Psychology chapter 6

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the ___________ is to verbal material as the _____________ is to visual or spatial material A. Phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad B. Phonological loop; central executive C. Central executive; phonological loop D. Visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop

A. Phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad

Working memory A. Refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information B. Has a relatively short duration seldom exceeding 3 or 4 seconds C. Has a limited capacity of about 12 to 14 items D. Provides permanent storage for information

A. Refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information

Which stage of memory can be thought of as the ''workshop" of consciousness? A. Short-term or working memory B. Long-term memory C. Visual sensory memory D. Auditory sensory memory

A. Short-term or working memory

Short-term memory is often referred to as ___________ memory A. Working B. Episodic C. Sensory D. Source

A. Working

The term source confusion refers to A. a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten or confused with another memory B. the eerie feeling of having experienced the exact situation before but not being able to recall precisely when or where C. intentionally citing an incorrect source in a term paper D. being able to retrieve information that you know is stored in long-term memory

A. a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten or confused with another memory

The typical sequence of behaviors or actions at a common event, such as checking out at a grocery store or going to the movies, is a particular type of schema that psychologists call A. a script B. false familiarity C. a semantic network D. an engram

A. a script

Research on flashbulb memories shows that A. flashbulb memories function just like ordinary memries; we remember some details, forget some details, and think we remember some details B. such memories are completely resistant to distortions and interference from other memories C. the details of such memories are much more accurate over long periods of time than ordinary memories D. people are less confident in the accuracy of flashbulb memories

A. flashbulb memories function just like ordinary memries; we remember some details, forget some details, and think we remember some details

The term Schema refers to a(n) A. organized cluster of knowledge and information about an object, an event, a situation, or a concept B. memory-enhancing technique that is used during hypnosis to aid in the retrieval of repressed memories C. organized plan to accomplish a specific goal D. a group of neurons that link two or more memory areas in the brain

A. organized cluster of knowledge and information about an object, an event, a situation, or a concept

__________ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory A. retrieval B. consolidation C. encoding D. storage

A. retrieval

When a new memory interferes with an old memory, ___________ is said to have occurred. A. retroactive interference B. suppression C. encoding failure D. proactive interference

A. retroactive interference

From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the coffee table." Which type of sensory memory can explain this phenomenon? A. Semantic memory B. Echoic memory C. Contextual memory D. Iconic memory

B. Echoic memory

According to the stage model of memory A. Memories evolve in stages from simple memories to complex memories B. Memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory C. The capacity to remember changes with each age and stage of the lifespan D. Memory consists of the stages of maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and clustering

B. Memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Sperling's classic experiment in which he briefly flashed three rows of letters on a screen immediately followed by a tone demonstrated that A. Subliminal perception can influence unconscious thought processes B. Visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about half a second C. Auditory sensory memory lasts for three or four seconds D. Short-term memory can last for up to thirty seconds

B. Visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about half a second

Richard can recall very specific and vivid details about the day his son was born. Richard's memory of this very emotional, personal event in his life is an example of what is called __________ memory. A. iconic B. a flashbulb C. prospective D. an implicit

B. a flashbulb

Much of your sense of self is derived from memories of your unique life experiences. These particular kinds of memories are referred to as __________ memories. A. sensory B. autobiographical C. implicit D. semantic

B. autobiographical

The inability to recall information that was previously available to memory is called: A. the misinformation effect B. forgetting C. source confusion D. encoding failure

B. forgetting

The semantic network model suggests that A. distortions in memory can occur when the true source of memory is forgotten B. information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations C. when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely D. semantic information is organized in a network, but episodic information is organized chronologically

B. information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations

When old memories interfere with a new memory, ____________ is said to have occurred A. retroactive interference B. proactive interference C. encoding failure D. long-term potentiation

B. proactive interference

The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory A. is seven items or bits of information, plus or minus two B. seems to be limitless C. is four items or bits of information, plus or minus one D. depends on the amount of maintenance rehearsal performed on the information

B. seems to be limitless

____________ is due to conscious deliberate forgetting as ___________ is due to unconscious forgetting. A. repression; suppression B. suppression; repression C. retroactive interference; proactive interference D. proactive interference; retroactive interference

B. suppression; repression

Although Morgan had practiced her speech several times, she had trouble remembering the middle part of the speech when she gave it in speech class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates: A. prospective memory failure B. the serial position effect C. anterograde amnesia D. proactive interference

B. the serial position effect

According to George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is A. Unlimited B. About three items at one time C. About eleven items at one time D. About seven items at one time

D. About seven items at one time

As James watched Haley wave the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the sparkler? A. The déjà vu experience B. Prospective memory C. Echoic memory D. Iconic memory

D. Iconic memory

_________ involves recovering stored information so that we are consciously aware of it A. Storage B. Feedback C. Encoding D. Retrieval

D. Retrieval

Explicit memory A. is also known as nondeclarative memory B. can be defined as memory without awareness C. is a category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions D. can be defined as memory with awareness

D. can be defined as memory with awareness

Rather than simply repeating key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using ___________ to help encode information into his long-term memory. A. maintenance rehearsal B. the serial position effect C. contextual cues D. elaborative rehearsal

D. elaborative rehearsal

Implicit memory is A. memory that cna be consciously recollected B. a category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events C. a category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts D. memory that cannot be consciously recollected

D. memory that cannot be consciously recollected

The "misinformation effect" refers to a A. memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually happened B. memory disruption that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten C. memory distortions caused by the context effect D. phenomenon in which existing memories are distorted by exposing people to misleading information

D. phenomenon in which existing memories are distorted by exposing people to misleading information

Prospective memory A. is very susceptible to distortion by imagination inflation B. was first studied by Karl Lashley, the famous American Psychologist C. usually occurs in response to the use of hypnosis or guided imagery D. refers to remembering to do something in the future

D. refers to remembering to do something in the future

During the short-answer essay part of the examination, Ethan was absolutely certain that he knew the definition of "long-term potentiation" but he could not think of it. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Ethan's inability to retrieve the information from his long-term memory? A. the misinformation effect B. prospective memory failure C. source confusion D. retrieval cue failure

D. retrieval cue failure

Which is the best explanation for encoding failure? A. the information was not processed beyond the sensory memory stage B. old information interferes with one's ability to process novel information C. the information was stored in working memory, but it was then repressed in long-term memory D. the information enters one's short-term memory, but is never encoded into long-term memory

D. the information enters one's short-term memory, but is never encoded into long-term memory

Which term refers to the hypothetical brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory? A. clustering B. a schema C. encoding specificity D. the memory trace or engram

D. the memory trace or engram

When studying for a test in his Lifespan Development class, Mario tries to apply the information to his own life in order to better retain the material. Mario is demonstrating: A. procedural memory B. episodic memory C. maintenance rehearsal D. the self-reference effect

D. the self-reference effect

Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number 18798675309, she thought of the number as the year psychology was founded (1879) and her best friend's phone number (867-5309). Jamie was using the strategy of ____________ to help her remember the ISBN number. A. Chunking B. Clustering C. Distributed practice D. Source monitoring

A. Chunking

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "central executive" A. Is specialized for verbal material B. Is specialized for spatial and visual material C. Controls attention, integrates information, and initiates retrieval D. Is involved in organizing information in a complex network

C. Controls attention, integrates information, and initiates retrieval

We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as A. Retrieval B. Storage C. Encoding D. Prospective Remembering

C. Encoding

Merely repeating information over and over is called ____________, while focusing on the meaning of the information is called _____________ A. Chunking; clustering B. Clustering; chunking C. Maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal D. Elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal

C. Maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

Memory is formally defined as A. A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience B. The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment C. The mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information D. A mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it

C. The mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory? A. Move the information into sensory memory B. Use iconic memory to hold the memory longer C. Use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information D. Use a process called clustering

C. Use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information

After being presented with a list of thirty random words, Jennifer was asked to recall as many words as she could. In recalling the words, Jennifer remembered groups of related words, such as harp, flute, and piano. Jennifer's pattern of answers during recall demonstrates: A. the self-reference effect B. autobiographical memory C. clustering D. the serial position effect

C. clustering

Brandon vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of which type of long-term memory? A. semantic memory B. spatial memory C. episodic memory D. procedural memory

C. episodic memory

In the brain, simple memories may be ____________ and complex memories may be ____________. A. episodic; semantic B. distributed; localized C. localized; distributed D. semantic; episodic

C. localized; distributed

The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows that A. there is not much forgetting soon after learning B. there is a linear relationship between time and forgetting C. much of what we learn is forgotten very quickly D. almost everything we learn is eventually forgotten

C. much of what we learn is forgotten very quickly

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory? A. semantic memory B. prospective memory C. procedural memory D. episodic memory

C. procedural memory

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of A. the serial position effect B. the misinformation effect C. retrieval failure D. encoding failure

C. retrieval failure

When studying for her humanities tests, Kelly always goes to the classroom where the humanities class is held. By studying in the same setting where she'll take the test, Kelly is trying to use __________ to her advantage. A. deja vu B. implicit memory C. the context effect D. mood congruence

C. the context effect

Information is stored in short-term memory for about A. Thirty minutes B. Two or three seconds C. twenty seconds D. a day

C. twenty seconds