Psychology Exam 2 (Chp: 4,6,8,9)

Roughly _____ percent of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences.

5%

Russell punishes his young son when he plays with his sister's dolls. _____ theory emphasizes the importance of responses such as Russell's to a child's gender role development.

Social Learning

Mrs. Norman smiles and laughs when her daughter plays with dolls. _____ theory emphasizes the importance of responses such as Mrs. Norman's to a child's gender role development.

Social learning

Bob believes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. This illustrates:

a biopsychosocial approach.

Peter and Paul are identical twins reared apart by different families; however, they are similar in many ways: both are postal workers, avid book readers, woodworkers, and each has two children, both males. Critics say that these similarities:

are no different than if two strangers spent hours comparing their lives.

Because of cataracts, a neighbor was deprived of visual experiences during early childhood. Last year, her vision was restored by surgery but she is having difficulty in dealing with the visual world. This is probably because:

brain cells normally devoted to vision died or were diverted to other uses.

Piano players who do drills when they are children to improve dexterity in their left hands experience:

brain changes that greatly improve dexterity.

If a child loses vision, his or her brain will respond by using the area previously devoted to vision for other abilities. This is an example of:

brain plasticity

The man contributes _____ when a man and a woman conceive a child.

either an X or a Y chromosome

A new family has moved in next door to you. Your 5-year-old daughter refuses to meet the neighbor's 6-year-old son. She cannot imagine that he might share her interests. What is causing her to be so rigid in her stereotypes about boys and girls?

her gender schema

Owen considers himself, based on his psychological sense of himself, to be male. This self-perception could be characterised as Owen's gender ______.

identity

Regarding status and power in modern society, brute strength is generally becoming:

less important

Jake enjoys hunting, playing football, and wrestling more than the other boys in his class, while Susan enjoys talking to her friends and taking care of her younger siblings. We can say that Jake is exhibiting traditionally _____ traits, while Susan is exhibiting traditionally _____ traits.

masculine; feminine

Ants that become less sensitive to the repellants that are sprayed on them and are able to multiply are an example of:

natural selection.

What are the three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality?

1) Starts with an effect and works backwards to propose explanation. 2) This explanation may overlook cultural expectations and socialisation. 3) Men could use these explanations to rationalise irresponsible behavior toward women.

Roughly speaking, the proportion of medical school students who are women has increased from _____ percent to _____ percent over the past 50 years.

10; 50

Gerald and Jennifer are having a playdate. Of the toys presented to them, Gerald shows a preference for the balls and blocks, while Jennifer shows a preference for the dolls and art activities. It is likely that Gerald and Jennifer are at LEAST age:

3

_____ aggression is exemplified by starting a malicious rumor about a rival.

relational

What percentage of sperm carries the X chromosome?

50%

Studies show that females:

spend less time alone and buy more greeting cards than men.

Recent research on babies has shown that babies prefer honest people over dishonest ones. This research is consistent with other findings showing that children globally have:

the same basic morality.

The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of:

transduction.

How are Belyaev and Trut's breeding practices similar to, and how do they differ from, the way natural selection normally occurs?

Similar to natural selection b/c it selects for a trait that is desired. But differs in that natural selection is slower and naturally favors traits that are beneficial to reproduction and survival.

A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is a(n) _____ threshold.

absolute

If a child practices the piano every day for 30 minutes, 10 years later that child's brain will have a larger area of the brain devoted to fine motor control of the fingers than a child who never played. This is an example of:

brain plasticity

Studies examining _____ have revealed who is most at risk of permanent harm from stress or abuse and who is most likely to benefit from interventions.

gene-environment interactions

Evolutionary psychologists attribute the human tendency to fear of snakes and heights to:

genetic predispositions.

Sensory adaption helps us focus on

important changes in the environment

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to view his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual sets.

Professor Brandt shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a day-care worker and a child in the day-care center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are not related. Professor Brandt is MOST likely conducting a study on:

perceptual sets.

_____ theory assumes that children acquire gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating others and through the rewards and punishments they receive for their imitation.

social learning

evolutionary psychologists are most likely to focus on

the natural selection of traits that helped our ancestors. survive and reproduce.

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by:

the signal detection theory.

The concept of _____ refers to more than just being social. It allows enduring ideas and traditions shared by a group of people to be transmitted from one generation to the next. For example, although chimpanzees are social animals, their lives function in pretty much the same way they did 10,000 years ago. Humans, on the other hand, are living in a way their ancestors from 200 years ago could not imagine.

Culture

Early Head Start has built off of Rosenzweig's research on rats, to provide a(n) _____ environment for preschool children living in poverty.

ENRICHED

How do evolutionary psychologists use natural selection to explain behavior tendencies?

Genetic variation occurs from the odds of surviving in certain environments can likely be passed on to future generations. Variations can arise from mutations and or gene combinations. Humans share genetic legacy and are predisposed to behaviours that promoted ancestral survival and reproduction.

Which of these is true regarding heredity?

It is impossible to say what percentage of an individual's personality or intelligence is inherited.

A local high school is running an experiment with a colony of infant rats. Half of the infant rats are isolated in barren cages and the other half live together in an enriched environment with lots of rat toys and exercise equipment. What would the expected outcome be at the end of the school year?

The rats in the enriched environment will have significantly larger cerebral cortexes.

Karen is a research assistant at a psychology lab and is surprised to find that the mice cortexes she is studying are thinner and lighter than normal. What might have happened?

They were raised in deprived environments.

How do evolutionary psychologists explain male-female differences in sexuality?

Women are more cautious due to incubation and nurturing the offspring. And men tend to lean towards casual sex b/c fathering requires a smaller investment.

Weber's law states that for a difference to be perceived, two stimuli must differ by

a constant minimum percentage.

A psychologist has a limited budget for research, so she needs to focus on a small sample of individuals who are most likely to develop alcohol use disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Given what we know about gender differences, which of these groups would the researcher choose?

a group of adult males

Elsa is warm and caring. She is also highly competitive. Elsa exhibits:

androgyny

Steven Pinker, a world-renowned evolutionary psychologist, states that many human traits are due to evolutionary heritage. Which trait is NOT one thought to be due primarily to natural selection?

attention span

_____ represents the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions that are shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

culture

In an experiment described in the textbook, preschool children preferred the taste of french fries served in a McDonald's bag to the taste of identical fries served in a plain white bag. Taste preference is a(n) _____ variable in this study.

dependant

Behavior genetics are most interested in exploring ____ (commonalities/differences) in our behaviors. Evolutionary psychologists are interested in exploring ____

differences / commonalities

A good time to teach children another language is:

during early childhood

Environmental factors such as diet, drugs, or stress can alter gene expression by affecting:

epigenetic molecules.

People with autism spectrum disorder have a tendency to be aloof, so that they keep a distance from others that feels emotionally manageable to them. Others, in turn, are likely to maintain that interpersonal distance. In this case, aloofness is a(n) _____ trait.

evocative

Using the principles of natural selection, _______ studies how behavior and the mind have progressed.

evolutionary psychology

An androgynous individual:

exhibits characteristics associated with both genders.

Among humans, innovations in behavior and ideas are preserved and transmitted from one generation to another primarily through:

language

Which of these is a component of culture that is unique to the human species?

language

John and Joe, identical twins reared together, both complete the NEO, a personality test based on the Big Five theory of personality. How alike are they likely to be on the trait "openness to experience"?

no more alike than siblings

Cultural groups have their own _____, which are the rules for accepted and expected behavior.

norms

Which set contains a discrepant element?

organization; sensation; identification

Pamela is a 15-year-old White teen who lives in the suburbs. She is likely to have her _____ influence her clothing selection and her _____ influence her college choice.

peers; parents

Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias the way one sees others' behaviors. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set.

They were even able to make it appear as though the UFO disappeared by turning off their lights simultaneously. The interpretation of the sighting was influenced by the viewers':

perceptual set.

A college instructor is expected to teach classes, assess student work, and advise students. These expectations are part of a college instructor's:

role

Which sequence BEST orders from first to last the information-processing activities described in the textbook?

sensation; transduction; perception

Two Transportation Security Administration officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory.

Irene's psychology instructor remarks that gender roles may be acquired by imitating others. Irene is immediately reminded of _____ theory.

social learning

When 6-year-old Sara imitates her mother, carefully wrapping and setting out presents for the holiday celebration, she is praised and given holiday cookies. Sara's learning of gender-linked behaviors is BEST explained by _____ theory.

social learning

Charlene is in charge of hiring a cruise ship social director and she wants to pick someone who is very outgoing. Unfortunately, she only has information about the siblings of the potential candidates. Given what is known about the genetic transmission of outgoingness, which of the candidates would she choose?

the candidate whose identical twin is outgoing

One of the MOST interesting findings in human genomics research is that identical twins may have differing numbers of genes, which may explain the _____ for diseases such as bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and cancer.

variable risk between identical twins

Men report that their MOST intimate and nurturing friendships tend to be:

with women

_____ is the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.

Priming

_____ is the study of relationships between the objective characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and the subjective experience of them.

Psychophysics

Our perceptual set influences what we perceive. This mental tendency reflects our

experiences, assumptions, and expectations.