?

*not "about 13 percent of the general population will experience a specific phobia at some point in their lives."*

According to the textbook, DSM-5 has been criticized for:

*not "not including homosexuality as a mental disorder"*

Dennis is 45 years old and both he and his 25-year-old wife are looking forward to being parents for the first time. They are aware of the risks associated with the parents' age and the development of schizophrenia. They recently read the results of a study by Dolores Malaspina and her colleagues (2001), which showed that:

*not "three-quarters of the cases of schizophrenia in the study were associated with older paternal age."*

Every year in the United States, approximately _____ Americans are treated for schizophrenia.

1 million

According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), approximately one out of _____ American adults has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point thus far in his or her life.

2

DSM-5 is a book that describes more than _____ specific psychological disorders.

200

Every year in the United States, approximately _____ people commit suicide.

40,000

Every year in the United States, approximately _____ people require emergency room treatment for attempted suicide.

500,000

Which of the following is an example of the development of a phobia through classical conditioning?

After being attacked by a man in an elevator, Evelyn developed a phobia of elevators and other small, confined spaces.

Which of the following is NOT one of the key defining features of anorexia nervosa?

All are defining features of anorexia nervosa.

Based on their genetic relationship to a person with schizophrenia, which of the following people has the greatest risk of developing schizophrenia?

Anne, whose biological mother and biological father have schizophrenia

Which of the following examples reflects a symptom of an anxiety disorder rather than normal anxiety?

For the past several weeks, Mavis has been unable to concentrate at work because she keeps thinking that something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows that he's safe.

Genetic studies have found that schizophrenia was associated with literally thousands of gene variations, both common and rare. Which of the following is NOT one of the three important results that emerged from this research?

Genes associated with a particular chromosome location have been linked directly to the development of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Men who father children at the age of 50 or older are three times more likely than younger fathers to produce offspring with schizophrenia.

Research has investigated whether people with mental disorders are significantly more violent and dangerous than other groups of people. What was the basic finding of that research?

People who have a severe mental disorder in which they are delusional or hallucinating have a slightly higher level of violent behavior than people who do not have a mental disorder.

According to the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders, what is one possible explanation for the fact that people with psychological disorders have a much higher rate of smoking than people who do not have a psychological disorder?

People with a psychological disorder may tend to use cigarettes as a form of self-medication.

Which of the following statements about social anxiety disorder is FALSE?

People with social anxiety disorder typically are unaware that their fears are unreasonable or excessive.

Which of the following is cited as evidence supporting the viral infection theory of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia occurs more often in people who were born during the winter and spring months, when influenza and upper respiratory infections are most common.

According to the text discussion, not all the evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia. Which of the following findings seems to contradict the dopamine hypothesis?

Some individuals who have schizophrenia do not experience a reduction of symptoms in response to taking antipsychotic medications.

There is evidence that brain structure abnormalities are found in schizophrenia. Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions reached about this evidence?

Such findings prove that brain abnormalities are the cause of schizophrenia.

A study by psychologist Henry Steadman and his colleagues monitored the behavior of more than 1,000 former mental patients for a year after they were discharged from psychiatric facilities. They also monitored the behavior of a matched control group of people who were not former mental patients but were living in the same neighborhood. What did the study find?

The former mental patients did not have a higher rate of violence than the comparison group.

Which of the following statements about patterns of suicide in the United States is FALSE?

The highest rate of suicide occurs in the adolescent age group.

During the last year, Rebecca's 10-year-old son, Tyler, has developed several unusual symptoms. For no apparent reason, Tyler's head will suddenly jerk, his eyes will repeatedly blink, or he will repetitively shrug his shoulders. In the past two months, Tyler's symptoms have become more frequent and more intense. Additionally, Tyler's fourth grade teacher has complained that Tyler sometimes makes clicking and grunting sounds in class, which he doesn't seem to be able to control. Which of the following psychological disorders does Tyler most likely have?

Tourette's disorder

Patrick has been diagnosed as suffering from social anxiety disorder. Patrick is likely to experience:

a paralyzing fear of performing even routine behaviors in public situations or in front of other people.

Statistically, women are _____ to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder.

about twice as likely as men

On three separate occasions when she was out in public over the past three months, Vanessa has had to rush home after being overwhelmed by dizzy spells during which her heart pounded and she felt as if she couldn't breathe. On the last occasion she went to the emergency room but a thorough examination ruled out any medical problem. Nevertheless, Vanessa has become increasingly fearful about having more episodes and she has restricted her activities to only the most essential outings. Vanessa seems to be displaying symptoms of which of the following psychological disorders?

agoraphobia

The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) found that:

almost one out of two adults (46 percent) has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point thus far in his or her life.

A relatively common symptom in schizophrenia is greatly reduced production of speech—the person's verbal responses are limited to very brief, empty comments. This particular symptom is termed:

alogia.

Researcher George Gerbner and his colleagues analyzed U.S. television shows. According to the Critical Thinking section, they found that:

although 5 percent of normal television characters are murderers, 20 percent of the mentally ill characters are killers.

_____ is an eating disorder in which the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is extremely afraid of gaining weight or becoming fat, and has a distorted perception about the size of his or her body.

anorexia nervosa

About four months ago, 16-year-old Amanda went on a drastic diet that caused her to drop from her normal weight of 120 pounds to less than 90 pounds. Although her weight is dangerously low, she continues to undereat because she thinks she looks fat. Amanda suffers from:

anorexia nervosa.

An unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry, dread, apprehension, and tension, along with heightened physical arousal, is called:

anxiety.

In terms of lifetime prevalence, _____ of Americans will be affected by the symptoms of major depressive disorder at some point in their life.

approximately 15 percent

In obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessions and compulsions frequently:

are linked in some way.

Juanita was very upset and distraught at her father's funeral. As his coffin was being lowered into the grave she suddenly experienced heart palpitations, dizziness, and the feeling that she was going crazy. She started to scream and swear, and hit out at those around her, but was immediately comforted and embraced by her family members. Juanita may have experienced a syndrome called _____ that has been reported in many Latin American cultures.

ataque de nervios

An individual's false belief that outside forces such as aliens, the government, or random people, have power over him and can influence and manipulate his actions or thoughts is called a delusion of:

being controlled.

Danny, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, falsely believes that outside forces in the form of aliens from another universe have power over him and actively influence and manipulate his actions and thoughts. These types of delusions are called delusions of:

being controlled.

Which of the following is an example of a dissociative experience that is pathological or abnormal?

being unable to remember your own name or other important details about your life

The personality disorder that is most commonly diagnosed and considered to be the most serious, severe, and disabling of all the personality disorders is _____ personality disorder.

borderline

Disruption in attachment relationships in early childhood has been suggested to be an important cause in the development of _____ since this disorder is characterized by intense and chronic fears of abandonment.

borderline personality disorder

When Spencer first started dating Melissa, their relationship quickly became very intense. But after a couple of weeks, Spencer became increasingly uneasy because Melissa seemed to constantly need his attention and reassurances of his commitment to her. When Melissa showed up unexpectedly at Spencer's office to have lunch with him, she became enraged when Spencer told her that he was taking two important clients to lunch. Shortly after this incident, Spencer tried to break off the relationship with Melissa, which turned into an ugly scene with her screaming profanities at him in the middle of the street. Several days later, Spencer learned that Melissa had been hospitalized for overdosing on tranquilizers. Melissa's pattern of behavior seems to fit which of the following disorders?

borderline personality disorder

Lana is about the right weight for her age and height. Nevertheless, she is so preoccupied by her fear of becoming overweight that whenever she goes on an eating binge, she purges the excessive food by self-induced vomiting. It is likely that Lana suffers from:

bulimia nervosa.

Trevor's heart was pounding after he ran up three flights of stairs. He immediately began to think he might be having a heart attack, which made him even more physically aroused, and this, in turn, made him more panicky. According to the _____, Trevor may be a victim of his own illogical thinking and may be misinterpreting and exaggerating normal physical sensations.

catastrophic cognitions theory of panic disorder

Research has shown that depressive and bipolar disorders occur more frequently among _____ than among the general population.

creative writers and artists

Hikkomori, a disorder in which people become virtual recluses for years at a time, locking themselves away to play video games or surf the internet, has been identified as a(n):

culture-bound syndrome.

Terri has suffered for the past three years or more from a milder but chronic form of bipolar disorder in which she experiences moderate but frequent mood swings. Terri probably has _____ disorder.

cyclothymic

Kirk is difficult to work with because he is extremely moody and unpredictable. Some days he is full of complaints about his job and wants nothing to do with his co-workers. At other times, Kirk is extremely upbeat and optimistic and enthusiastically suggests that the whole work group go out to lunch together. Kirk's chronic mood swings and his inconsistent behavior are characteristics of which of the following disorders?

cyclothymic disorder

Some people suffer from a milder but chronic form of bipolar disorder in which they experience moderate but frequent mood swings for two years or longer. This disorder is called:

cyclothymic disorder.

Paul's girlfriend is very concerned about him because his thinking seems to have become increasingly confused. Today, Paul said that he was really the reincarnation of John Lennon, the former member of the Beatles who was shot and killed in 1980. Paul also told her that he had special musical powers and that he needed to start his own rock group so that he could deliver his message to the masses. Paul seems to be experiencing:

delusions of grandeur.

Chloe is 19 years old, weighs 86 pounds, has a BMI of 13.9, and has been hospitalized with a diagnosis of severe anorexia nervosa. Because of her anorexia, Chloe is likely to:

develop a soft, fine body hair called lanugo.

A(n) _____ disorder is diagnosed when disruptions in personal identity, awareness, or memory are extreme, frequent, and seriously impair the ability to function in everyday life.

dissociative

Jack was found sleeping on a park bench. When awakened by a police officer, he could not remember who he was or where he lived. Later, investigators discovered that Jack's wife had left him the night before after a violent fight in which he tried to attack her. Jack insists that he has no memories of the dispute with his wife or even of having been married. Jack is probably suffering from:

dissociative amnesia.

Miguel's wife brought him to the emergency room because Miguel could not remember his name, the names of his family members, where he worked, or any other information he should easily be able to remember. Extensive tests at the hospital indicated that Miguel's memory problems were not due to an injury, an illness, drugs, or any other physical or medical condition. A clinical psychologist suggested that Miguel might be suffering from:

dissociative amnesia.

Priscilla's husband insisted that she go to a mental health clinic when she was unable to explain or remember her frequent absences from home, phone calls from people that she claimed she had never heard of, and check stubs from checks that she couldn't remember writing. At the clinic, Priscilla admitted there were long stretches of her life that were completely blank to her. Suddenly, Priscilla's voice, facial expression, and demeanor changed, and she said to the clinic psychologist, "Don't pay any attention to that old Priscilla. She's just a bore. My name is Patty, and I'm a lot more fun to talk to." The clinic psychologist suspects that Priscilla may be suffering from:

dissociative identity disorder.

The viral infection theory of schizophrenia suggests that:

exposure to a viral infection during prenatal development or early infancy leaves the offspring more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia later in life.

One explanation for dissociative identity disorder is that it results from:

extreme trauma in childhood; the alters are created to embody the dissociated memories and emotions that are too painful for the primary personality to acknowledge.

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors thought to contribute to eating disorders?

family interaction patterns that focus on unconditional positive regard and acceptance of each person's individuality

A relatively common symptom in schizophrenia is that the person responds with greatly reduced emotional expressiveness, including facial expressions. This particular symptom is referred to as:

flat affect.

A small percentage of people with bipolar disorder display rapid cycling , which is characterized by:

four or more manic or depressive episodes every year.

Global, persistent, chronic, and excessive apprehension is the main feature of:

generalized anxiety disorder

People with _____ are constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive. They feel anxious about a wide range of life circumstances, sometimes with little or no apparent justification.

generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by constant, excessive, and unjustified anxiety about a wide range of issues and circumstances?

generalized anxiety disorder

False or distorted perceptions that seem vividly real are called:

hallucinations.

Neil and Bonnie are married. Neil is not depressed, but Bonnie is suffering from major depressive disorder. Bonnie is more likely to:

have very low interest or pleasure in most activities.

Lou Ann has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder called agoraphobia. Lou Ann is afraid of:

having a panic attack in a public place.

Keith was surprised when his boss invited a co-worker to lunch but did not invite him. At first, Keith was convinced that he had not been invited because they wanted to discuss Keith's job performance at lunch. Later, the co-worker told Keith that the boss had taken her to lunch to tell her that she was being laid off. Privately, Keith was relieved because it now made perfect sense to him why he had not been invited to lunch. In this scenario, Keith appears to be:

having normal thought processes

Rebecca is 17 years old, weighs 86 pounds, has a BMI of 13.5, and has been hospitalized with a diagnosis of severe anorexia nervosa. Which of the following symptoms is Rebecca likely to experience?

her menstrual cycle may stop.

Janet is convinced that she has one or more serious illnesses. She has a preoccupation with diseases and misinterprets her normal bodily symptoms or functions as serious health problems. Her doctors say she is perfectly healthy and that her various symptoms are probably due to her imagination. Which of the following psychological disorders does Janet most likely have?

illness anxiety disorder

Use of cocaine or amphetamines causes:

increased dopamine activity in the brain, which can produce schizophrenia-like symptoms.

Which of the following Western disorders does NOT have symptoms in common with Hikkomori?

levophobia

The content of hallucinations that occur in schizophrenia:

may be influenced by culture and religious beliefs.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box, "Schizophrenia: A Wildfire in the Brain," more rapid gray matter loss in the temporal lobes was associated with _____ of schizophrenia, and more rapid loss in the frontal lobes was associated with _____ of schizophrenia.

more severe positive symptoms; more severe negative symptoms

Which of the following disorders is characterized by recurrent episodes of unintended sleep in inappropriate situations, such as while driving a car or attending a meeting?

narcolepsy

According to the research presented in the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders, nicotine is implicated in psychological disorders because:

nicotine affects many of the same neurotransmitters and brain areas that are involved in mental disorders.

Uncontrollable thoughts and worries are to _____ as uncontrollable behaviors are to _____.

obsessions; compulsions

Jeffrey is so preoccupied by his fear of germs that he always keeps his car and apartment windows sealed tightly, and refuses to allow anyone into his apartment. He carries his own silverware, which he uses when he eats away from home, and washes his hands every time he touches anything that has been touched by someone else. Jeffrey would most likely be diagnosed with:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

People with personality disorders:

often display the characteristics of their personality disorder by the adolescent or early adult years.

Researchers have found brain structure abnormalities in about _____ of the people who have schizophrenia.

one-half

The most common symptoms of a _____ are a pounding heart, rapid breathing, breathlessness, and a choking sensation. The person may also sweat, tremble, and experience light-headedness, chills, or hot flashes. Accompanying the intense, escalating surge of physical arousal are feelings of terror and the belief that one is about to die, go crazy, or completely lose control.

panic attack

For the third time in two months, Erica's husband rushed her to the hospital emergency room because Erica thought she was having a heart attack. Her symptoms included a racing, pounding heart, weakness, feeling faint, and feeling as if she were unable to breathe. Although her doctor says she is physically healthy, Erica lives in fear of another attack. Erica is most likely suffering from which psychological disorder?

panic disorder

Sudden, intense, and short-lived anxiety is to _____ as ongoing, persistent, and global anxiety is to _____.

panic disorder; generalized anxiety disorder

Pathological jealousy commonly characterizes the intimate relationships of the person with _____ personality disorder.

paranoid

Dan became furious when the waitress made a mistake on his bill. He accused her of trying to rip him off even though she tried to apologize for her mistake. When the wind blew some paper onto his lawn, Dan was angry, convinced his neighbor had thrown it there on purpose. This type of pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others is characteristic of:

paranoid personality disorder.

According to the information presented in the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders:

people with multiple psychological disorders have higher rates of smoking and smoke more cigarettes per day than people with one or no psychological disorders.

Chronic, low-grade depressed feelings are to _____ disorder as moderate, recurring mood swings are to _____ disorder.

persistent depressive disorder; cyclothymic

Philip has been hospitalized for an episode of schizophrenia. He believes that secret agents are bombarding his brain with gamma rays, and he sometimes sees grotesque creatures climbing on the wall of his hospital room. Philip's symptoms are referred to as _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

positive

The four core symptoms of _____ are (1) frequent, intrusive recollections of a traumatic event; (2) numbing of emotional responsiveness, (3) avoidance of stimuli that tend to trigger memories of the traumatic event: and (4) increased physical arousal associated with anxiety.

post-traumatic stress disorder

Hundreds of mental health professionals, mostly _____, participated in the development of DSM-5.

psychiatrists and clinical psychologists

The term _____ refers to the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.

psychopathology

Personality traits are:

relatively stable predispositions to behave or react in certain ways.

When a person exhibits symptoms such as bizarre postures or grimaces, and agitated behavior, the diagnosis would be:

schizophrenia with catatonia.

The psychological disorder that is characterized by impaired functioning because of severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes is called:

schizophrenia.

Larry thinks that his roommate Bob has been acting strangely lately. When Larry asks Bob how he feels, Bob says, "Everything looks different these days. I keep hearing this whispering, and the stuff in the room changes shape all the time. It's like I don't really know if I'm bigger or smaller than that desk over there. Yesterday, I thought the chair had become completely flat, like a picture of a chair instead of a real chair. Do things look normal to you?" What symptom of schizophrenia is Bob displaying?

sensory distortions

According to the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders, some researchers believe that:

smoking triggers the onset of symptoms in people who are already vulnerable to the development of a mental disorder, especially major depressive disorder.

Alan always has been terrified of spiders. He refuses to enter his bedroom at night until it has been thoroughly checked for spiders. Even a picture of a spider makes him extremely uncomfortable. Most likely, Alan is suffering from a psychological disorder called:

specific phobia.

In most cases, the disorder called dissociative amnesia occurs as a response to:

stress, trauma, or an extremely distressing situation.

Owen's brother and mother have both had occurrences of major depressive disorder. Owen himself has had two episodes of major depressive disorder in the past five years. Given this background information, which of the following is one of the best predictors as to whether Owen will experience another episode of major depressive disorder in the future?

stressful life events

The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia has provided strong evidence that:

supports the beneficial effects of a psychologically healthy family environment.

The disorder that usually affects Japanese males and involves extreme social anxiety about offending, insulting, or embarrassing other people is called:

taijin kyofusho

One important reason that some psychologists are skeptical of dissociative identity disorder is that:

the number of reported cases has increased dramatically in the early 1970s.

The _____ of panic disorder states that a biological predisposition toward anxiety, a low sense of control over potentially life threatening events, and an oversensitivity to physical sensations combine to make a person susceptible to panic.

triple vulnerabilities model

The onset of schizophrenia:

typically occurs during early adulthood.

According to the textbook, DSM-5 has been criticized for:

using arbitrary cutoffs to draw the line between people with and without a particular disorder.

The most consistent brain structure abnormality that researchers have found in people with schizophrenia is enlargement of the:

ventricles.

The onset of bipolar disorder is most likely to occur:

when the person is in his or her early 20s.

After his wife died, Roland was deeply despondent and sad. He attempted to resume work a week or so after the funeral but was unable to function at his job and was unable to attend to the routine duties of life. He feelings guilty for not being able to prevent his wife's death. According to the text, Roland would likely be diagnosed:

with major depressive disorder.